Ch 16

Columbian Exchange

1. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 & lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. Period of cultural exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. . Historical Significance: The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic. Advancements in agricultural production, evolution of warfare, and increased education are a few examples of the effect of the Columbian Exchange.

Janissaries

1. Centrally paid infantry soldiers recruited among the christian population of the Ottoman Empire first formed by the Ottoman Sultan Murad I around 1380. Legal slaves of the sultan, served over the centuries as bowmen, crossbowmen, and musketeers. Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan. a. Historical Significance: The organization became an important Ottoman military force soon they were perceived to be the sultan's most trustworthy soldiers as

Reconquista

Began in 711 when The Moors conquered the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and it ended in 1492 with the fall of Granada. The reconquista was a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture the territory from the Muslim Moors who occupied much of the peninsula. Reconquista it was considered a holy war similar to the Crusades because the Catholic Church wanted the Muslims removed from Europe. Historical Significance: It gave rise to several things, such as the Spanish Inquisition, the spread of jewish people throughout more of Europe, and the exploitation of the Americas.

Granada

Last of the land still ruled by the Moors. Ferdinand and Isabella turn their united forces on Granada, taking it back in 1492 and ending the Reconquista. Jews in Granada were forced to either convert or leave. a. Historical Significance: It was the final stronghold of the Moors in Spain, eventually falling to the Roman Catholic monarchs

Charles V

1. 1500s. was the most powerful monarch in Europe. A Habsburg. He inherited Spain, which had been united by his grandparents Ferdinand and Isabella and Habsburg holdings including: naples. Austria, spain, colonies of America. In 1519 he succeeded his grandfather Maximilian I as Holy Roman Emperor. In 1556 Charles divided his empire, which had proven so difficult to defend giving the Spanish throne, to his son, Philip II and Holy Roman emperor to his brother, Ferdinand I . Historical Significance: in Charles's time Cortés took Mexico and Pizarro conquered Peru. The wealth of Spain paid for his efforts to control western Europe.

Moriscos

1. 15th Century Spain. Moriscos were former Muslims who converted or were coerced into converting to Christianity, after Spain outlawed the open practice of Islam

Caravel

1. A Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries which helps explorers as they explore Africa and other uninhabited islands. . Historical Significance: One of the most important ships in history bc it was a vessel that was used to traverse the New world.

El Greco

1. A painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, most famous for his religious paintings. His rise to fame also came with the reevaluations of the first decade of the 20th century. His mature art, is notable for its emotional expressionism rather than realism. . Historical Significance: He vividly expressed the passion of Counter-Reformation Spain. His style was well suited to the aims of the Counter-Reformation. In the face of Protestant revolt, the Catholic church sought to reform its practices and reinforce belief in its doctrines. El Greco responded with expressive presentations of traditional and newly affirmed Catholic beliefs within his work.

Suleiman I

1. AKA Suleiman the magnificent. 1512-20. 16th century. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean and helped Ottomans become a naval power by challenging Christian vessels throughout the Mediterranean. . Historical Significance: His military empire expanded greatly both to the east and west. In Constantinople, he embarked on vast cultural and architectural projects. Istanbul in the middle of the sixteenth century was architecturally the most energetic and innovative city in the world.

El Escorial

1. El Escorial: is a historical monastery of the King of Spain, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Built at the end of the 16th century. The building is the most important architectural monument of the Spanish Renaissance and a Renaissance spanish architect, Juan Bautista de Toledo, began its construction. Philip II wanted a monastery at El Escorial as a place where all Spanish sovereigns beginning with the emperor Charles V could be buried. . Historical Significance: El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spanish kings of the last five centuries- most important monument of the Renaissance because of the art, architecture and the library collection.

Auto-Da-Fe

1. First auto-da-fe in Sevilla, 1481. Auto-da-Fe was the final step in the Spanish and Portuguese inquisition. It involved a Mass, prayer, oath of obedience to the Inquisition, a public procession of those found guilty, and a reading of their sentences.The victims were most frequently former Jews and Muslims, and Protestants. Life imprisonment and the death penalty were the extreme penalty that the inquisitor could impose. . Historical Significance: They served to identify the specific acts of treason of the accused

Mehmet II

1. Mehmed the Conqueror (1432-1481) was a Turkish sultan who conquered Constantinople and enlarged the Ottoman Empire with a military crusade into Asia and Europe. HeChange Constantinople to Istanbul and offer full protection to christians, centralized the administration and start to expand. . Historical Significance: The conquest of Istanbul marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and entered a phase of urban revival. The capture of Istanbul was followed by a long succession of campaigns which resulted extension of direct Ottoman rule.

Holy Roman Empire

1. The Holy Roman Empire was loosely joined smaller kingdoms in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until 1806. It served as the government over much of Europe and the Roman Catholic Church, was the religious entity. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor and late in this period, Martin Luther and other Reformers transformed the way religion was practiced in central Europe . Historical Significance: The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western empire of Rome and it was a dynamic political unit of crucial importance to the growth of the Habsburg empire and the Protestant Reformation.

Topkapi Sayari

1. The Topkapı Palace is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was one of the major residences of the Ottoman sultans for almost 400 years After the conquest of Istanbul, Mehmed the Conqueror began its construction in 1460. . Historical Significance: the palace was the administrative, educational and art center of the Empire for nearly four hundred years since Mehmed the Conqueror until Sultan Abdulmecid who is the thirty-first Sultan.

Isabella

Queen of Castile from 1474 to 1505. In 1492, she and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, completed La Reconquista with the Christian victory over Muslims in Spain by forcing the surrender of Granada, which was the last Muslim stronghold. She signed a decree that signaled the end of the toleration of another religious group in the land and ordered that all of Spain's Jews had to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. Her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon began a thirty five year joint rule of a unified Spain by the Catholic Monarchs Historical Significance: financed Christopher Columbus's voyages to the New World. marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon and the union of their two kingdoms permanently united Spain and brought a global empire after the successful voyages to the New World.

Passion Plays

The Passion Play or Easter pageant is a dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Jesus Christ: his trial, suffering and death. Began in germany and continued to expand