CH 24 Exam study
urinary tract infections
-more common in females -burning sensation during micturition
posterior pituitary secretes
ADH, which increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubles to water
what are the 2 classes of nephrons, what percentage of each class exists in the kidney, & where is each class located
Cortical nephrons- 85% -Renal cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons- 15% -next to medulla (still in cortex, but closer to medulla)
Identify the letter that indicates the major calyx
E
A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the convoluted tubules and nephron loop for the purpose of filtration
FALSE
The epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have an abundance of absorptive microvilli.
FALSE
which cell secretes renin
Granular cells
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
Parietal layer—simple squamous epithelium Visceral layer—consists of podocytes
Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absence of segmental veins.
TRUE
An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to
an increase in the production of ADH.
The ________ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.
arcuate
The external urethral sphincter is located
at the urogenital diaphragm.
Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?
collecting duct
The most superficial layer of the kidney is the
cortex.
Identify the letter that indicates the parietal layer of glomerular capsule.
d
The embryonic urogenital sinus
derives from the cloaca.
Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?
descending limb of the nephron loop
The function of the collecting duct is to
determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
Identify the letter that indicates the proximal convoluted tubule
e
The ________ urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.
external
renal fascia
external to perirenal fat capsule with additional adipose tissue superficial to it.
filtration
filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries
renal corpuscle
first part of the nephron
Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.
glomerulus
prostate
in males - lies directly inferior to the bladder - surrounds the urethra.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
increase indicates impaired renal function
Which vessels lie within the renal columns?
interlobar arteries
perirenal (or perinephric) fat capsule
just external to renal capsule
Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ________, that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
An area of specialized contact between terminal end of the ascending limb and afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular complex/apparatus
There are over ____ million nephrons in each kidney
one
If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little openings you would see on its surface are
openings of papillary ducts.
Adjacent collecting ducts join to form larger ________ that drain into the minor calyx
papillary ducts
in males - the urethra is 20 cm in length; three named regions
prostatic urethra - passes through the prostate gland intermediate part of urethra (membrenous part) - through the urogenital diaphragm Spongy (penile) urethra - passes through the length of the penis
renal pelvis
renal papilla major calices minor calices
Five ________ arteries branch from the renal artery and enter the hilum.
segmental
The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the
spongy urethra.
purpose of urinary bladder
stores & expels urine
renal cortex
superficial region of kidney, granular appearance
In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the
terminal nephron loop.
Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?
the nephron loop
The ________, a clinical landmark in the urinary bladder, is bounded by the two ureteric openings and the internal urethral orifice.
trigone
glomerulus
tuft of capillaries that are fenestrated
main waste products are three nitrogenous compounds
urea, uric acid, and creatinine
The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the ________, which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder
ureter
Which of the following conditions is most often seen in elderly males with prostatic hyperplasia?
urinary retention
voiding =
urination
micturition =
urintion
Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.
vasa recta
The layer of podocytes is the same as the
visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?
) In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)
) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.
An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that
) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.
The neck, or inferior angle, of the bladder drains into the
) urethra
How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?
1%
how much filtrate exits the body?
1%
filter that lies between blood in the glomerulus and capsular space, consists of three layers
1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary 2. filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes 3. basement membrane
name the 3 mechanisms of urine production
1.Filtration 2.Secretion 3.Resorption
juxtamedullary nephrons
15% of all nephrons, contribute to kidney's ability to concentrate urine
cortical nephrons
85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex
what percentage of filtrate fluid is retained by the body
99%
the glomeruli generate 1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes but
99% of filtrate is reabsorbed by tubules
Identify the letter that indicates a cortical radiate artery.
A
be able to sequence the flow of blood into and out of the kidney
Aorta -> Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> cortical radiate artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus (capillaries) -> efferent arteriole -> pertibular capillaries & vasa recta -> cortical radiate vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava
Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessels that delineate the cortex from the medulla.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the glomerulus.
B
Identify the letter that indicates the region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
C
Identify the letter that indicates the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
C
fibrous capsule
Capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds the kidney. inhibits spread of infections
Identify the letter that indicates the renal pelvis.
D
identify the letter that indicates the vasa recta.
E
The kidneys are located just below lumbar vertebrae L2 and L3.
FALSE
The ureters enter the bladder obliquely at the anterolateral corners.
FALSE
what layer of the kidney is superficial vs. deep
Fibrous capsule (superficial) renal cortex renal medulla minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis (deepest)
what is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
In females, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the vagina and uterus.
TRUE
The location and length of the urethra are two factors that contribute to the high incidence of urinary tract infections in women.
TRUE
Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalsis.
TRUE
Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.
afferent arteriole
purpose of ureters
carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder -oblique entry into urinary bladder prevents backflow of urine
renal medulla
consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by renal columns
Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are
cortical radiate arteries.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
decrease indicates impaired renal function
The full urinary bladder
expands 15x it's empty volume into the abdominal cavity
Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?
granular cells
) Another name for the neck of the bladder is the
inferior angle.
The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the
internal urethral orifice.
The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein.
is longer than
The right kidney is lower than the left because
it is crowded by the liver
renal calculi
kidney stones
Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate.
macula densa
be able to sequence the flow of urine through the kidney (specifically: major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder)
minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra
Granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
modified smooth muscle cells that contain the enzyme renin which is released in response to falling blood pressure monitored in afferent arteriole
reabsorption
most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed
The urethra in females is 3-4 cm in length and
much easier for catheterizations much easier for UTIs
The ________ layer of the ureters propel urine to the bladder by peristalsis
muscularis
Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?
nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the
proximal and distal tubules.
Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney?
renal corpuscles
When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered
renal corpuscles.
Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?
renal fascia
Urine passes through the
renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.
Which off the following puts the flow of blood through the kidney in the correct order?
segmental artery --> interlobar artery --> arcuate artery --> cortical radiate artery
Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is
simple squamous.
A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.
sinus
All of the following changes to the anatomy of the kidneys occur with advanced age except
the renal arteries supply a greater amount of blood to the kidneys, increasing the rate of filtration.
During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that
the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that
the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that
their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is
transitional.
trigone
triangle between entrances of ureters and exit of urethra
Identify the letter that indicates the afferent arteriole.
D
The urinary bladder, when empty, lies within both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
FALSE
what external structure holds the kidney in place
Fibrous capsule Perirenal fat capsule Renal fascia
________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormone renin
Granular (or Juxtaglomerular)
The ureters develop from
a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.
histology of ureter
Mucosa - transitional epithelium Muscularis - two layers: Inner longitudinal layer, Outer circular layer Adventitia - typical connective tissue
in which layer of the kidney is the peritubular capillaries vs. vasa recta found
Peritubular capillaries- cortical nephrons Vasa recta- juxtamedullary nephrons
________ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
Podocytes
name the 3 regions of the male urethra & which region is longest
Prostatic urethra Intermediate part of urethra Spongy urethra (longest)
be able to sequence the flow of filtrate through the renal tubules (specifically: ascending limb, collecting duct, descending limb, distal convoluted tubules, glomerulus, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubules)
Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending limb Ascending limb Distal convoluted tubule Collecting ducts
what is the name of the muscle layer in the bladder that contracts during urination
detrusor muscle
organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Voiding of urine, known as ________, involves sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic fibers.
micturition
macula densa
monitors solute concentration in filtrate stimulates the granular cells to release renin to raise blood pressure
The U-shaped ________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
nephron loop
Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?
pararenal fat
In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by
parasympathetic fibers.
The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is
pelvic kidney.
Between the fibrous renal capsule and the renal fascia is a cushioning and supportive ________ fat capsule.
perirenal
All molecules secreted by nephrons into urine are from
peritubular capillaries
Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ________.
peritubular capillaries
collecting ducts
play an important role in conserving body fluids
Which of the following is not usually associated with the formation of renal calculi?
polyurea
The micturition center is located in the
pons of the brain stem.
urine albumin
presence (.30 mg/day) indicates likely renal damage
The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the
proximal tubule.
what kind of epithelium is the ureter & urinary bladder
pseudostratified columnar spithelium
Infection of the renal pelvic and calyces is known as
pyelitis.
The empty urinary bladder
pyramidal and lies entirely within the pelvis.
Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?
relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter
what is the nephron composed of
renal corpuscle renal tubule
each nephron is composed of
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.
retroperitoneal
where is the kidney found relative to the abdominal cavity/peritoneum
retroperitoneally -lateral to T12-L3 vetebrae Above waist between periometrium& posterior wall of abdomen (retroperitoneal along with adrenal glands& ureters)
detrusor muscle
thick, smooth muscle layer in the urinary bladder
Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney?
evaporation
Which of the following is not normally found in urine?
glucose
The ureters
have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.
bladder cancer
3% of cancers, more common in men
Renin is produced in
the granular cells.
roughly 1/2 of nursing home or home bound seniors are affected by some form of
incontinence
filtrate proceeds to renal tubules (4 parts) from glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tuble - nephron loop (of Henle) - Distal convoluted tuble - collected ducts
Nephrons associate closely with two capillary beds
-Glomeruli -Peritubular capillaries in cortical nephrons or vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons
Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels that absorb solutes from the convoluted tubules.
A
Identify the letter that indicates the efferent arteriole
A
What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?
In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?
In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.
Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?
It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.
Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?
L1 or L2
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in the cortical nephrons.
TRUE
The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the segmental arteries to the interlobar arteries.
TRUE
The descending thin limb of the nephron loop consists of a simple squamous epithelium.
TRUE
The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle.
TRUE
The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control
TRUE
Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequence: from the collecting duct to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.
TRUE
Pyelography is
a type of X-ray procedure (radiology).
The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity.
abdominal
secretion
active process of removing undesirable molecules
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
adrenal
what is the glomerulus, & what is the glomerular capsule
afferent & efferent glomerular arteriole aka bowman's capsule (where it catches fluid) -made of parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium) -Visceral layer (podocytes)
Glomeruli arise from branches off the ________ arterioles of the cortex.
afferent glomerular
Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels covered by podocytes
c
Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.
c
what is the hilum & what structures enter & exit it
convace surface -ureter, vessels, & nerves
hilum
the concave surface where vessels and nerves enter and exit
Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.
minor calyx
the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
Which of the following structures are most numerous within a kidney?
renal corpuscles
Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the
renal pelvis.
The process of the JGA is also known as the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
the kidneys are located
retroperitoneally
epithelium of urethra
Transitional epithelium; at the proximal end (near the bladder): Stratified and pseudostratified columnar- mid urethra (in males) Stratified squamous epithelium- at the distal end (near the urethral opening)
From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise?
mesoderm
The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the
metanephros.
efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than
afferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
arise from the efferent arterioles draining the cortical nephrons are adapted for absorption
Kidney cancer
arises from epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules
Kidney stones, or renal calculi, tend to lodge most often in places where their pathway out of the body tends to narrow. All of these are regions where the ureter narrows and kidney stones may lodge except
at the urachus of the ureter.
vasa recta
continue from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons descend deep into the medulla are an essential part of the kidney's urine concentrating mechanism
85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.
cortical
Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.
detrusor
The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
hilum
internal urethral sphincter
involuntary smooth muscle
external urethral sphincter
lies in the urogenital diaphragm voluntarily inhibits urination
Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the
medial hilum.
