ch 20 Assignment Questions
in _ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in _ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes.
artificial, natural
overall, the evolutionary changes observed in the fossil record of the horse family can be understood as adaptations to changes in global _.
climate
What accounts for the fact that the southern beech tree is found South America and Australia?
continental drift
Similar selective pressures in similar environments resulted in the evolution Of similar arrays of adaptations in marsupials and placentals mammals. This is an example of _ _.
convergent evolution
When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe
convergent evolution
True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts.
false
True or false: Organisms that are more closely related have accumulated a greater number of genetic changes.
false
True or false: Recent findings suggest that there is no correlation between the prevalence of dark forms of moths and the pollution levels in an area.
false
organisms that are transistional between hoofed mammals and whales, between reptiles and mammals, between apes and humans, and between fish and tetrapods are all examples of _ that have been discovered.
fossil intermediates
in his experiments with peppered moths, the proportion of dark moths recaptured by kettlewell was _ in a polluted wood than in an unpolluted wood
higher
Structures with different appearances and functions that are all derived from the same part in a Common are called _ structures.
homologous
starting in 1850 when europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations _ until they made up _ of some population
increased, almost 100%
In certain areas Of the world, populations Of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called
industrial melanism
The phenomenon where dark forms of individual come more than light forms is known as _ _
industrial melanism
a common misconception among the general public is that the features of species can be scientifically explained by _ design.
intelligent
If a trend is Observed in the fossil record for a related group Of organisms. exceptions to this trend can be seen in
many groups of animals and plants
One of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by Peter and Rosemary Grant on the Galapagos islands; these scientists studied a bird that was to by the name Of _ _ finch.
medium ground
The Jet black form of the peppered moth (biston betularia) is also known as the _ form.
melanic
Recent research comparing the genomes Of different vertebrates demonstrates that more genetically different organisms are
more distantly related
the fossil record shows taht early species of horses were generally _ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit change toward _ in size.
small; an increase
even though it has feathers similar to modern birds, archaeopteryx also has many features of carnivorous dinosaurs, for example, _ in its mouth and a bony _.
teeth, tail
According to some critics Of evolution. natural selection can produce in a population. but it cannot cause substantial changes leading to
the formation Of an entirely species.
Which organism has been extensively used in the laboratory to show that selection can produce evolutionary change?
the fruit fly
Biogeography is the study of
the geographical distribution of modern and extinct species
Prior to 1850. the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:
very rare
a _ structure has no apparent function in a species, but is fully functional in the species' ancestors.
vestigial
The evolution Of members Of the horse family is
well-documented by the fossil record.
Select the biogeographical observations about islands made by Darwin during his voyage around the world.
1 Island species are usually most closely related to species on nearby continents. 2 Islands are often missing plants and animals that are common on continents. 3 Island species have often diverged from their continental relatives.
Which of the following are developrnental features observed in human embryos, but not in adults?
1 A relatively long, bony tail 2 Pharyngeal pouches 3 a fine fur (lanugo)
Select all Of the following that provide molecular evidence Of evolution.
1 All animals possess similar pattern formation genes. 2 Color vision genes are similar among relatives of humans.
why is evolution considered theory?
1 Because it helps explain a very wide range of observations. 2 Because it is supported by a large body of evidence.
Which of the following are features of Hyracotherium, the earliest known members of the horse family, as revealed by the fossil record?
1 Broad feet 2 small body size 3 short legs
Select all of the following organism transitions that are documented by the fossil record.
1 Fish and tetrapods 2 Hoofed mammals and whales 3 Dinosaurs and birds
Which of the following are reasons why the fossil record is incomplete?
1 Fossils can be destroyed before they are collected. 2 Many fossils occur in rocks that are inaccessible 3 Organisms decay Or are scavenged before forming fossils.
Match the different types Of anatomical evidence for evolution to an example.
1 Homology > Vertebrate forelimbs 2 Embryonic development > Lanugo 3 Vestigial structures > Human coccyx
Which Of the following are recent observations that have challenged Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?
1 Light moths in some areas increased in frequency long before lichens re-appeared. 2 In Some areas, lichens never changed even though dark moths became predominant. 3 In some areas, evidence that moths rest on leaves in the treetops, not trunks.
Which of the following are typical characteristics of modern members of the horse family?
1 Long legs 2 Fast runners 3 Adapted to grasslands
Select all of the following that support the pattern that selection favors light moths in pristine areas and dark moths in polluted areas.
1 Majerus' data 2 Reversal of industrial melanism seen in Caldy Common 3 Kettlewell's study 4 Frequencies Of moths sampled at a field station near Detroit
following graph plots the relationship between beak depth Of medium ground finches and their offspring. What can you conclude from that graph (choose all that apply)?
1 Parents with small beaks tend to have Offspring with small beaks 2 Parents with large beaks tend to have Offspring with large beaks 3 Beak depth seems to be a genetically Inherited trait
Select all Of the following that support the pattern that selection favors light moths in pristine areas and dark moths in polluted areas.
1 Reversal of industrial melanism seen in Caldy Common 2 Frequencies of moths sampled at a field station near Detroit 3 Kettlewell's study 4 Majerus' data
Select the conditions that scientists must demonstrate are occurring in studies Of natural selection in action.
1 There must be variation in the population for the trait being examined. 2 The variation must lead to differences among individuals that affect reproductive success. 3 The variation must be genetically transmissible.
Which Of the following (choose all that apply) have been suggested as hypotheses that may explain industrial melanism?
1 Toxic effects of pollution on light-colored moths 2 Lichens decline due to pollution 3 Surfaces in polluted areas get darker due to soot deposition
Which of the following (choose all that apply) have been as hypotheses that may explain industrial melanism?
1 Toxic effects of pollution on light-colored moths 2 Surfaces in polluted areas get darker due to soot deposition 3 Lichens decline due to pollution
Which Of the following are predominant adaptive changes that occurred between the first members Of the horse family and its modern representatives?
1 appearance Of hooves 2 increase in body size 3 increase in the size Of molars
Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include
1 corn 2 pigs 3 cattle
During their study of medium ground finches. what were the Grants' findings regarding: (1) the amount of variation in beak depth among medium finches. and (2) the change in average beak depth from one year to another?
1 great variation 2 predictable change
Developmental patterns seen in a group of organisms often reveal evolutionary relationships. Place the developmental descriptions in the order that they would occur in a group of related organisms, beginning with the earliest description at the top.
1 greatest similarity is present 2 different characteristics are lost or formed 3 final form is attained
Supporters Of intelligent design cannot explain the presence Of
1 imperfect adaptations 2 vestigial structures
Select all of the following that are documented by the fossil record.
1 levels Of biodiversity through time 2 the course of living organisms through time 3 successive evolutionary change
Select all of the following in which a streamlined shape for fast swimming has evolved due to convergent evolution.
1 sharks 2 ichthyosaurs 3 tuna 4 dolphins
fossils include
1 specimens preserved in permafrost 2 specimens in amber 3 remains preserved in rocks 4 specimens preserved in dry caves
supporters of intelligent design cannot explain the presence of
1 vestigial structures 2 imperfect adaptations
Select of the following that are components of a niche.
1 what it eats to survive 2 use of resources for shelter and reproduction 3 Interactions with competitors
Why did Darwin infer that finches on Galapagos islands had undergone evolution by natural selection?
Because Of the close correspondence between their beaks and their food
Why is it that some organisms do appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?
Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.
Place the series of events that must occur to produce a rock fossil in order, starting at the top.
I Organisms become buried in sediments 2 Hard tissues (such as bones) mineralize 3 Surrounding sediment hardens into rock
Some critics Of evolution claim that because complex cellular mechanisms (for example. blood clotting) are _, the intricate machinery Of the cell cannot be explained by evolution from simpler stages. But this argument ignores the fact that natural selection on _.
Irreducibly complex, a system as a whole
We know that evolution is not a random-l process, but imagine for a moment that evolution is random. If so, which of the following would be true?
Organisms that are least adapted to their environment could have the highest fitness.
Which of the following describes the process of relative dating used to estimate the age of rocks and fossils in the nineteenth century?
Rocks are dated by their relative position, rocks in deeper strata being generally older.
Which Of the following Statements about natural selection is true?
Some organisms do not to be perfectly adapted to their environment.
What types of species are most likely to be able to disperse to an island (choose all that apply)?
Species that float Species that drift Species that fly
How does the climate drive evolution in the medium ground finch?
The climate impacts the size Of seeds. Which acts as a selective force for beak size.
According to the fossil record, how did the skull of horses evolve. as animals started eating more grass about 35 minion years ago?
The skull's shape evolved such that it became strengthened over time.
Which Of the following statements accurately adaptive changes that can be reconstructed by comparing fossil members of the horse family and modern representatives?
Their size generally increased. the number Of toes decreased and their teeth became more complex.
Where has industrial melanism been
Throughout Eurasia and North America
HOW has the fossil record changed since Darwin?
Today the fossil record is far complete.
evolutionary changes that accumulate in a molecule at a constant rate are referred to as
a molecular clock
Today's geologists are able to use _ Of a radioactive isotope. to establish the age Of rocks based on amount Of
absolute dating
Galapagos finches supposedly underwent a(n) _ after an ancestral population arrived on the islands about 2 million years ago and eventually evolved into a cluster Of 14 species with different feeding adaptations.
adaptive radiation
The phenomenon in Which a cluster Of species evolves to occupy several different niches within a region is called
adaptive radiation
the great variety of breeds of cats, dogs, and other domestic animals have arisen through _ selection.
artificial
True or false: Charles Darwin was able to immediately the birds he collected on the Galapagos as finches.
false
on eof the most important features of galapagos finches is that the shape of their _ is related to their _ habits
beak, feeding
The correspondence between the size of _ in different finch species on galapagos and their _ source suggested to Darwin that natural selection acted on those birds
beaks, food
early horses inhabited woody areas where they proably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings; this explains why those animals had _ feet and _ legs.
broad, short
When did humans begin to utilize artificial selection?
centuries and millenia ago
kettlewell's study, mejerus' study, and the reversal of industrial melanism on two continents all indicate indisputably that no matter how the agent of selection is acting, the _ forms of the peppered moth is favored in _ habitats and the _ form of the moth is favored in pristine areas.
dark, polutted, light
Laboratory selection experiments have produced forms that cannot reproduce and thus would in nature be considered_ _.
different species
What type Of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?
direct
bernard kettlewell tested tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing _ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that _ in each of the woods.
equal, survived
In all cases when scientists have performed artificial selection experiments on fruit flies, a strong and predictable _ response has been observed.
evolutionary
When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from oldest to youngest, successive _ change becomes apparent.
evolutionary
the vertebrate _ is an example of imperfect adaption; this becomes very evident when it is compared with that of mollusks.
eye
structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called _ structures, while _ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor
homologous, vestigial
One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the _ family. This family includes zebras donkeys, Other animals. family.
horse
The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is
how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of success)
Darwin noted that _ found continents. communities are often missing plants and animals typically
island
the teeth of modern members of the horse family are
large with a complex pattern Of ridges
recently, tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths has been challenged, as selection against melanism does not seem to correlate with the re-appearance of light-colored _ on trees after pollution has been eliminated or reduced.
lichens
J. w. Tutt proposed that _ colored peppered moths were more visible to predators on trees without lichens.
light
the significant changes illustrated by artificial selection provide strong support for the power of _ selection.
natural
Understand that the primary process responsible for evolution is _ _
natural selection
species that make it to islands, will often diverge into many new species that occupy ecological _ typically used by unrelated species on the continent.
niches
darwin's theory of evolution is
not accepted by everyone in the general public
The were to show that the changes in depth they observed in were to genetic differences by determining that the size of parents was similar to the beak size of their _.
offspring
the feet of modern horses have _ toes; in contrast, early horses had _ toes on their feet and _ toes on their hind feet.
one, four, three
Early human embryos have _ pouches which indicates that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species.
pharyngeal
the frequency of melanic peppered moths has decreased in areas where _ is removed from the air and environment
pollution
the process of fossilization occurs only _.
rarely
The criticism that evolution Violates the second law Of thermodynamics and that life should become more disorganized not more organized is not taking into account that energy constantly enters the biosphere from _.
the sun
Evolution is supported by a substantial Of evidence and explains a Wide range Of observations, thus it a scientific _.
theory
What trend has been Observed in the fossil record Of horses regarding the length Of their limbs?
they have generally increased in length
Even though there are gaps in the fossil record. some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called _ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred.
transitional
In recent years. scientists have discovered remarkable fossils, such as a four-legged aquatic mammal and a snake with legs. These are examples of
transitional fossils