CH. 27 ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA
______ are results of membrane ingrowth that help make photosynthesis efficient. Nucleus-like bodies Thylakoids Pili Flagella Magnetosomes
Thylakoids
Pigmented slime sheaths coat some bacterial filaments helping them to prevent ------ damage.
UV
Mucilage, or glycocalyx, is: found in gas vesicles a type of locomotion found in thylakoids a slimy coating a type of plasma membrane
a slimy coating
Gram-negative bacteria are typified by which of the following? a thick lipopolysaccharide cell wall a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide layer a thick lipopolysaccharide cell wall with an outer peptidoglycan layer a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide layer
The evolutionary age of bacteria and archaea, together with the varied habitats in which they live, has resulted in ________. a) very high diversity b) relative homogeneity
a) very high diversity
The cells of eukaryotes and archaea share a number of cellular features, suggesting common ------.
ancestors
The outer lipopolysaccharide envelope of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of ------- such as penicillin.
antibiotics
Laboratory observation and molecular study of organisms collected from nature are two ways that microbiologists have studied ______ of Archaea and Bacteria. *diversity *reproduction *the origin *distributions
diversity
It is thought that archaea can live in extremely harsh environments due in part to the -------- bonds present in the lipids of their membranes.
ether
The membrane lipids of archaea are formed with ______ linkages, whereas those of eukaryotes and bacteria are formed with ______ linkages. *ether; ester *ester; ether *hydrogen; ether *ether; hydrogen *hydrogen; ester
ether; ester
in aquatic bacteria, hollow gas filled tubes, whose walls are made of protein, are called ___________. pili flagella gas vesicles thylakoids
gas vesicles
Membrane ingrowths have resulted in which of the following bacterial structures? spirochaetes gas vesicles pili magnetosomes thylakoids
gas vesicles magnetosomes thylakoids
What proportion (approximately) of the Earth's total biomass is comprised of Bacteria and Archaea? *1/2 *1/4 *1/3 *3/4 *2/3
*1/2
Of the more than 50 phyla in the domain Bacteria, the two that are most diverse and relevant to eukaryotic cell evolution, global ecology and human activity are _______ *Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. *Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria. *Planctomycetes and Deinococcus. *Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi.
*Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria.
Which of the three domains are most closely related to each other? *Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria *Domain Archaea and Domain Eukarya
*Domain Archaea and Domain Eukarya
Organisms of the genus Methanopyrus are able to live at deep-sea thermal vent sites because: *Methane offsets protein damage caused by high heat *Their proteins are resistant to damage by high heat *They use methane to make energy *They use methane to make enzymes that help them break down sulfur
*Their proteins are resistant to damage by high heat
Organisms of the genus Methanopyrus are able to live at deep-sea thermal vent sites because: *Their proteins are resistant to damage by high heat *They use methane to make energy *They use methane to make enzymes that help them break down sulfur *Methane offsets protein damage caused by high heat
*Their proteins are resistant to damage by high heat
The unique color of cyanobacteria results from chlorophyll and: *chloroplasts *parasitic bacteria *accessory pigments *photosynthetic enzymes
*accessory pigments
Organisms that occur primarily in extreme habitats are known as *cyanobacteria. *vibrios. *extremophiles. *decomposers.
*extremophiles.
The resistance of ether-linked membranes to damage is related to the ability of archaea to live in: *mammalian intestines *caves *harsh environments *freshwater
*harsh environments
Unlike most bacteria and eukaryotes, archaea have the ability to live in areas with: *low oxygen levels *high methane levels *high temperature levels *high oxygen levels
*high methane levels *high temperature levels
Extremophiles are organisms that: *live in harsh environments *inhabit the extremities of birds and mammals *obtain nutrients from acids *have a narrow range of optimal ambient temperature
*live in harsh environments
Indicative of the variation among bacteria and archaea, they collectively display more diverse ______ than occur in any other group of organisms. *hormonal profiles *metabolic processes *external anatomies *types of neurotransmitters *complex cellular structures
*metabolic processes
Magnetosomes allow bacteria to ______. *orient themselves in space *produce methane *migrate great distances through the ocean *avoid damaging radiation at the water's surface
*orient themselves in space
The uniquely extreme habitats that the Archaea exploit include those with high: *altitude *salinity *acidity *temperature
*salinity *acidity *temperature
The archaea genus Sulfolobus lives in habitats that are typified by high ______ and low ______. *temperatures; pH *pH; temperatures *oxygen concentration; temperatures *temperatures; oxygen concentration
*temperatures; pH
The advantage of the small cell size of archaea and bacteria is: *the diffusion of materials into the cell is controlled *the cells can divide faster *they are more resistant to antibiotics *the cells can hide from predators
*the cells can divide faster
Members of the genus Methanopyrus are so well adapted to living in extremely hot environments that: *they form cysts when cooled *they cannot grow below 84°C *they die at lower temperature
*they cannot grow below 84°C
True or false: Most members of the domain Bacteria live in extreme habitats.
False Reason: While some bacteria do live in extreme habitats, the majority favor more moderate conditions.
The blue-green color of cyanobacteria comes not from chlorophyll alone, but from accessory _______ that help chlorophyll _______. pigments; absorb light energy enzymes; produce methane enzymes; fix nitrogen enzymes; absorb light energy pigments; fix nitrogen
pigments; absorb light energy
Nucleus-like bodies are _______ invaginations that are thought to function to _______. plasma membrane; isolate DNA cell wall; isolate DNA cell wall; isolate chlorophyll plasma membrane; isolate chlorophyll
plasma membrane; isolate DNA
Although nucleus-like bodies do not possess the nuclear ______ characteristic of eukaryotes, they likely function to ______ other cellular components. pores; mix DNA with pores; isolate DNA from
pores; isolate DNA from
Due to its interference with peptidoglycan synthesis, penicillin is more effective against Gram-________ bacteria.
positive
Gram-___________ bacteria have cell walls with a thick peptidoglycan layer.
positive
Most archaea possess a cell composed of protein. lipopolysaccharides. peptidoglycan. phospholipids.
protein (peptidoglycan is the major component of the cells walls of bacteria)
The cell wall of most archaea is made up of ______, while the cell wall of most bacteria contains the polymer known as ______. peptidoglycan; glycoprotein cellulose; lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharide; cellulose protein; peptidoglycan
protein; peptidoglycan
a mechanism by which prokaryotic cells are able to communicate by chemical means when they reach a critical population
quorum sensing
Archaea that are halophiles can be found living in environments with high ------- content
salt
Existing in a biofilm helps microbes _______. evade predators easily move from place to place access nutrients stay in micro environments in which they thrive
stay in micro environments in which they thrive
The archaea genus Sulfolobus lives in habitats that are typified by high ______ and low ______. *temperatures; oxygen concentration *oxygen concentration; temperatures *pH; temperatures *temperatures; pH
temperatures // pH
Magnetosomes function as a compass needle, allowing bacteria to orient themselves with reference to ______. the surface of the water the Earth's magnetic field other bacteria true north the sun
the Earth's magnetic field
Bacteria are capable of photosynthesis when which of the following structures are present? thylakoids gas vesicles akinetes flagella
thylakoids
Intracellular membranous tubules whose surfaces bear chlorophyll are: pili gas vesicles akinetes thylakoids
thylakoids
Blooms of cyanobacteria can be harmful to humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife due their production of ------
toxins
Which of the following are ways in which microbiologists have studied and do study diversity in the domains Archaea and Bacteria? *using molecular techniques *morphological observation in the laboratory *metabolic observation in the laboratory *breeding mutants in the laboratory *looking for mutants in nature
*using molecular techniques *morphological observation in the laboratory *metabolic observation in the laboratory
in phosphorus-rich bodies of water, some species of photosynthetic bacteria (known as cyanobacteria) grow quickly into large, visible populations (known as blooms) -- they color the water blue-green/ cyan ---- the individual cells release small amounts of toxins that help keep small aquatic animals from eating them but when bloom happens, toxins might rise to levels that poison humans, livestock and wildlife **more info on back**
-as a result, public health authorities warn people to not swim in waters or to let their animals drink the waters that have visible blooms -despite all of this, cyanobacteria also provides many benefits such as producing atmospheric oxygen
The living organisms classified as bacteria and archaea together make up about ----- percent of the Earth's total biomass.
50
While domain Archaea includes 5 phyla, molecular studies suggest that domain Bacteria contains about ______ phyla. 65 20 50 35
50
In which of the following locations are biofilms likely to be beneficial rather than harmful? animal tissue surfaces aquatic terrestrial industrial pipelines
aquatic and terrestrial --in aquatic & terrestrial environments, biofilm helps stabilize and enrich sand/soil surfaces and help form mineral deposits --biofilms that form on the surface of animal tissues can be harmful // biofilm can also develop in industrial pipelines where they can contribute to corrosion by secreting enzymes that chemically degrade metal surfaces
Gas vesicles found in ______ bacteria are essential for adjusting ______. halophilic, salt concentration aquatic, buoyancy hyperthermophilic, temperature terrestrial, water content
aquatic, buoyancy
Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota are phyla in the domain
archaea
Eukaryotes share a number of cellular features with the _______, suggesting common ancestry.
archaea
Sulfolobus is a genus of -------- that exploits habitats with high temperature and low pH.
archaea
The DNA of eukaryotes and ------, but not -------, uses histone proteins for compaction.
archaea /// bacteria
In the current classification system, the two domains of prokaryotic organisms are ------ and ------
archaea and bacteria
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains. Which ones?
bacteria & archaea
While there are many exceptions, the size of archaea and bacteria are usually: larger than the average eukaryote 15-20mm long between 100 and 1000μm in diameter between 1 - 5μm in diameter
between 1 - 5μm in diameter
You find a clump of microbial cells stuck to the surface of a rock. "Aha!" you say, "it is a ______." thermophilic mat biofilm cyanobacterial bloom thylakoid membrane
biofilm
an aggregation of microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage, thereby gluing themselves to surfaces
biofilm
Many bacteria and archaea have structures that enables them to be motile located _______. within the cell both on the surface and within the cell entirely outside of the cell at the cell surface
both on the surface and within the cell
The cyanobacteria gave rise to the ----- of eukaryotic algae and plants.
chloroplasts
Spherical prokaryotic cells are known as ------ and include species such as Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Rod-shaped prokaryotic cells are called ---------, and include species such as Lactobacillus.
cocci ///// bacilli
Maintenance of cell shape, protection from pathogens, and prevention of lysing are all benefits of: *having a rigid cell wall *producing a pilus *having a plasma membrane *producing mucilage *possessing a flagellum or flagella
having a rigid cell wall
Which of the following are benefits of possessing a rigid cell wall? help prevent lysing in watery conditions maintain cell shape help protect against pathogenic microbes provide protection from ultraviolet radiation
help prevent lysing in watery conditions maintain cell shape help protect against pathogenic microbes
------- proteins are associated with the DNA of eukaryotes and archaea, but not bacteria.
histone
Archaea that are capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures are referred to as :
hyperthermophiles
Archaea that are capable of withstanding extremely high temperatures are referred to as ------
hyperthermophiles or thermophiles
Gram-positive bacteria are vulnerable to penicillin because this antibiotic: strips the cells of their lipopolysaccharide layer interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis releases a pathogen that actively consumes peptidoglycan increases water intake, leading to cell lysis
interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis
The lipopolysaccharide envelope of Gram-negative bacteria makes them: less able to secrete proteins less resistant to antibiotics more resistant to antibiotics more able to secrete proteins
less able to secrete proteins more resistant to antibiotics
Which structure of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics? protein cell wall layer glycoprotein cell wall layer peptidoglycan cell wall layer lipopolysaccharide layer
lipopolysaccharide layer
------- are membrane-bound particles of magnetite.
magnetosomes
Which of the following plasma membrane ingrowths is associated with crystals of an iron mineral? magnetosomes thylakoids nucleus-like bodies
magnetosomes
Bacteria and archaea species exhibit more diverse ------- processes than any other group of organisms.
metabolic
While microbiologists still observe cultures in the lab, assessing the diversity of bacteria and archaea today typically also involves --------- techniques carried out on specimens collected in nature.
molecular
Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes? some bacteria and all archaea all archaea all archaea and bacteria all archaea and some bacteria most bacteria
most bacteria
the ability of a cell to move or change position within its environment
motility
------ can help aquatic species of bacteria float in water.
mucilage
Gram-__________ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and an outer coating of lipopolysaccharide.
negative
Ancient cyanobacteria are thought to have generated the first __________-rich atmosphere on Earth, paving the way for the rise of the ____________.
oxygen //// eukaryotes
Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, but they are considered to be a ------- group because they do not include all the descendants of a single common ancestor.
paraphyletic
The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of --------, which is not present in archaea.
peptidoglycan
a polymer composed of carbohydrates crosslinked with peptides that is an important component of the cell walls of most bacteria
peptidoglycan
Cyanobacterial blooms occur in ______-rich waters. phosphorous calcium sodium
phosphorus
