Ch 22

Sardinia-Piedmont

-(Kingdom of Sardinia) in N W Italy = most independent state of Italian peninsula -CoV restored it to buffer French and Austrian ambitions -Napoleon III saw it as a potential ally against Austria -1859 Tension b/n Austria and ________ as _________ mobilizes its army -Austria: (demobilized) -______: (UR provoking a war!) -France intervened to aid them Italian province that joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War to bring Italy into European politics. Was the most independent state on the peninsula. Restored after the Congress of Vienna as a buffer between French and Austrian ambitions. Represented by Cavour. Fought for independence from Austria. When Italy is united, this province becomes the center of administration. After Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed as king, there is resistance against this province's administration. The economies and societies of north and south Italy were incompatible. Also, the political environment was corrupted: ministers were responsible to the king and not Parliament, and political seats could be bought.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italy)

-1830s-1890s _______ led rebellions w/ Manzini -1860 ____ @ Sicily w/ > 1,000 traps -Captured Paiermo, Napres -Hoped 2 form repub Italy but Cavour forestalled him -His nationalism on out over republicanism -Accepted Piedmont's e domination Along with Mazzini, led insurrections in Italy throughout the 1830s and 1840s. In 1849, they proclaimed the short lived Roman Republic that soon fell to French forced within six months. Was a revolutionary whose chief goal was to unite Italy. After the Austro-Prussian War, led campaign along with 1000 men where he was able to capture Palermo and Naples. Was planning on transforming Italy into a republic, but Cavour stops him before this can happen.

Count Camillo Cavour (Italy)

-1860 _______ Made possible the Italian peninsula transforming into a nation state under a constitutional monarchy -Prime minister of Piedmont - not romantic repubs -Method: force of arms w/ secret diplomacy -A cunning statesman -Conservative -> mod liberal -$$ fr: investing in railroads, reforming ag on his estates, and editing a newspaper -Deep check of enlightenment, classical economics, and utilitarianism -No respect 4 Mazzini's ideals -Str monarchist -Italians must prove selves 2 B efficient and eco progressive for gr8 pwrs to decide it could govern itself -Promoted free trade, railway making, expansion of credit and ag improvement -^ material and eco bonds not equal fuzzy romantic yernings, must unite Italians -Recognized need to capture loyalties of more Italians who believed in ect Nationalism -Fostered Nationalist society -Fa Italy needs French help to defeat Austria and unite itself -Accesion of Napoleon III in France seemed to help -Used Crimean War to bring Italy to Euro politics -Sent 10k troops to aid France and Brit capture Sebastopal -Small but sig 2 raise Italian Q @ Paris conference -Intelligence impressed Napoleon III -> respect for maddening Manzini -1858 Rep mod liberal, monarchist alternative to repubism and rxnary ubsolutism in Italy -Someone tried to kill Napoleon III >> Napoleon = > interested in Italian issue -He and Napoleon III met, plotted on how 2 make war w/ Italy tht would let them defeat Austria -Confirmed w/ formal treaty -Roman repubism compeled ____ to unify all of Italy Prime minister of Piedmont. Transformed Italy into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy. Had began as a conservative, but became moderately liberal. Inspired by the ideals of the Enlightenment and classical economics (laissez-faire). Was a strong monarchist who rejected republicanism. Believed that if the Italians proved they were efficient and economically progressive, the great powers may recognize their independence. Therefore, he promoted free trade, railway construction, expansion of credit, and agricultural improvement. Believed only French intervention could defeat Austria and thus, unite Italy. Provoked a war with Austria, and due to French intervention, Austrians were defeated. However, France concluded peace before all of Italy could be regained from Austria. He then stopped Garibaldi before he could form a republican Italy, and united Italy under a constitutional monarchy.

Giuseppe Manzini

-After failure of nationalist uprisings in Italy 1831, leadership of romantic republican nationalism passed to _________ -Became most important nationalist leader in Euro -Brought new fervor to cause -Declared "Nationality = role assigned by God to apply in the work of humanity. It is a mission, its task on Earth to the end that God's thought may be realized in the world." -Funded Young Italy society to drive Australia fr: peninsula and move an Italian repub -Both he and Garibaldi led rebellions -Trying to lead nationalist uprisings Took over leadership of romantic republican nationalism in Italy. Became the most important nationalist leader in Europe. Founded the Young Italy Society to drive Austria from the Peninsula and establish an Italian republic. Was exiled after he set up a revolutionary Republic in Rome that was toppled by French forces, because in taking over Rome, they had ousted the pope. Although his revolution failed, it started the process of movement towards Italian unification.

North German Confederation

-All Germany of the main river formed the ________ -Under Prussia rule (militarily) -Ea state retained own local gov but all military forces were under federal ctrl -President: King of Prussia, rep by his Chancellor Bismark -Two house legislative 1) Bundesrat - Federal Council 2) Reichstag - Lower house -Chancellor had to propose all laws which limited pwr of Reichstag includes all of Germany north of the Main River, united after the Austro-Prussian war. Was under Prussian leadership. Each state has own local government, but military now under federal control. President is the king of Prussia; chancellor is Bismark. Has legislation that consists of two houses, the Bundesrat and Reichstag. Its constitution became the Constituion of the German Empire. Created Germany as a military monarchy.

(Marshal) Patrice Macmahon (France)

elected by the monarchists of the National Assembly as president because the National Assembly couldn't decide between the House of Bourbons or Orleans to rule France. Was told to expect a monarchist restoration in France. Later, resigned because of arguments with the Chamber of Deputies about the new republican system of election of the C. of Deps. His departure meant that republicans now controlled national government despite opposition from the church, wealthy families, and some of the army.

Crimean War, Austria, transformismo

Cavour used the __________ to gain favor with Napoleon III. Later, France would help push _________ out of Italy. After Cavour died, Italy gradually sank into corruption under a system called "________________".

Rome

_______ became the capital of the new Italian nation after French troops were withdrawn from the city during the Franco-Prussian War (1870).

William Gladstone

_________________ supported all of the following policies: 1. extension of the franchise 2. spread of public education 3. home rule of Ireland 4. merit exams in the civil service and military

risorgiemnto (resurgance)

the political and social movement to unify Italy

Danish War

(1864) Prussia and Austria fight Denmark to prevent Denmark from incorporating the two provinces of Schleswig and Holstein into its territory.

Carbonari

-Most famous secret repub society aka, carbon burners. Secret republican society that met to discuss Italian unification after the Congress of Vienna

Tanzimat

-Opened by the Hatt-i Snarif of Gulhane -Meaning: re-organization -Era of Ottoman empire 1836-1876 -Reforms liberalized economy, ended tax farming and tried 2 eliminate corruption Era of "reorganization" in the Ottoman Empire. Lasted from 1839-1876. Started by the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane decree. During this era, millet system was abolished and the Ottoman empire sought to define all its citizens as Ottoman subjects rather than as members of particular religious communities.

Battle of Sedan

-Sept 1 -Germans beat French army and captured Napoleon III ~~Ended the Second Empire Decisive battle of the Franco-Prussian war in which the Germans prevail and Napoleon III is captured.

a

In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus was foundguilty of: a. passing secrets to the Germans b. embezzling funds from the French army c. conducting unauthorized secret talks with Russia d. crimes against humanity e. lying about his religious affiliations

William I

Prussian king who appointed Otto Von Bismark as Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862.

home rule

The "Irish Question" centered on the issue of:

e

The Hatti-i Humayun: a. declared Islam the sole religion of the Ottoman Empire b. were a series of modernization efforts c. were a series of military reforms d. were opposed by most European powers e. spelled out the rights of non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire

petty bourgeoisie

The Paris Commune was dominated by:

Great Reforms, serfdom, Zemstvos, legal

The _________ were initiated by Alexander II in Russia. The first and most important was the abolition of ________. The institution established for the local government was the ________. Another of the reforms was the reform of the _______ system. Upon emancipation, serfs were allowed the personal right to marry, the right to buy and sell property, and the right to sue in court.

French

The cause of Italian unification was strengthened by the help of the:

Emperor Francis Joseph

~~Supported centralized administration 4 Habsburg empire -Honest conscience, hardworking, but unimaginative -Reacted 2 events but didn't respond -Issued October Diploma -Made a federation among states and provinces of the empire -Local diets dominated by landed classes -1 imperial gov -Magyar nobility {X) -Then issued the February patent -______ had to come to terms w/ Magyars b/c of Prussian defeat of Austria -Crowned King of Hungary 1867 He lead the Austrian Empire after revolutions of 1848 and relied on military force to subdue all forms of liberalism and nationalism. Was defeated by the Prussian army in the Austro-Prussian War. Pressure from the Hungarians resulted in him dividing the Austrian Empire in half, creating the Dual Monarchy.

Ballot Act of 1872

~~introduced voting by secret ballot in England

Magyars

-Austrians had own ambitions in Balkans -Prussia followed Austrian leadership -Vetoed trialism lest they be forced to make similar concessions 2 their own subject nationalities Refused Emperor Francis Joseph's new government proposals because they refused to cooperate in a system designed to give political dominance in the empire to German-speaking Austrians. The Dual Monarchy solved this. Aka Hungarians.

Franco-Prussian War

-Bismark now wanted to complete unification by bringing states of S Germany to new confederation -Spain gave him an excuse -Preposed corrupt Bourbon Queen of Spain, Isabella II w/ Prince Leopold -Cathicalism o' Bismark -Bismark new France would object strly 2 a Hohenzollern Spain -France sent ambassador (Count Vincent Benedetti) 2 Prussia 2 tlk to William I -July 12, Leopolds dad renounced candidacy of his son b/c scared it would bring Prussia 2 war w/ France -Happy tht conflict avoided -But Bismark sad @ peace -French {assume William wont take Span throne) (no} William -William wrote telegram 2 Bismark who wanted war and released an edited version of it that insulted the French ambassador -France fell 4 bait and declared war -Napoleon III = sick and not ready but N German confed { Good 4 popular support for the empire) -S German states joined Prussia vs France -Sept 1 Battle of Sedan - Germans beat French army and captured Napoleon III Third stage in German unification. Bismark sought to unify all Germans by creating a common enemy in France. Germany defeated France easily. Enabled the southern states of Germany to join the already established Northern German Confederation. Napoleon is captured after this war.

German Confederation

-Established @ CoV -Political structure of German speaking lands -Loose federation of 39 states -States = diff size and str -State reps met @ diet in Farnkfurt -Strongest states = Austria and Prussia -Frederick William IV of Prussia gave up thoughts of unification under Prussian leadership -Austria (NO) 2 anything tht might <en its influence -Liberal nationalists didn't recover fr fails of 1848 and 1849 so no puede for unification -What changed it: series of domestic political changes and problems w/n Prussia Was established at the Congress of Vienna. Included 39 states of differing sizes and strength whose representatives met in a central diet in the Frankfurt. Its strongest states were Austria and Prussia.

Bundesrat

-Federal council -Made of mems appointed by govs of the states -Higher house -Didn't have pwr 2 approve military budgets -Usually submitted to cover several yrs @ a time federal council of the North German Confederation's legislature. Composed of members appointed by the governments of the states.

(Captain) Alfred Dreyfus (France)

-Guilty of passing secret into the German army -Sent to Devils Island in French Guiana Was accused of passing secret information to the German army. Was actually blamed for this because he was Jewish. Sent to Devil's Island, prison in French Guiana. At first, many opposed him, including the army, the French Catholic Church, political conservatives and Anti-Semitic newspapers. Later, a military trial convicts him again, but the president of France pardons him.

Alexander III (Russia)

-Had all autocratic and repressive characteristics of his grandfather (Nicholas I) -None of better quilities of dad Alexander II -Sought to roll back his dad's reforms -Favored centralized bureaucracy, not the same as zemstivos -Str'd secret police -Increased censorship of press Tsar of Russia after his father's assassination. Was as much an autocratic as his father and grandfather, Nicholas I. Made slight improvements to the conditions in Russian factories, but sought primarily to roll back his father's reforms. Favored centralized bureaucracy over the Zemstvos. Strengthened secret police and increased censorship of the press.

Benjamin Disraeli (Great Britain)

-Led conservative ministry (led in HoC) -Intro'd its own reform bill 1867 -Accepted many amendments -Expanded electorate beyond Liberals proposed -* of voters 1,430,000 >>> 2,470,000 -Large #s of working class males joined ranks of electorate -Hoped Conservatives would receive gratitude of the new voters -Decided it was best for conservatives to take credit for it b/c reform= inevitable -Prepared 2 embrace democracy -Thought eventually sig portions of working class would supp conservative candidates responsive 2 social issues 3 -Thought growing suburban mid class >> > conservance (good good) -______ and Gladstone both believed social reform: needed but disagreed on means -Gladstone looked to individualism, free trade, and competition 2 solve social probs -________ believed in patemalistic legislation to protect weak and ease class antagonists -Talked the talk but didn't walk the walk -Few specific ideas/programs Was an English conservative who led the House of Commons that introduced a reform bill in 1867. This was the first of his successful attempts of expanding the electorate, in which male working-class citizens could now vote. Admitted the working class into the electorate because he wanted them to support the Conservative candidates. Also believed the middle class would grow more conservative, which was correct. Became prime minister of England after Gladstone. Under his ministry, the Public Health Act of 1875 (improved sanitation) , the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 (provided housing for working class), and the protection of trade unions and the permission for them to raise picket lines came into effect.

Reichstag

-Lower house -Chosen by universal male sufferage -Had little pwr -Ministers = Responsible only to monarchy -Couldn't originate legislation the lower house in the North German Confederation's legislature. Chosen by universal male suffrage. Had little real power, because its ministers were responsible to the monarch. Could not propose laws.

Austro-Prussian War

-Much tension b/n Austria and Prussia over Shleswig and Holstein -Bismark (Be obnoxious to Austrians!) to Prussia -Austria appealed 2 German Confed to intervene om the dispute -Bismark claimed this request violated 1864 alliance and convention of Gastein -Led to 7 Weeks War summer of 1866 -Defeat of Austria -Treaty of Plague ended prob Aug 23 -Austria lost Venetia -Venetia -> Napoleon III -> Italy -Bismark didn't want 2 give 2 Italy directly b/c Italians were crushed by Austrians during war -Permanently ended Austrian Habsburgs fr: German affairs -Prussia now: only major power among German states Bismark gains Italian and Russian support, as well as the promise of French neutrality before this war. Had begun over tensions over the administration of the provinces of Schlewsig and Holstein. Bismark makes administration of Holstein extremely difficult for the Austrians, so much so that they appeal to the German Confederation. Leads to war between Austria and Prussia. Austria is defeated, and by the Treaty of Prague, is now excluded from all German affairs.

Ottoman Empire

-Russia's long desire to extend its influence over _______ started the Crimean war. -Its fate in the Crimean War: doomed -Russians wanted the land -France and Brit took advantage of its weakness but opposed that Russians wanted the land -B/c in E Euro, they had extensive naval and commercial interests -Started undertaking reforms -Change: inspired by Napoleons attempt to get Ottoman province: Egypt -Under pressure by borgeoise, issued decree - Hatty Snarif of Gulhane -Finally sought to copy Euro Legal military institutions and secular values -Tried to get loyalty of Xtian subjects -" " unify citzs: _______ subjects, not equal mems of diff R communities -But was hard to put reforms in practice -Some regions: independent and had own reforms -Failed to get genuine political str and stability b/c tensions b/n Euro onented administrators, army officers, merchants and Ulema -Warned replacing trad Islamic institutions w/ Euro ones >> disaster -Balkan Wars showed ______'s inability to muster own destiny After Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, this empire sought to apply European reforms. Copied European legal and military institutions and secular values flowing from liberalism. However, because of growing nationalism and power struggles, as well as independent, uncooperative rulers, failed to achieve genuine political strength and unity.

Concert of Europe

-Stopped dealing w/ international relationships on the continent b/c less revos so no one needed it, all would rather take land than defend it The Crimean War shatters the provisions of this, ending this as a means to discuss international relations.

Schleswig-Holstein Problem

-This gave Bismark a handle for his kleinduetch policy -Kings of Denmark longed to rule these 2 N duchies (Schleswig-Holstein ) -Never was pt of Denmark -Pop: mx o' Germans and banes -Holstein (Germans dominated) = belonged to German counted -Danish Parl tried to incoporate both duchies -> Denmark -Smaller state: (war!) -2 Large states easily beat Denmark 1864 Two kings of Denmark had ruled these two northern duchies, which never actually was a part of Denmark. Holstein, where Germans dominated, belonged to the German Confederation. When the Danish Parliament tries to annex the duchies, the German Confederation stops them with a war proposal.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (France)

-Thought an activist foreign policy would give supp 2 his regime -Someone tried to kill him >> ______ = > interested in Italian issue -Saw Piedmont as a potential ally vs Austria -Cavour and ________ met, plotted on how 2 make war w/ Italy tht would let them defeat Austria -Confirmed w/ formal treaty -Captured Sept 1 @ the Battle of Sedan by the Germans -Historians divided reign of ______ into 2 eras: 1) Authoritarian empire 2) Liberal empire Plotted with Cavour to provoke a war in Italy that would allow them to defeat Austria. Initially was an authoritarian, he became more liberal to get domestic support to compensate for his failures in foreign policy.

Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane

-Tried to reorg empires administration and military along Euro line -Opened a Tanzimat -Meaning: re-organization -Era of Ottoman empire 1836-1876 -Reforms liberalized economy, ended tax farming and tried 2 eliminate corruption -Remarkable for extending civic "=" lity 2 Ottoman subjects regardless of their religion Easier 4 Muslims and non-muslims 2 enter into commercial agreements statement of royal intent from the sultan of the Ottoman Empire to all his subjects that attempted to reorganize the empire's administration and army along European lines. It included the abolition of tax farming, liberalization of economy, standardized military conscription and eliminated corruption. Opened the Tanzimat era in the Ottoman Empire. Featured civic equality for all subjects regardless of religion.

Otto Von Bismark (Germany)

-William I turned to him -Shaped nxt 30 yrs of Euro history -Junker (noble <<) -Showed interest in German unification -1840 elected to provincial diet and very reactionary and made a mark -1851-59 Prussian rep 2 German control -Then Prussian ambassador to Russia, then France -Reactionary >> conservative -Not parliamentary gov, not constitutionalism 4 a str monarchy -Knew Prussia and Germ need a str industrial base -Trust in pwr and axn, not ideas -Also spent nxt 19 yrs trying to keep peace -Became prime minister 1862 -> attck liberal Parl -"Even w/o it we have $ fr east granted taxes" -Embraced German nationalism as a strategy 2 enable Prussian conservatives 2 win over Prussian liberals -Pursued Kleindeutch (small German w/o Austria) -Schleswig-Holstein Problem gave him a handle for his kleindeutch policy -Embraced democratic franchise b/c sensed peasants would vote 4 conservative -Now wanted to complete unification by bringing states of S Germany to new confederation Was the prime minister of Germany. Wanted not a parliamentary, but a constitutional monarchy for Germany. Moved against parliament for the right to collect and use tax money, saying it is in the constitution, and that parliament has no control over distribution of tax. Embraced German nationalism to enable Prussian conservatives to outflank the Prussian liberals. Intended to keep Austria out of the unified Germany. Went into war against Austria and won for Prussia. Was able to crush liberals by making monarchy and army more popular institutions in the country. Was the chief manipulator behind the events of the Austro-Prussian war and the Franco-Prussian war, all for the purpose of uniting Germany.

General Georges Boulanger (France)

-Woulda imposed str-er executive authority (_____ crisis = scheme 2 overthrow the repub and install him as the political leader) Would have imposed stronger executive authority on the Third Republic

b

Alexander III sought to: a. introduce democracy to Russia b. roll back his father's reforms c. continue his father's reforms d. establish closer relations between Russia and China e. establish closer relations between Russia and Prussia

conservative

By 1875, many of the liberal issues and proposals that led to the revolutions of 1848 had been adopted by ____________ leaders in control of European governments.

e

Camillo Cavour played an instrumental role in: a. ending the Crimean War b. settling the Irish question c. the leadership of the Paris Commune d. passage of the Second Reform Act e. the unification of Italy

d

Disraeli's effots at social reform focused on: a. individualism b. free trade c. family life d. paternalistic legislation e. environmental issues

Mazzini

During the 1830s and 1840s, romantic republican nationalism in Italy was led by:

Francis Joseph, Austrians

Emperor _____________ supported a centralized administration for the Habsburg empire. This system was essentially a military and bureaucratic regime, dominated by German-speaking _____________.

a

Gladstone's ministry of 1868 to 1874 witnessed the: a. culmination of classical British liberalism b. introduction of socialism into British national policy c. complete collapse of liberalism d. high point of British conservatism e. high point of British-Irish relations

Sicily and southern Italy

Garibaldi led the campaign for control of:

e

In the 1860s, Napoleon III did all of the following except: a. sign a free trade treaty with Britain b. permit labor unions c. relax press laws d. permit freer debate in the legislature e. form an alliance with Prussia

a

The period of reform in the Ottoman empire that lasted from 1839-1876 is known as the: a. Tanzimat b. Era of Self Strengthening c. New Birth d. Hat-i Sherif e. New Caliphate

Alexander Herzen, populism, Russians, The People's Will

The Land and Freedom Society, a radical society which desired a social revolution in Russia: 1. adhered to the principles of __________________ 2. was based on the ___________ movement 3. Was comprised of young __________ 4. Was split into two factions, with the other faction being called _____________, of whom were involved in Alexander II's assassination.

a

The correct chronological order of Bismarck's moves leading to the unification of Germany was in victories against: a. Denmark, Austria, and France b. Austria, Denmark and France c. France, Denmark, and Austria d, France, Austria, and Denmark e. Austria, France, and Denmark

Battle of Sedan

The end of Napoleon III's reign occurred at the ________________ during the Franco-Prussian War.

Third French Republic

The following is true of _________________: 1. established in the midst of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. 2. its existence was threatened by the Paris Commune 3. established a constitution in 1875 which formal created a republic form of government 4. the Boulanger Crises, the Panama scandal and Dreyfus affair were threats to its existence.

c

The new Russian provincial and county councils organized in 1864 were known as: a. zasus b. dumas c. zemstvos d. soviets e. tsarovs

monarchists

The newly-elected French National Assembly of 1871 was dominated by:

Napoleon III, liberal

The second empire of ______________ became more _______ after 1860 as demonstrated by the following actions: 1. free trade treaty with Britain 2. Relaxation of press laws 3. labor unions allowed 4. legislative debate was less restricted 5. a more liberal constitution was created in 1870.

Crimean War

The years after the _______________ were characterized by instability in European affairs as the Great Powers became more adventurous in their foreign policy.

e

What country did Austria compete with for influence in the Balkans? a. Germany b. Italy c. Britain d. Greece e. Russia

c

Which is the most accurate statement concerning the Crimean War? a. both sides had well equipped armies b. after the war stability prevailed in Europe for several decades c. the concert of Europe was shattered d. there was no formal peace treaty to end the war e. the Ottomans kept out of the war

Dreyfus Affair

~~Accusations tht French military officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus passed military secrets 2 German army ~~ = treason -Gr8est trauma of the 3rd Repub -Dec 22, 1894 French military court found Captain Alfred Dreyfus guilty of passing secret into 2 German and blaming him = easy b/c he's jewish -Dreyfus sent to Devils Island in French Guiana -Re-examined case 1896 -Diff military officer = charged w/ crime but cleared on all charges -Divided in France over Dreyfus Affair -Army, French Cath Church, political conservatives and anti-Semitic newspapers {guilty) -Liberals, radicals and socialists {new trial 4 Dreyfus) -This cause could aid their own pub img -Emile Zola pub'd newspaper article titled J'Accuse -Secrets cont 2 leak to Germany and newly accused officer committed suicide in prison -Another military trial convicted Dreyfus but president immediately pardoned him ~Council: conservatives = defense -Persecuted an innocent person 2 protect selves fr: disclosure -Embraced violent anti-semitism ~Council: political eff, radicals, repubs and socialists: made alliance tht outlasted Dreyfus case -Political R and radical divisions divided Third Repub until Frances loss by Germany the controversy in France in 1894 in which Captain Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, was wrongly convicted of treason. The ensuing conflict highlighted the growing rift between liberal republicans, who wanted Dreyfus pardoned, and conservative militarists and traditionalists, who did not want to reopen the case. The conflict also highlighted the growing trend of anti-Semitism. Created a division between conservatives and radicals, as well as republicans and socialists.

"J'accuse" (1898)

~~Attacked army -Written by Emile Zola -Contended army denied Dreyfus due process and suppressed forged evidence written by Emile Zola. Defense of Dreyfus.

Alexander Herzen

~~Criticized Alexander II for reforms that he felt were too limited ~~{Reforms = too limited) -Prominent critic of tsarist regime -Lived in exile in London Russian exile who believed that the Russian peasant must be the catalyst for social reform. Critic of tsarist regime. Published a newspaper called The Bell in which he called for reform. His ideals would lead to the movement of Populism.

Trialism

~~Czechs had sure authority as Hungarians ~~Germans of Bohemia {X) b/c no quiero the Czech lang imposed on them ~~Habsburgs {X) b/c scared nationalities w/n Hungary would demand some arrangement -Most vocal critics of Czechs proposed this or triple monarchy -Czechs would have a position similar to Hungarians -Magyars vetoed it lest they be forced to make similar concessions 2 their own subject nationalities -Germans of Bohemia = scared Czech lang would be imposed on them the Czechs favored this, wanting a "Triple Monarchy" to rule beside Austria and Hungary. Wanted a position similar to that of the Hungarians. This would ultimately fail, regardless of Francis Joseph's willingness of this concept, because the Magyars of Hungary vetoed it. The Germans of Bohemia were also afraid the Czech language would be imposed on them.

National Assembly of 1871 (France)

~~Dominated by monarchys ~~Called in French army to supress Paris Commune, killing 720,000 parisians -________ after Franco-Prussian War -Run by monarchists -Executive pwr given to Adolphethiers -Negotiated Treaty of Frankfurt -April ______ surrounded Paris w/ army -May 21 Broke its defences and killed >20,000 ppl --> Repub gov b/c "who = king?!" -Bourbons or Orleans -Coulda calmed this prob b/c Bourbon guy had no heir >> harean orleas heir -Bourbons {NO) 2 b monarchy unless French revo flag >> white flag o Bourbons -NA {NO) 2 accept symbol: political absolutism) fr: their flag -Elected Marshal Patrice Mactuahon 4 a monarchist restoration -Couldn't find a monarchy 1875 -Therefore standerdized political sys -Legislative -Chamber of Deputies elected by male sufferage -Senate: chosen indirectly -President: elected by mems of 2 legislative bodies and repubs had firm ctrl over national gov In the elections of February 1871, monarchists dominated this group. Executive power was given to Adolphe Thiers who had also negotiated the Treaty of Frankfurt with Prussia. During the Prussian siege of Paris, many Parisians felt betrayed by this group, so they set up their separate Paris Commune. This group later surrounds Paris with an army and attacks, killing about 20,000, destroying the particularistic political tendencies of Paris along with it. Because the monarchists of this group had quarreled over with House of France would reign, as well as the national flag, France went into a republic.

Dual Monarchy (Austria-Hungary)

~~Essentially were separate states -Francis Joseph crowned King of Hungary 1867 -Except for common monarchy, army and forgein relations, Austria and Hungary became almost wholely separate states -Shared ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance -But ect ministers = diff 4 ea states -Separate parliament -Ea yr 60 parl delegates fr ea state met to discuss mutual interests -Every 10 yrs Austria and Hungary renegotiated their trade relationship Formed under the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867. Happened after the Austro-Prussian war, when Austria was defeated and excluded from German affairs. Joins Hungary in a monarchy. Except for a common monarchy, army, and foreign relations, essentially were two separates states with different ministers and parliaments.

Emile Zola

~~French novelist ~~Accused army of denying Dreyfus due processes, forging evidence and being anti-semitic -Wrote J'Accuse -Contended army denied Dreyfus due process and supressed forged evidence -= Convicted of libel and flee to Eng Wrote "J'Accuse", in which he said that the army had denied due process to Dreyfus and had suppressed or forged evidence. Was later convicted of libel and fled to England to avoid being imprisoned.

Alexander II (Russia)

~~Initiated a seroies of reforms known as the Great REforms ~~First and most important was the abolition of serfdom ~~2) the Creation of local gov institutions known as zemstvos ~~personal right to marry, right to purchase and sell property and freedom to pursue court actions ~~Assassinated in March 1881 -Austrian refusal to supp Russia in Crimean War meant _________ wouldn't preserve Habsburg rule in Hungary like Nicholas I did 1848 -Son of Nicholas I -Well prepared to rule -Familiar w/ difficulties the nation faced -Took advantage of turn of events to institute the most extensive restructuring of Russian society and administration -Imposed his reforms from the top -Ended serfdom 1861 Feb despite opposition fr: nobility and LLs -AKA tsar liberator -Never popular -Someone tried to kill him -Therefore ruled Russia like a police state Tsar of Russia. Was a reformer only within the limits of his own autocracy. After the Crimean War, conducted several reforms. Abolished serfdom, made reforms on the organization of the local government and judicial systems, introduced Western European legal principles into Russia, repressed Poland and moved to "Russify" it. Later was assassinated by a member of the Land and Freedom Society, who greatly opposed his autocracy.

Third Republic

~~Made in midst of French deteat in Franco-Prussian war ~~Existence = threatened by Paris Commune ~~1875 Constitution formaly making a repub form of gov ratified ~~Had no merous threats to its existence ~~Boulanger crisis, Panama canal scandal and Dreyfus affair -_____: lot of str-er than ppl thought -Survived challenges, scandals, corruption -Challenges like fr General Georges Boulanger -New institutions let new ministers replace the corrupted -Political R and radical divisions divided ______ until Frances loss by Germany republic that ruled France for 60 years; formed after crisis following the Franco-Prussian War; threatened by groups that wanted a monarchy or military rule

Paris Commune (1871)

~~Municipal gov for Paris ~~Dominated by petty borgeoise mems ~~Goal: 2 be autonomous by rest France -Parisans elected a new muncipal gov ______ b/c didn't like monarchist national assembly -Administered Paris seperately fr: rest of France -Radicals and socialists participated -Became legend in Euro -Marxists regarded it as a genuine proletarian gov tht the French borgeoise suppressed (WRONG) -Dominated by borgeoise mems -Wanted a nation of independent radicaly democratic enclave -Its suppression rep'd protection of prop and triumph of prop and triumph of centralized nation state After the Franco-Prussian war, Parisians elected this new municipal government that would administer Paris separate from the rest of France. Was dominated by "petty bourgeois members" that did not want a worker's state, but a nation of relatively independent, radically democratic enclaves. Had its roots in anarchism. Its later suppression by the National Assembly represented not only the protection of property, but also the triumph of a centralized nation-state.

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

~~Officially ended the Franco-Prussian War ~~Directly led to the Paris Commune -Approved May 23 -Peace negotiation b/n France and Prussia after Franco-Prussian War Peace negotiation between France and Prussia after the Franco-Prussian war. Negotiated by Adolphe Thiers. Also led directly to the creation of the Paris Commune.

William Gladstone

~~Supported all of the following policies: extension of the franchise, home rule for Ireland, merit exams in the civil service and military, and spread of public education ~~supported Ballot Act of 1872 -Became new prime minister -Str Tory>> liberal -Chancellor of exchequer (finance minister) -Lowered taxes and gov expidentures -An unemployed Italian nationalism until 1860s -Disreali and _____ both believed social reform: needed but disagreed on means -___________ looked to individualism, free trade, and competition 2 solve social probs -Disreali believed in patemalistic legislation to protect weak and ease class antagonists -Became prime minister again after an ag. depression and an un pop policy undermined the conservative gov of Disraeli -Major issue of _______'s 2nd term: "The Irish Q" -Irish nationalists sought home rule for Ireland -Irish ctrl of local gov -Addressed Irish Q w/ 2 major places of legislation 1)Dis-established Church o' Ireland (good) 2)1870 Liberal ministry sponsered land act tht gave compensation 2 Irish tenat forces who: evicted and loans 4 ones who wanted land Served as prime minister for Britain between 1830s through 1890s. Was a liberal who supported Robert Peel, free trade, and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Had lowered taxes and government expenditures while he was finance minister. Ironically, he had refused a new reform bill until the 1860s, when he became the spokesperson for Lord Russell's unsuccessful liberal reform bill.Under his ministry, the Education act of 1870 was passed.His reforms sought to remove abuses without destroying institutions and to permit all able to citizens to compete on the grounds of ability and merit.

Land and Freedom Society

~~a radical group compromised of mainly young Russians who sought a social revolution movement in Russia ~~Influenced by populism ~~adhered to principles of Alexander Herzen ~~split into two factions ~~Membs of more Violent Faction "The Peoples Will" would be responsible for assassination of Alexander II March 1881 -Chief radical society during populism -Split into 2 groups 1) Advocated edu-ing the peasents (soon dissolved) ~2) The Peoples Will - dedicated 2 overthrow autocracy -Mems decided to assassinate the tsar w/a bomb and was successful -4 men and 2 women sentenced to death, they were willing 2 die for it The chief radical society of Populism in Russia. Included two groups: one advocating the education of peasants, which disbanded, and the other, known as the People's Will, which was dedicated to the overthrow of autocracy, meaning the assassination of the tsar.

Populism Movement (Russia)

~~broader led student revolutionary movement -Student revolutionary groups formed who sought a social revo based on the communal lyf of Russian peasants Revolutionary movement in Russia that was drawn from ideas of Herzen and other radicals. Sought a social revolution based on the communal life of the Russian peasants. Their chief radical society was called the Land and Freedom Society.

Zemstvos

~~had responsibilities related to ag improvements, bridge and road repair, and education -_____, or councils, made to give nobles some authority in the provinces -Oversaw local matters (edu, bridge/road repair, and ag. improvement) -Underfunded -Inneffective local Russian provincial counties run by the nobility. Oversaw local matters, such as bridge and road repair. education and agricultural improvement. However, they were unfunded and many of they remained ineffective.

Crimean War

~~humiliating defeat for Russia -Rooted in Russia's long desire to extend its influence over the Ottoman Empire -2 Disputes led to it 1. Russians got protective oversight of Orthrodox Xtians in the Empire and France, oversight of Roman Caths -Ottoman sultan: pressured by French and assigned care to certain holy places in Palestine to RCs -Angered Russians -Damaged Russian prestige (status) 2. Russia wanted control over Ottoman province of Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) -Used right to protect Orthodox Xtians in Otto empire to occupy 2 provinces -Shortly after, Ottoman Empire declared was on Russia -Ottoman Empire fate: doomed -1854 France and Britain declared war vs Russia n alliance w/ Ottomans -Austria and Prussia = neutral -Austrians had own ambitions in Balkans -Prussia followed Austrian leadership -Both sides conducted war badly -Poorly commanded armies -French and Brit won -25 years after __________ Euro affairs: unstable (1853-1856) Russia, protector of the Orthodox Christians, wanted to annex additional territory and uses its position as protector to occupy the provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. However, the French and British are against Russian expansion of territory, and join the Ottomans against Russia. Russia loses the battle. This was the first war covered by war correspondents and photographers.

Charles Stewart Parnell (Ireland)

~~leader of Ireland's movement for Home rule ~~founder and leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party ~~Served in the British HoC from 1875-1891 -Led and founded the Irish Land Leauge -He sewed the Brit HoC (from 1875-1891) -Org's Irish mems 2 Parl 2 agitate for house rule in Parl -Opportunity: election of 1885 Leader of the Irish movement for a just land settlement and for home rule. Organized 85 Irish members of House of Commons that would frequently disrupt Parliament to bring up the topic of home rule. Voted for liberal ministry of Gladstone because Gladstone had announced that he would support home rule. Was the founder and leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Served in the British House of Commons from 1875-91.