History Final (Chapters 13-23, 26) Multiple Choice
In the long run, the group that probably did the most to shape the modern West was the small businessmen that provided products and services to miners, railroad men, and cowboys. miners. railroad men. cowboys. hydraulic engineers.
hydraulic engineers.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) the Battle of Bull Run, (B) the Battle of Gettysburg, (C) Lee's surrender at Appomattox, and (D) the Battle of Antietam. B, C, A, D D, B, C, A C, A, D, B A, B, D, C A, D, B, C
A, D, B, C
Match each individual below with the correct invention. A.Samuel Morse 1.telegraph B.Cyrus McCormick 2.mower-reaper C.Elias Howe 3.steamboat D.Robert Fulton 4.sewing machine A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1 A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
Match each politician below with the Republican political faction with which he was associated. A.Roscoe Conkling 1."Half-Breeds" B.James Blaine 2.Stalwarts C.Horace Greeley 3.Regular Republicans D.Ulysses Grant 4.Liberal Republicans A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
Match each figure below with his role in the 1856 presidential campaign. A.John C. Frémont 1.Democratic nominee for president B.Millard Fillmore 2.Republican nominee for president C.Stephen A. Douglas 3.Know-Nothing (American Party) nominee for president D.James Buchanan 4.Too tainted by Kansas-Nebraska Act to obtain Democratic nomination A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his party's position on the slavery question. A.Abraham Lincoln 1.extend slavery into the territories B.Stephen Douglas 2.ban slavery from the territories C.John Breckenridge 3.preserve the Union by compromise D.John Bell 4.enforce popular sovereignty A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the Battle of Wounded Knee. Sand Creek massacre. Battle of Little Big Horn. Dawes Severalty Act. Indian Reorganization Act
Battle of Wounded Knee.
In 1865, following the conclusion of the Civil War, Southern whites quickly admitted they had been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence. Southern whites rapidly turned their slaves into fairly paid, free labor employees. Southern blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters. Southern blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity. Southern blacks looked to the federal government for help.
Southern blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity.
Blacks in the South relied on the Union League to help them escape to the North during the Civil War. provide them with relief payments until the Freedmen's Bureau was established. educate them on their civic duties and campaign for Republican candidates. gain admittance to the Union Army. None of these choices are correct.
educate them on their civic duties and campaign for Republican candidates.
The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was underproduction of agricultural foodstuffs. foreign competition. the declining number of farms and farmers. the shortage of farm machinery. low prices and a deflated currency.
low prices and a deflated currency.
To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to invade the Union. win a decisive military victory on its own soil. fight the invading Union army to a draw. attract more talented military commanders. capture Washington, D.C.
fight the invading Union army to a draw.
In his quest for California, President James K. Polk advocated war with Mexico from the beginning. argued strongly for annexation, because Americans were the most numerous people in the area. was motivated by his knowledge of gold deposits there. sought British help to persuade Mexico to sell the area to the United States. first advocated buying the area from Mexico.
first advocated buying the area from Mexico.
America's minister to Britain, during the Civil War, under President Lincoln was Charles Francis Adams. William H. Seward. Jefferson Davis. Edwin M. Stanton. Clara Barton.
Charles Francis Adams.
In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that Senator Daniel Webster proposed a highly coercive fugitive slave law which was an acceptable concession to the South. John C. Calhoun's compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. Christian legislators must obey God's moral law. compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. African Americans should be granted their own territory.
Christian legislators must obey God's moral law.
When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in the Border States. slave states that remained loyal to the Union. United States territories. Confederate states still in rebellion against the United States. specific conquered areas in the South controlled by the Union army
Confederate states still in rebellion against the United States.
____ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, "conquered provinces" that had to seek readmission on whatever economic and political terms Congress demanded. War Democrats The Supreme Court President Lincoln President Johnson Congressional radical Republicans
Congressional radical Republicans
The only member of President Tyler's Whig cabinet who did not resign in protest over his policies was Henry Clay. Zachary Taylor. Robert Walker. Daniel Webster. Millard Fillmore
Daniel Webster.
A dark writer whose genres included poetry, horror stories, and detective fiction was Edgar Allan Poe. Herman Melville. Sherlock Holmes. Walt Whitman. Henry David Thoreau.
Edgar Allan Poe.
One American writer who did not believe in human goodness and social progress was James Russell Lowell. Henry David Thoreau. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Edgar Allan Poe. Walt Whitman.
Edgar Allan Poe.
Which of the following was not associated with the early nineteenth-century cause of women's rights? Emily Dickinson Lucy Stone Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Emily Dickinson
The writer who faded to obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest literary geniuses in the twentieth century and wrote the masterpiece work of fiction, Moby Dick, was Nathaniel Hawthorne. Henry David Thoreau. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Herman Melville. Walt Whitman.
Herman Melville.
The original prophet of the Mormon religion was Ralph Waldo Emerson. Brigham Young. Charles G. Finney. William Miller. Joseph Smith.
Joseph Smith.
The first major transportation project in the United States, which ran sixty-two miles and was completed in the 1790s, that proved to be a stimulus for western economic developments was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. National (Cumberland) Road. Erie Canal. St. Lawrence Seaway. Lancaster Turnpike.
Lancaster Turnpike.
The American military leader whose strategic military and diplomatic mission opened Japan up to the United States in 1853-1854 was William Walker. Winfield Scott. Lafcadio Hearn. Clayton Bulwer. Matthew Perry.
Matthew Perry.
The religious sects that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the Roman Catholics and Episcopalians. Unitarians and Jews. Methodists and Baptists. Congregationalists and Presbyterians. Lutherans and Mormons.
Methodists and Baptists.
Stephen A. Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the Compromise of 1850. Fugitive Slave Act. Wilmot Proviso. Northwest Ordinance. Missouri Compromise.
Missouri Compromise.
The first and only ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866 and thus be immediately readmitted to the Union under congressional Reconstruction was Virginia. Georgia. North Carolina. Tennessee. West Virginia.
Tennessee
Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in little increase in church membership. a stronger religious influence in many areas of American life including abolitionism and benevolent and charitable organizations. surprisingly few humanitarian reforms. greater attention to church history and doctrine. increase in enlightenment and rational religion.
a stronger religious influence in many areas of American life including abolitionism and benevolent and charitable organizations.
The idea of transporting blacks back to Africa was a recognition of blacks' desire to preserve their culture. never carried out. advocated by Frederick Douglass. proposed by the African nation of Liberia. an expression of widespread American racism.
an expression of widespread American racism.
The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian prosperity. annihilation. assimilation. culture. education.
assimilation.
In his raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown intended to call upon the slaves to rise and establish a black free state. arouse the South to secede from the Union. stir West Virginia to break away from Virginia as a free state. demonstrate that blacks could fight for their freedom. seize weapons to start a guerrilla war against the federal government.
call upon the slaves to rise and establish a black free state.
As president, William McKinley can best be described as cautious and conservative. a man of little ability. an active reformer. a person willing to go against the opinion of the majority. a skillful negotiator.
cautious and conservative.
Eli Whitney was instrumental in the invention of the steamboat. cotton gin. railroad locomotive. telegraph. repeating revolver.
cotton gin.
The South Carolina state legislature, after the election of 1832 voted to abolish all federal legislation, with regard to tariffs, as unconstitutional. declared the existing tariff constitutional and part of South Carolina law. was taken over by a majority of Federalists. voted to secede from the union. declared the existing tariff null and void in South Carolina.
declared the existing tariff null and void in South Carolina.
"Johnny Reb" tended to be all of the following except jocular. emotional. religious. detached personally from the war. bred to fight.
detached personally from the war.
Of all the hardships faced by the soldiers during the Civil War, the greatest was starvation. disease. decline of moral standards. lack of proper clothing. constant fighting.
disease.
Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier were eastern city dwellers. eastern farmers. recent immigrants. blacks. midwestern farmers.
eastern city dwellers.
The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its inferior military leadership. weak overall morale for the Confederacy among most Confederate soldiers. slave population. economy, particularly its limited manufacturing capacity and inferior railroad network. inefficient political system.
economy, particularly its limited manufacturing capacity and inferior railroad network.
The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in providing "forty acres and a mule" to freed blacks. educating former slaves. the provision of food and clothing. helping people to find employment at fair wages and decent working conditions in the South. securing black civil rights, preventing lynchings, and ensuring voting rights.
educating former slaves.
Unitarians endorsed the concept of the deity of Christ. original sin. free will and salvation through good works. predestination. the Bible as the norm of doctrine
free will and salvation through good works.
Texas gained its independence with help from Britain. no outside assistance. help from Americans. the blessing of the Mexican government. help from Spain.
help from Americans.
Immigrants coming to the United States before 1860 depressed the economy due to their poverty. found themselves involved in few cultural conflicts. had little impact on society until after the Civil War. settled mostly in the South. helped to fuel economic expansion.
helped to fuel economic expansion.
John Quincy Adams's weaknesses as president included all of the following except his strong nationalistic ideology. his support for elitist proposals like a national university. his personal coldness and tactlessness with people. the charges of "corrupt bargain" hanging over his presidency. his encouragement of his supporters to "sling mud" at Jackson.
his encouragement of his supporters to "sling mud" at Jackson.
The American phase of the industrial revolution first blossomed on southern plantations. in the New England textile industry. in rapidly growing Chicago. in railroads and ship building. in coal and iron mining regions.
in the New England textile industry.
The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting portraits. classical frescos. still life. daguerreotypes. landscapes.
landscapes.
Ireland's great export in the 1840s was people. potatoes. wool. whiskey. music.
people.
The plantation system of the Cotton South before the Civil War resembled a tightly controlled oligarchy in its monopolistic features. became more democratic and open to newcomers. was very financially stable over many years. was attractive to European immigrants. included no expectation that planter aristocrats had any obligation to serve the public as politicians or statesmen.
resembled a tightly controlled oligarchy in its monopolistic features.
The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860 led to a lower death rate. contributed to a decline in the birthrate. resulted in unsanitary conditions in many communities. forced the federal government to slow immigration. sparked federal, state, and local governments to develop urban public transportation networks and an array of social services to manage this growth during this period.
resulted in unsanitary conditions in many communities.
John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition was an argument for secession. protective tariffs. majority rule. states' rights. trade with England.
states' rights.
The largest single addition to American territory was the Louisiana Purchase. the Mexican Cession. the Oregon Country. the Old Northwest. Alaska
the Mexican Cession.
The Deist faith embraced all of the following except .the concept of original sin. the reliance on reason rather than revolution. belief in a Supreme Being. belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior. denial of the divinity of Christ
the concept of original sin
Helen Hunt Jackson's novel, Ramona, was centered around the cruel mistreatment of Indians in California. the cheating of Indians by federal agents on the reservations. the efforts of Christian reformers to prevent the killing of Indians. an Indian girl's attempt to retain her culture in an Indian boarding school. the last Indian wars between the U.S. army and the Apaches in the Southwest.
the cruel mistreatment of Indians in California.
The Civil War resulted in all of the following except expanded federal powers of taxation. the end of nullification and secession. the creation of the first federal social welfare agency. the end of slavery. the end of protective tariffs and isolationism.
the end of protective tariffs and isolationism.
By 1860, life for slaves was most difficult in the Atlantic states of North and South Carolina. Deep South states of Georgia and Florida. territories of Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico. upper South states of Virginia and Maryland. the new southwest states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
the new southwest states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was the high price of land. the low market value of grain. the scarcity of water. overcrowding. the opposition of miners.
the scarcity of water.
Unitarians held the following beliefs except the belief that God existed in only one person. the denial of the divinity of Christ. they stressed the essential goodness of human nature. they believed in the possibility of salvation through good works. they believed in a stern and Puritan type of God.
they believed in a stern and Puritan type of God.
Both the Democratic party and the Whig party favored a renewed national bank. supported federal restraint in social and economic affairs. were mass-based political parties. clung to states' rights policies. feared the rise of the Anti-
were mass-based political parties
Pioneering Americans marooned by geography never took the time to explore the beauty of the natural landscape. grew to depend on other people for most of their basic needs. abandoned the rugged individualism of colonial Americans. never looked for any help beyond their immediate family. were often ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and fiercely individualistic.
were often ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and fiercely individualistic.
When the Irish flocked to the United States in the 1840s, they stayed in the larger seaboard cities because they preferred urban life. were offered high-paying jobs. were welcomed by the people living there. were too poor to move west and buy land. had experience in urban politics.
were too poor to move west and buy land.
The Second Great Awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions. open Episcopalian and Presbyterian churches to the poor. unite southern Baptists and southern Methodists against slavery. bring the more prosperous and conservative eastern churches into the revivalist camps. increase the influence of educated clergy.
widen the lines between classes and regions.
The Lecompton Constitution was written so that Kansas could enter the Union as either a slave state or a free state. would hold a popular referendum on slavery after admission to the Union. would permit temporary residents like the abolitionists and border ruffians to vote. would allow slavery but prohibit the slave trade. would continue to permit slavery for owners of slaves who held slaves in Kansas at the time of the ratification vote, even if the voters of Kansas enacted the Lecompton Constitution "without slavery."
would continue to permit slavery for owners of slaves who held slaves in Kansas at the time of the ratification vote, even if the voters of Kansas enacted the Lecompton Constitution "without slavery."
As a result of reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, many northerners found the book's portrayal of slavery too extreme. vowed to halt British and French efforts to help the Confederacy. rejected Hinton Helper's picture of the South and slavery. would have nothing to do with the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law. sent guns to antislavery settlers in Kansas ("Beecher's Bibles").
would have nothing to do with the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law.
The Ku Klux Klan could best be described as an open political organization seeking to revive the Confederacy. the military arm of the southern Democratic party. a civic reform and service organization. a movement for openly protesting northern oppression. a secret terrorist organization seeking to subjugate and terrorize blacks in the South through violent means.
a secret terrorist organization seeking to subjugate and terrorize blacks in the South through violent means.
The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that rural America would defeat urban America. the South remained solid for the Democratic party. a third-party candidate had a serious chance at the White House. factory workers would favor inflation. a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes.
a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes.
One consequence of General William T. Sherman's style of warfare was a longer war. the loss of more lives. fewer desertions on the Confederate side. southern resignation to defeat. a shorter war that saved lives
a shorter war that saved lives
By the 1850s, the crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by the temperance movement. the movement to improve treatment and conditions for the mentally ill. abolitionism. prison reform advocates. evangelical revivalism.
abolitionism.
For the political views he expressed in his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Webster was viciously condemned by northern Unionists. northern banking and commercial interests. abolitionists and Free-Soilers. Henry Clay. John C. Calhoun.
abolitionists and Free-Soilers.
Those people most adamantly opposed to President James K. Polk's expansionist program in Oregon, Texas and the Southwest were the northwestern Democrats. abolitionists. southern Democrats. generals in the U.S. Army such as General Zachary Taylor. proslavery Whigs.
abolitionists.
The United States' victory in the Mexican War resulted in all of the following except renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories. a possible split in the Whig and Democrat parties over slavery. the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States. a rush of settlers to new American territory in California. acquisition of the Oregon territory.
acquisition of the Oregon territory.
Innovations in the election of 1832 included direct election of the president. adoption of written party platforms. a series of presidential debates between the candidates. presidential nominations of "favorite sons" by state legislatures. abandonment of party conventions.
adoption of written party platforms.
The fate of the defeated Confederate leaders was that most were sentenced to prison for life. several were executed for treason. after brief jail terms, all were pardoned in 1868. they were immediately returned to citizenship and full civil rights. many went into exile in slaveholding Brazil.
after brief jail terms, all were pardoned in 1868.
The primary objective of Manifest Destiny expansionists in the 1850s was Panama. Nicaragua. Cuba. Hawaii. None of these choices are correct.
Cuba.
In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans could be denied the right to vote. segregation was always unconstitutional. " separate but equal" public schools and facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. the Fourteenth Amendment protections of "equal protection" applied only to African Americans who could prove that an individual segregated black school or facility was unequal to comparable white public school or public facility. African Americans born as slaves could not sue in federal cour t.
" separate but equal" public schools and facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
By 1850, the South was losing perhaps ____ runaways a year out of its total of some 4 million slaves. 200 500 800 1,000 2,000
1,000
During the Civil War, Grant lost one man for every ____, and Lee lost one man for every ____. 10, 5 5, 10 5, 20 2, 10 5, 2
10, 5
One major problem with the Homestead Act was that the government continued to try to maximize its revenue from public lands. 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains. midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition with the West. most homesteaders knew little or nothing about farming in the West. it took several years to earn a profit from farming a homestead.
160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.
The voice of white southern abolitionist fell silent at the beginning of the 1810s. 1820s. 1830s. 1840s. 1850s.
1830s
The influx of immigrants to the United States tripled, then quadrupled, in the 1810s and 1820s. 1820s and 1830s. 1830s and 1840s. 1840s and 1850s 1850s and 1860s.
1840s and 1850s
Between 1830 and 1860, nearly ____ million Irish arrived in America. 20 2 5 8 10
2
In society's basement in the South of 1860, there were nearly ____ million black human chattels 1 2 4 8 10
4
In the Oregon treaty with Britain in 1846, the northern boundary of the United States was established to the Pacific Ocean along the line of 42°. 52° 40'. 54° 40'. 36° 30'. 49°
49°
In some counties of the deep South, especially along the lower Mississippi River, blacks accounted for more than ____ percent of the population. 25 50 75 10 95
75
Arrange the following in chronological order: the founding of the (A) American Colonization Society, (B) American Anti-Slavery Society, and (C) Liberty party. A, B, C C, A, B B, C, A A, C, B C, B, A
A, B, C
Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; and (D) Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life. A, B, C, D B, A, C, D A, D, B, C D, C, A, B C, B, D, A
A, B, C, D
Match each abolitionist below with his publication. A.William Lloyd Garrison 1.Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World B.Theodore Dwight Weld 2.The Liberator C.Frederick Douglass 3 Narration of the Life of ____ D.David Walker 4.American Slavery as It Is A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1 A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike: A.Richard Olney 1.Head of the American Railway Union that organized the strike B.Eugene V. Debs 2.Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers C.George Pullman 3.United States attorney general who brought in federal troops to crush the strike D.John P. Altgeld 4.Owner of the "palace railroad car" company and the company town where the strike began A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 A-4, B-3, C-2, D-l A-2, B-4, C-l, D-3
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
Match each abolitionist below with his role in the movement. A.Wendell Phillips 1.abolitionist martyr B.Frederick Douglass 2.black abolitionist C.Elijah P. Lovejoy 3.abolitionist golden trumpet D.William Lloyd Garrison 4.abolitionist newspaper publisher A-4, B-2, C-l, D-3 A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
Match each writer below with his work. A.Nathaniel Hawthorne 1.Walden B.James Fenimore Cooper 2.The Last of the Mohicans C.Herman Melville 3.The Marble Faun D.Henry David Thoreau 4.Moby Dick A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
Match each Indian chief below with his tribe. A.Chief Joseph 1.Apache B.Sitting Bull 2.Cheyenne C.Geronimo 3.Nez Percé 4.Sioux A-1, B-2, C-3 A-3, B-4, C-1 A-2, B-4, C-3 A-4, B-3, C-2 A-1, B-3, C-4
A-3, B-4, C-1
Match each writer below with his work. A.Louisa May Alcott 1.The Scarlet Letter B.Edgar Allan Poe 2."The American Scholar" C.Nathaniel Hawthorne 3.Little Women D.Ralph Waldo Emerson 4."The Fall of the House of Usher" A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4 A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2 A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 A-3, B-4, C-l, D-2
A-3, B-4, C-l, D-2
Match each individual below with his or her achievement. A.Thomas Jefferson 1.author of Little Women B.Gilbert Stuart 2.portrait artist from Rhode Island C.Louisa May Alcott 3.transcendentalist editor of The Dial D.Margaret Fuller 4.architect of the University of Virginia A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
Match each individual below with the correct description. A.Andrew Jackson 1.finished third in the electoral vote in the presidential election of 1824 but was eliminated by illness B.Henry Clay 2.was elected president by the House of Representatives despite his weak popular appeal C.John Quincy Adams 3.threw his political support to the presidential candidate elected by the House of Representatives, inspiring charges of a "corrupt bargain" D.William Crawford 4.finished first in the popular vote in the election of 1824 but lost in the House of Representatives A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
During the debate in Congress over President Polk's requested congressional declaration of war against Mexico, the Polk administration was frequently called on by ____ to respond to "spot resolutions", demanding to know where American blood had been shed to provoke the war. Abraham Lincoln Henry Clay Thomas Hart Benton Stephen Kearney Lewis Cass
Abraham Lincoln
The Buffalo Soldiers were U. S. Army units who survived on the plains by killing buffalo. African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars. soldiers who sought to defeat the Indians by depriving them of their primary food supply. soldiers who were killed in the Fetterman massacre. soldiers who were court martialed for assisting Plains Indians with food and other provisions.
African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.
The Confederacy's most effective commerce-raider was the Monitor. Merrimack. Trent. Virginia. Alabama.
Alabama.
Asone the greatest of the revivalist preachers, Charles Grandison Finney advocated opposition to slavery. a perfect Christian kingdom on earth. opposition to alcohol. public prayer by women. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using literacy requirements. poll taxes. onerous and intimidating voter registration laws. lynching All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Feminist leaders such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Antony campaigned against Fourteenth Amendment despite having worked wholeheartedly for the cause of emancipation. because a citizen's right to vote was defined constitutionally as being limited to male citizens. despite being urged by their former ally, Frederick Douglass, to support the Fourteenth Amendment in order to enshrine black civil rights into the Constitution. because equal national citizenship was defined in the Constitution as limited to males. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Slaves fought the system of slavery by slowing down the pace of their labor. conducting periodic slave rebellions. sabotaging expensive equipment. running away from their masters. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Slaves hindered the Confederacy's war efforts by work slowdowns and strikes that diminished productivity. instilling a fear of insurrections. creating the need for white men to guard slaves when they could have been on the warfront. serving as spies, guides and scouts for the Union army. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following internal developments in China resulted in Chinese immigration to the United States? The disintegration of the Chinese Empire The seizure of farmland by landlords The intrusion of European powers Internal political turmoil All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
During an 1837 Canadian rebellion against Britain the United States stayed neutral in word and action. the United States imprisoned several American violators of neutrality. America was unlawfully invaded by the British. Canada warned the United States to stay out of the conflict. the U.S. government plotted to annex Canada.
America was unlawfully invaded by the British.
In 1839, enslaved Africans rose up aboard the Spanish slave ship Ferdinand. Amistad. La Guerra. La Nina. El Liberte.
Amistad.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) Bear Flag revolt, (B) Slidell mission rejected, (C) declaration of war on Mexico, and (D) American troops ordered to the Rio Grande Valley. B, D, C, A A, C, B, D D, B, A, C C, A, D, B A, D, C, B
B, D, C, A
In the 1864 election, Abraham Lincoln's running mate was Salmon P. Chase. Wendell Phillips. William Tecumseh Sherman. William Seward. Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson
One major reason for the Anglo-Texan rebellion against Mexican rule was that the Mexicans opposed slavery. Mexican government refused to allow the "Old Three Hundred" to purchase land. Anglo-Texans wanted to break away from a government that had grown too authoritarian. Anglo-Texans objected to the Mexican government's establishment of evangelical Protestantism as Texas's official religion. Mexicans tried to establish slavery among the Americans.
Anglo-Texans wanted to break away from a government that had grown too authoritarian.
The Union army's success in the capture of ____ was probably critical to Lincoln's reelection in 1864. Gettysburg and Harrisburg Richmond and Appomattox Vicksburg and Port Hudson Charleston and Columbia Atlanta and Mobile
Atlanta and Mobile
Arrange in chronological order the United States' acquisition of (A) Oregon, (B) Texas, and (C) California. A, B, C C, B, A B, A, C B, C, A A, C, B
B, A, C
Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war. the British government clearly supported the Union. it would have been useless to try to run the blockade. profits were not high enough to justify the risk. the blockade was very ineffective in cutting off shipments of commercial goods including cotton from the Confederate ports to Britain.
Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war.
The South believed that the British would come to its aid because the people in Britain would demand such action. British Canada was strongly hostile to the Union. Britain still had slavery in its empire. the government had refused to allow Uncle Tom's Cabin to be sold in the empire. Britain was dependent on Southern cotton.
Britain was dependent on Southern cotton.
John Brown's execution produced all of the following results except Harriet Tubman praised Brown's support of freedom for slaves. abolitionists and free-soilers were outraged. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other northerners hailed him as a martyr, much like Jesus. Southerners wondered how they could stay in the Union. Brown's bloody past prior to the Harper's Ferry raid was exposed and he was discredited.
Brown's bloody past prior to the Harper's Ferry raid was exposed and he was discredited.
Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Dred Scott decision, (B) Lincoln-Douglas debates, (C) Kansas-Nebraska Act, and (D) Harpers Ferry raid. A, C, B, D B, D, C, A C, A, B, D D, B, A, C A, C, D, B
C, A, B, D
When the Mexican government secularized authority in California missionaries gained power. slavery became an accepted practice. convicts brought in by Spain were expelled. California's Indians received better treatment. Californios eventually gained control of the land from the Franciscan missions
Californios eventually gained control of the land from the Franciscan missions
All of the following influenced transcendental thought except German philosophers. Oriental religions. Catholicism and the papacy. individualism. love of nature.
Catholicism and the papacy.
A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when the U.S. Army decided to retaliate for the Fetterman massacre. Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the Dakotas. Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills. the federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux lands to settlement.
Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.
The area in dispute between the United States and Great Britain in 1845 lay between the forty-second parallel and the Columbia River. Cascade Mountains, the Columbia River, and Puget Sound. 36° 30' line and the Columbia River. forty-ninth parallel and the 54° 40' line. Columbia River, the forty-ninth parallel, and the Pacific Ocean.
Columbia River, the forty-ninth parallel, and the Pacific Ocean.
For a majority of northerners, the MOST outrageous part of the several objectionable parts of the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney's majority opinion (decision) in the Dred Scott case was that the Court ruled that the Constitution could not be amended to prohibit slavery because that such an amendment would violate Americans' Fifth Amendment property rights. Scott did not automatically become free when his owner took him through free states and territories. Congress never had the constitutional power to prohibit slavery in any territory. black slaves did not have the constitutional power to sue in federal courts to win their freedom. the Bill of Rights did not apply even to free African Americans.
Congress never had the constitutional power to prohibit slavery in any territory.
The nullification crisis started by South Carolina over the Tariff of 1828 ended when Andrew Jackson used the court system to force compliance. the federal army crushed all resistance. Congress used the provisions of the Force Bill. Congress passed the compromise Tariff of 1833. South Carolina took over the collection of tariffs.
Congress passed the compromise Tariff of 1833.
Clement L. Vallandigham, a Southern sympathizer and a tempestuous opponent of the draft and of the war, was derisively labeled by supporters of President Lincoln as a Carpetbagger. Contraband. Copperhead. Doughface. foreign agent of Great Britain.
Copperhead.
The political group in the North most dangerous to the Union cause was the Copperheads. Radical Republicans. Northern War Democrats. Union Party. African Americans.
Copperheads.
Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) annexation of Texas, (B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty, (C) settlement of the Oregon boundary, and (D) Aroostook War. A, B, D, C B, D, C, A D, B, A, C C, A, B, D A, D, C, B
D, B, A, C
By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located in the border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland. Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory. mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.
Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
The canal era of American history began in 1817 with the construction of the Ontario Canal connecting New York and Canada (British North America). James River and Kanasha Canal from Virginia to Ohio. Wabash Canal in Indiana. Suez Canal in Illinois. Erie Canal in New York
Erie Canal in New York
Which one of the following was not among influential Populist leaders? William "Coin" Harvey Ignatius Donnelley Mary Elizabeth Lease James B. Weaver Eugene V. Debs
Eugene V. Debs
Identify the following statement that is false. Land was cheap in America; this helped fuel the immigration flux in the 1840s and 1850s. Money for capital investment was not plentiful in pioneering America and required an influx of foreign capital during the Industrial Revolution. Foreign capital was dependent upon security in property rights, sufficient infrastructure, an adequate workforce, and political stability. Even though capital was lacking, raw materials were widely developed and discovered in America from colonial times through the 1840s. The United States had a difficult time producing goods of high quality and cheap cost to compete with mass-produced European products from colonial times until the 1840s and 1850s.
Even though capital was lacking, raw materials were widely developed and discovered in America from colonial times through the 1840s.
The Populist party arose as the direct successor to the Greenback Labor party. Farmers' Alliance. Silver Miners' Coalition. Liberal Republican party. Grange.
Farmers' Alliance.
The last of the Reconstruction era amendments to pass was the Eighteenth Thirteenth. Fourteenth. Fifteenth. None of these choices are correct.
Fifteenth.
Construction of the Erie Canal Forced some New England farmers to move or change occupations showed how long-established local markets could survive a continental economy. helped farmers so much that industrialization was slowed. was completed without any financial support or expenditures from the state of New York. created political tensions between the Northeast and the Midwest.
Forced some New England farmers to move or change occupations
By the time of the fabled London World's Fair in 1851, American products were prominent among the world's commercial wonders, which included all of the following except Ford's automobile. Goodyear's vulcanized rubber goods. Colt's firearms. Morse's telegraph. McCormick's reaper.
Ford's automobile.
A Confederate victory at Antietam in September 1862 probably would have won the Confederacy independence because the Union armies were already heavily demoralized. France and Britain were on the verge of recognizing the Confederate government and providing it with critically needed military assistance. the Republicans would have lost the subsequent congressional elections. Lincoln would have been unable to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. the Border States would have joined the Confederacy.
France and Britain were on the verge of recognizing the Confederate government and providing it with critically needed military assistance.
Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier? Women worked as prostitutes on the frontier. Some women made money running boarding houses. Women were voluntary participants in the saloon drinking and culture of the frontier West. Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East. Women found a variety of opportunities in the West.
Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.
In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated ____ to oppose Lincoln's reelection. George McClellan Ulysses S. Grant Andrew Johnson Clement C. Vallandigham Horace Greeley
George McClellan
The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were Shiloh and Chancellorsville. Bull Run and Vicksburg. Gettysburg and Antietam. Peninsula Campaign and Fredericksburg. Mobile and Missionary Ridge.
Gettysburg and Antietam.
Which of the following was not among the platform planks adopted by the Populist party in their convention of 1892? Government ownership of the railroads, telephone, and telegraph Free and unlimited coinage of silver in the ratio of 16 to 1 The adoption of the initiative petition and the referendum Government guarantees of parity prices for farmers Immigration restrictions
Government guarantees of parity prices for farmers
When northwesterners questioned why all of Texas was annexed but not all of Oregon, Oregon settlement supporters such as Sen. Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri responded that Oregon was far more expensive than Texas to defend. Oregon land was less desirable than that of Texas. Polk and his supporters in the Senate were far more interested in Texas as a bulwark for slavery. Great Britain was a far more powerful nation than Mexico. None of these choices are correct.
Great Britain was a far more powerful nation than Mexico.
Which one of the following Gilded Age presidents had a Democratic party affiliation , differing from the other four presidents? Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford Hayes Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison Chester Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Uncle Tom's Cabin was written in 1852 by Ralph Waldo Emerson. William Lloyd Garrison. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Margaret Fuller. Harriet Tubman.
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield. Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland. Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland. Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.
Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.
Which of the following was not among the qualifications that helped William McKinley earn the Republican presidential nomination in 1896? He came from the key electoral swing state of Ohio. He had acquired many years of honorable service in Congress. He was a likable and esteemed Civil War veteran. He was backed by the skilled political manager and fund raiser Mark Hanna. He was an energetic and charismatic campaigner.
He was an energetic and charismatic campaigner.
A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Helen Hunt Jackson. Chief Joseph. Joseph F. Glidden. Chief Black Elk of the Ogala Sioux.
Helen Hunt Jackson.
Which of the following was not among the functions provided by the black Union League? Educating blacks in their civic duties Campaigning for Republican candidates Helping blacks migrate from the South to the North Building black churches and schools Recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.
Helping blacks migrate from the South to the North
John Quincy Adams, elected president in 1825, was charged by his political opponents with having struck a "corrupt bargain" when he appointed ____ to become ____. John C. Calhoun, vice president William Crawford, chief justice of the United States Henry Clay, secretary of state Daniel Webster, secretary of state John Eaton, secretary of the navy
Henry Clay, secretary of state
The person most responsible for defusing the tariff controversy that began in 1828 was Andrew Jackson. John C. Calhoun. John Quincy Adams. Daniel Webster. Henry Clay.
Henry Clay.
"Civil Disobedience," an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist Louisa May Alcott. Ralph Waldo Emerson. James Fenimore Cooper. Margaret Fuller. Henry David Thoreau.
Henry David Thoreau.
Which of the following was not among the regional groups that formed the solid political base of the Republican party in the late nineteenth century? Immigrants living in the large Northeastern cities. Union Civil War veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic. Southern black freedmen Midwestern farmers and small merchants. Rural and small-town Northeast residents.
Immigrants living in the large Northeastern cities.
The earliest known use of the term Manifest Destiny was in 1845 by John Tyler. James K. Polk. Ralph Waldo Emerson. John L. O'Sullivan. Mark Twain
John L. O'Sullivan
All of the following are true statements about the relationship between Irish immigrants and U.S. citizens except the Irish were seen as wage-depressing competitors for jobs by many Protestant American workers. Nativist Americans from the middle and upper classes generally hated the Irish. the Irish often saw signs on factory gates that said "No Irish Need Apply." race riots between blacks and Irish were common. Irish immigrants became fiercely supportive of the abolitionist cause.
Irish immigrants became fiercely supportive of the abolitionist cause.
The Populist party's presidential candidate in 1892 was James B. Weaver. William Jennings Bryan. Mary Elizabeth Lease. Adlai Stevenson. William "Coin" Harvey.
James B. Weaver.
Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four? Nat Turner David Walker John C. Calhoun Denmark Vesey Gabriel
John C. Calhoun
The root cause of the battle between Congress and President Andrew Johnson was Johnson's personal vulgarity and crude style of campaigning. the president's former ownership of slaves. Johnson's "soft" conciliatory treatment of the white South clashed with the congressional emphasis of promoting black freedom and racial equality in the South by many Republicans in Congress. Johnson's "class-based" policies that favored poor whites over the white planter and manufacturing classes. Johnson's underlying loyalty to the Democratic party.
Johnson's "soft" conciliatory treatment of the white South clashed with the congressional emphasis of promoting black freedom and racial equality in the South by many Republicans in Congress.
The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open in February 1866 was passage of the Pacific Railroad Act. the creation of the sharecropping system. the attempt to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. the South's regaining control of the Senate. Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau
Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau
The four states completely carried by the Populists in the election of 1892 were Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Kansas. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada.
Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada.
All of the following were legacies of the U.S. war with Mexico, except Mexicans have never forgotten that the U.S. tore away about half of their country. the war resulted in a negative turning point in U.S. relations with Latin America. it reinvigorated the slavery issue and debates about extending slavery in the territories and newly admitted states in the United States. Latin America solidified their friendly relations with the U.S. government. roughly 13,000 American soldiers died, mostly from disease.
Latin America solidified their friendly relations with the U.S. government.
Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840, when they backed the presidential candidate of the Free Soil party. Republican party. Know-Nothing party. Liberty party. Socialist party.
Liberty party.
Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with federal troops. Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort. the fort's commander was planning to evacuate his troops secretly from the fort. Lincoln had called for seventy-five thousand militia troops to form a voluntary Union army. southern support for secession was weakening.
Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort.
As a result of the Union fighting to a draw militarily at Antietam Creek with Robert E. Lee's Confederate army Lincoln named George McClellan commander of the Union forces. the North decided to fight a war of containment. Lincoln was now prepared to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln decided that the key to the war was controlling the Mississippi River. the Union commanders were left without an overall military strategy.
Lincoln was now prepared to issue his Emancipation Proclamation.
In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called continentalism. isolationism. American Super Imperialism. Divine Mandate. Manifest Destiny.
Manifest Destiny.
The government of the Confederate States of America was first organized in Atlanta, Georgia in February 1860. Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861. Richmond, Virginia in February 1861. Knoxville, Tennessee in February 1860. Charleston, South Carolina in February 1861.
Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861.
The first major farmers' organization was the National Grange. Populists. Greenback Labor party. Farmers' Alliance. American Farm Bureau.
National Grange.
The largest single source of silver and gold in the frontier of the West was discovered in 1859 in Montana. the Black Hills of South Dakota. California. New Mexico. Nevada.
Nevada.
Virtually all the distinguished American historians who wrote American and Latin American histories during the mid-nineteenth century came from the South. the Middle Atlantic states. New England. the Midwest. the western frontier.
New England.
For a short time in the 1850s, William Walker, an American adventurer, seized political and military control of Nicaragua. Cuba. Japan. El Salvador. Puerto Rico.
Nicaragua
The Lecompton Constitution proposed that the state of Kansas be free of all slavery. hold a popular referendum on slavery. be controlled by the free-soilers if approved. allow slavery but prohibit slave auctions. None of these choices are correct.
None of these choices are correct.
Most early railroads in the United States were built in the North. Old South. lower Mississippi Valley. Far West. Appalachian Mountains
North.
____ represented the group in North America that expressed the most vigorous support for the United States gaining political control of all of the Oregon Country. Southern Democrats Whigs Northern Democrats Indians living in the Willamette River valley Protestant missionaries
Northern Democrats
Which of the following represents an accurate description of the response by Americans generally or a subsection of Americans to the Oregon settlement with Great Britain? Unanimous approval of the arrangement with Britain at setting the northern border of the Oregon Country at 49 degrees. Anger by nearly all Americans at Senate delays in approving the pact with Britain. Northwestern states joined with antislavery forces in the North to condemn the pact. Widespread fear by Americans that Great Britain would renege on the agreement and declare war to claim the rest of the territory. Southern satisfaction that the legality of slavery in the Oregon Territory was now protected by the treaty.
Northwestern states joined with antislavery forces in the North to condemn the pact.
Of the following, the most successful of the early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiments was at Brook Farm, Massachusetts. Oneida, New York. New Harmony, Indiana. Seneca Falls, New York. Shaker Heights, Ohio.
Oneida, New York.
All of the following were reasons the Senate voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson except opposition to abusing the constitutional system of checks and balances. concern about the high-tariff, soft-money, and pro-labor views of radical Republican Benjamin Wade who would become president if President Johnson were convicted by the Senate. fears of creating a politically destabilizing and uncertain period of time in the nation. President Johnson promised to obstruct some of the Republican policies in return for remaining in office. President Johnson promised not to run for president in 1868 if acquitted.
President Johnson promised not to run for president in 1868 if acquitted.
The Force Bill of 1833 provided that the Congress could use the military for Indian removal. President could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties. President could use the army to collect excise taxes. military could force citizens to track down runaway slaves. All of these choices are correct.
President could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties.
Perhaps the greatest inhibiting factor for American artists in the first half of the nineteenth century was the lack of first-rate art schools. Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time. cultural dependence on Europe. lack of adequate patronage from the wealthy or the government. popular suspicion of artistic creativity.
Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time.
In religious and cultural terms, the Republicans appealed especially to groups that derived their views from transcendentalism and utopian traditions that opposed war and proposed alternatives to traditional marriage. Catholic and Lutheran traditions of creed, liturgy, and understanding of human weakness. Baptist tradition that feared government intrusion on personal and religious freedom. scientific tradition that saw religion as a fading force in American society. Puritan tradition of strict moral codes and government regulation of morality and society.
Puritan tradition of strict moral codes and government regulation of morality and society.
Which one of the following was least sympathetic to workers and farmers hard-pressed by the Depression of 1893? John P. Altgeld Richard Olney Eugene V. Debs Jacob Coxey William Jennings Bryan
Richard Olney
The "Father of the Factory System" in the United States was Robert Fulton. Samuel F. B. Morse. Eli Whitney. Samuel Slater. Francis Cabot Lowell.
Samuel Slater.
Texans won their independence as a result of the victory over Mexican armies at the Battle of Santa Anna. Goliad. the Alamo. San Jacinto. the Rio Grande.
San Jacinto.
Most of the very early American settlers in Texas, dubbed the "Old Three Hundred," were _____ who came from the _____. Catholic, Middle Atlantic states Scots-Irish, South Congregationalists, New England Dutch, New York French, Ohio Valley
Scots-Irish, South
The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, chiefly in the East. South and West. North. South exclusively. West exclusively.
South and West.
The first Old World Europeans to come to California were Russians. French. Dutch. English. Spanish.
Spanish
All of the following were reasons why Britain was intensely interested in promoting an independent Republic of Texas except such a republic would check the southward surge of the American colossus, who posed a threat to nearby British possessions in the New World. clashes between the independent Republic of Texas and America might create a diversionary opportunity for foreign powers to challenge American supremacy in Latin America and undermine the dormant Monroe Doctrine. British merchants believed that an independent Texas could be an important free-trade area to offset the tariff-walled United States. Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants. an independent Republic of Texas could provide British abolitionists with the opportunity to free slaves in Texas and stir rebellions by other slaves throughout the South.
Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants.
Which of these is NOT a true statement about the Californios? They were descendants of the Spanish and Mexican conquerors who had once ruled California. In terms of social and political status, they deferred to the very powerful Franciscan missionaries until Mexico overthrew Spanish rule in 1821. The political and economic power and social status of the Californios received a major boost when Mexico's "secularization" program eroded the substantial power of the Franciscan missions and their leading priests. The Californios saw their social status and economic and political power significantly eroded following the American victory in the Mexican War. The Californios found themselves consistently at the lowest rungs of California society, even below the Indians, during the early to mid-1800s
The Californios found themselves consistently at the lowest rungs of California society, even below the Indians, during the early to mid-1800s
A group of Kentucky blacks provided what description of the KKK in an 1871 letter to Congress? The KKK members forced blacks to use separate accommodations from whites. The KKK dragged black men to testify positively on behalf of whites. The KKK rode through towns at night, robbing, whipping, ravishing and killing blacks. The KKK had especially targeted black farmers and land-owners. None of these choices are correct.
The KKK rode through towns at night, robbing, whipping, ravishing and killing blacks.
Which of these is NOT associated with the rise of the modern women's rights movement in 1848? The Declaration of Sentiments The Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York The demand for the ballot for women The call to boycott traditional marriage as oppressive to women Women's increasing involvement in the antislavery movement
The call to boycott traditional marriage as oppressive to women
Which of the following was not among the issues that concerned southerners in 1849-1850? The political balance in the Senate might tip against them. The admission of California as a free state might set a precedent for Utah and New Mexico. Northern abolitionists were agitating against slavery in the District of Columbia. The loss of runaway slaves through the Underground Railroad. There was a growing chance that a constitutional amendment would abolish slavery.
There was a growing chance that a constitutional amendment would abolish slavery.
All of the following are true statements about German immigrants except They typically settled in Northeast coastal cities they tended to be better educated than mainstream Americans. they supported public schools, the arts, and music. they championed freedom and fought to end slavery. they settled in compact colonies to preserve their language and culture.
They typically settled in Northeast coastal cities
On July 3, 1844, the first formal diplomatic agreement between the United States and China was the Ostend Manifesto. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. Chinese Open-Door Treaty. Treaty of Wanghia. Hong Kong/Chinese Treaty.
Treaty of Wanghia.
In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the ____ party Populist Liberty Union National Progressive
Union
The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because it revived Southern military fortunes and hopes for an ultimate military victory of the Union. it guaranteed Lincoln's re-election in 1864. Philadelphia and New York were safe from attack. Lee's military genius and right-hand man, Stonewall Jackson, was killed. Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed
Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed
The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), ending the Mexican War, included a guarantee of the rights of Mexicans living in New Mexico. United States annexation of all the territory south of the Rio Grande. the banning of slavery from all territory ceded to the United States. a requirement that Mexico pay $3.25 million in damages to the United States. United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico.
United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico
The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was Edgar Allan Poe. Emily Dickinson. Walt Whitman. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Washington Irving.
Walt Whitman.
Which of these is NOT a true statement about the relationship between blacks and sharecropping in the years after Reconstruction? As sharecroppers, blacks found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors. Some merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them. Black sharecroppers often lived in conditions scarcely better than when they were slaves. White southerners did not work as sharecroppers. Sharecroppers barely scraped by economically.
White southerners did not work as sharecroppers.
The most noteworthy southern novelist before the Civil War who wrote works such as The Yemasee and The Cassique of Kiawah was William Gilmore Simms. John C. Calhoun. James Russell Lowell. Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. William Faulkner.
William Gilmore Simms.
During the debate of 1850, ____ argued that there was a higher law than the Constitution that compelled him to demand the exclusion of slavery from the territories. William H. Seward Henry Clay Daniel Webster Stephen A. Douglas Zachary Taylor
William H. Seward
The "Tippecanoe" in the Whigs' 1840 presidential campaign slogan was Daniel Webster. Martin Van Buren. William Harrison. John Tyler. Henry Clay.
William Harrison.
Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise in the 1890s of the pro-silver political leader Tom Watson. William Jennings Bryan. William McKinley. Thomas Reed. Samuel Gompers.
William Jennings Bryan.
The Democratic party nominee for president in 1896 was ____; the Republicans nominated ____; and the Populists endorsed ____. William McKinley; Mark Hanna; William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; James B. Weaver William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; William Jennings Bryan Mark Hanna; William Jennings Bryan; William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan; Theodore Roosevelt; William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan; William McKinley; William Jennings Bryan
Which of these is not a true statement about women's rights activists during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras? Female activists saw the struggle for black freedom and women's rights as one in the same. During the war, many women's rights leaders worked for black emancipation first and foremost. The Woman's Loyal League collected 400,000 signatures supporting a constitutional amendment ending slavery. Women's rights activists campaigned in support of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony sought to have the word "sex" added to the Fifteenth Amendment.
Women's rights activists campaigned in support of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments.
Which of the following interest group(s) supported the exceptionally high rates of the Tariff of 1828? Western backcountry farmers, shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers who thought the tariff would revive a stagnant American economy Abolitionists who saw it as the opening wedge for the use of federal power against slavery Wool and textile manufacturers from New England Supporters of Henry Clay's American System Southern plantation owners who wanted to prevent dumping of Egyptian cotton in America
Wool and textile manufacturers from New England
The European great powers welcomed a civil war in the United States for all of the following reasons except war would weaken the power of the United States in the western hemisphere. a divided America would likely put a halt to European immigration. they could play the two nations off against one another in a game of balance of power. their existing colonies would be safe against further American expansion. they might more readily seize new colonial territory in the Americas.
a divided America would likely put a halt to European immigration.
For white American treaty makers, Indian tribes were revered as having the authority to organize and lead scattered Native Americans. considered as an appropriate and efficient way to organize Native American scattered over thousands of miles. a fiction of the white imagination. a better alternative to the scattered bands that they had had in the past. None of these choices are correct.
a fiction of the white imagination.
Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for the abolition of capital punishment. the abolition of slavery. improved conditions and treatment for the mentally ill housed in asylums. woman suffrage. a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor
a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor
The Aroostook War was a short-lived insurrection in British Canada. a battle between Native Americans and settlers in northern Maine. a full-scale war between Britain and the United States. a small-scale clash between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada a dispute over fishing rights between Britain and the United States.
a battle between Native Americans and settlers in northern Maine.
In 1856, the breaking point over slavery in Kansas came with the arrival of John Brown. a deadly armed attack and partial burning of the the free-soil town of Lawrence by a gang of proslavery raiders. the influx of a large number of slaves. the establishment of evangelical abolitionist churches. the passage of the Lecompton Constitution.
a deadly armed attack and partial burning of the the free-soil town of Lawrence by a gang of proslavery raiders.
Late-nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily from low tariff rates. overproduction. a deflated currency and low prices for their agricultural goods. immigration laws. insufficient agricultural exports
a deflated currency and low prices for their agricultural goods.
All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation except mounting opposition in the North to an "abolition war." sharp increases in Union desertions. heavy congressional defeats for Lincoln's administration. a deterioration of the diplomatic position of the Union concerning its relations with European nations. complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough.
a deterioration of the diplomatic position of the Union concerning its relations with European nations.
Of those people going to California during the gold rush the majority had come from foreign nations. slaves constituted a sizable minority. the majority gained considerable financial rewards. most were interested in free-soil farming. a distressingly high proportion were lawless men.
a distressingly high proportion were lawless men.
Harriet Tubman gained fame by helping slaves to escape to Canada. in the gold fields of California. as an African American antislavery novelist. as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law. by urging white women to oppose slavery.
by helping slaves to escape to Canada.
Western cities like Denver and San Francisco did serve as a major safety valve by providing a home for new immigrants from Europe. recreational activities for its inhabitants. a home for economically struggling farmers, miners, and easterners. subsidized and low-cost housing for immigrants from China and Japan. None of these choices are correct.
a home for economically struggling farmers, miners, and easterners.
Texas was annexed to the United States as a result of two-thirds Senate approval of the Treaty of Annexation. a joint resolution enacted by a simple majority in the House and the Senate rather than the two-thirds constitutional supermajority required of all treaties with foreign nations. a presidential executive order by President Tyler. the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. a political compromise to admit free-state Iowa at the same time.
a joint resolution enacted by a simple majority in the House and the Senate rather than the two-thirds constitutional supermajority required of all treaties with foreign nations.
Andrew Jackson's veto of the recharter bill for the Bank of the United States was the first presidential veto. a major expansion of presidential power. unconstitutional. overturned by a two-thirds vote in Congress. None of these choices are correct.
a major expansion of presidential power.
All of the following are true statements about southerners in the secession movement except they regarded their region as a subnation with a distinct culture from the North. the southern secessionists were inspired by worldwide impulses of nationalism. they were dismayed by the political triumph of the new sectional Republican party, which seemed to threaten their "property" rights as a slaveholding minority. a majority of southern secessionists believed the South had an absolute right to resume importation of slaves from Africa. the development of the Underground Railroad and John Brown's raid represented two examples in secessionist southerners' minds of undue and unwarranted northern influence in southern political, economic, and social affairs.
a majority of southern secessionists believed the South had an absolute right to resume importation of slaves from Africa.
In President Andrew Johnson's view, the Freedmen's Bureau was a flawed but necessary agency. acceptable only because it also helped poor whites. a tolerable compromise with the radical Congress. a potential source of Republican patronage jobs. a meddlesome federal agency in the South that should be killed
a meddlesome federal agency in the South that should be killed
The white South viewed the Freedmen's Bureau as a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance. an agency acceptable only because it also helped poor whites. a valued partner in rebuilding the South. more helpful in the North than the South. None of these choices are correct
a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance.
President Lincoln's decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as ill thought out. rash and hotheaded. the only possible option. a strategic blunder. a middle of the road solution.
a middle of the road solution.
As a theorist of warfare, General William T. Sherman was a master of the quick, surprising attack. careful to avoid "collateral damage" to civilian lives and property. remarkably unclear and confusing in his strategic approach to war. insistent on maintaining strict military discipline among his troops. a pioneer of the strategy of total warfare aimed at destroying civilian morale.
a pioneer of the strategy of total warfare aimed at destroying civilian morale.
One result of Republican hard money policies in the mid-1870s was the rise of the American dollar against foreign currencies. damage to the country's credit rating. the return to the silver "Dollar of Our Daddies" as the dominant form of U.S. money. the defeat of a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874. a political turn to the Democrats and the rise of the new Greenback Labor party.
a political turn to the Democrats and the rise of the new Greenback Labor party.
Uncle Tom's Cabin may be described as a firsthand account of slavery. a success only in the United States. a romanticized account of slavery. having little effect on the start of the Civil War. a powerful political force.
a powerful political force.
The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of poor white and poor black farmers resulted in a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South through the widespread use of literacy tests and poll taxes to deny blacks the ballot. the transformation of white Populist political leader Tom Watson into a fervent civil rights leader. an alignment of wealthy Bourbon whites with moderate blacks. a long-term political coalition between poor white and poor black farmers being sustained for many years. the emergence of Republican political power and the breakdown of Democratic political power in the South.
a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South through the widespread use of literacy tests and poll taxes to deny blacks the ballot.
The Black Codes provided for all of the following except a ban on jury service by blacks. a restriction against black migration from the South. a bar on blacks from renting land. punishment of blacks for idleness. fines for blacks who jumped labor contracts.
a restriction against black migration from the South.
President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction differed radically from Lincoln's. guaranteed former slaves the right to vote. required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. abolished literacy tests for voting in the South. aimed at swift restoration of the Southern states after a few moderate political conditions were met by the Southern states.
aimed at swift restoration of the Southern states after a few moderate political conditions were met by the Southern states.
In the presidential election of 1844, the Whig candidate, Henry Clay opposed the annexation of Texas. called for immediate annexation of Texas. alienated both proponents and opponents of annexing Texas by issuing seemingly contradictory written statements about his view on annexing Texas. ignored the issue of the annexation of Texas. favored dividing Texas into several states.
alienated both proponents and opponents of annexing Texas by issuing seemingly contradictory written statements about his view on annexing Texas
In the presidential election of 1856, the Republicans although not victorious, revealed impressive popular appeal in the Northeast and parts of the West for the first presidential election. lost behind their most popular leader, Senator William Seward. made their debut as the most successful third party in American history. proved unable to present a clear platform on slavery expansion. finished third behind the Democrats and the Know-Nothings.
although not victorious, revealed impressive popular appeal in the Northeast and parts of the West for the first presidential election.
The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of the repeal of the Gold Standard Act. McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard. an increase in the international gold supply. the United States going off the gold standard. the creation of the Federal Reserve System.
an increase in the international gold supply.
The Underground Railroad consisted of an informal network of homes where slaves could hide on their escape to freedom. a train that hid slaves in cargo areas and carried them to freedom in the north. a vehicle for capturing and returning runaway slaves back to the south. a radical new transportation design. None of these choices are correct.
an informal network of homes where slaves could hide on their escape to freedom.
Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through scientific observation and experiment. the senses. divine revelation. reason, logic, and critical thinking. an inner light
an inner light
The central plank(s) of the Know-Nothing party in the 1856 election was/were popular sovereignty. expansionism. pro slavery. abolitionism. antiforeignism and anti-Catholicism.
antiforeignism and anti-Catholicism.
Presidents Jackson and Van Buren hesitated to extend recognition to and to annex the new Texas Republic because Texans did not want to be annexed to the United States. antislavery groups in the United States opposed the expansion of slavery. they were old political opponents of the Texas president, Sam Houston. public opinion in the United States opposed annexation. they feared war with Mexico's ally, Spain.
antislavery groups in the United States opposed the expansion of slavery.
The conservative white Bourbon Democrats of the South largely succeeded in crushing the Populist revolt by demonstrating that Populist economic policies would harm Southern cotton interests. adopting some of the Populist economic policies to appeal to poor white farmers and their economic interests. bribing the Populist leadership to betray the rank and file. persuading black farmers that the Populists really did not have their interests at heart. appealing to poor white farmers' antiblack racial feelings against their economic interests.
appealing to poor white farmers' antiblack racial feelings against their economic interests.
In their treatment of Native Americans, white Americans did all of the following except recognize the tribes as separate nations. argue that Indians could not be assimilated into the larger society. try "to civilize Indians" by promoting literacy, agricultural, and vocational instructions. trick them into ceding land to whites. promise to acquire land only through formal treaties.
argue that Indians could not be assimilated into the larger society.
The presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s were all won by Republicans. revolved primarily around the charismatic personalities running for the presidency. were all won by Democrats. usually involved sharp partisan differences over issues like currency policy and civil-service reform. aroused enormous turnouts among voters even though there were few significant issues.
aroused enormous turnouts among voters even though there were few significant issues.
In the election of 1860, the Constitutional Union party was formed to show support for the Constitution and the decisions made by the United States Supreme Court. as a middle-of-the-road party seeking to prevent the break up of the Union. to help catapult the country into a Civil War. as an antislavery southern party that supported Lincoln. as a proslavery northern party.
as a middle-of-the-road party seeking to prevent the break up of the Union.
The Californios' political ascendancy in California ended with the arrival of Franciscan friars. as a result of the influx of Anglo gold-diggers and the waning of the pastoral economy. when Mexico gained control of the area in 1826. when agriculture became more profitable than mining. when the U.S. government made English mandatory.
as a result of the influx of Anglo gold-diggers and the waning of the pastoral economy.
The bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified during the Civil War. as mining operations receded in the West. when big business took over the mining industry. as the mining frontier expanded. after the Battle of Wounded Knee.
as the mining frontier expanded.
Union General Ulysses S. Grant's basic strategy in the Civil War involved using long-range artillery assaults. striking tactically from the flanks. assailing the enemy's armies simultaneously, massively, and directly. destroying the enemy's economy and undermining civilian morale. a series of multiple hit and run attacks by small Union forces designed to keep the opposing army off-guard.
assailing the enemy's armies simultaneously, massively, and directly.
In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, party leaders in the late 1840s called for the banning of slavery from all United States territories. called for allowing slavery into all United States territories. avoided a full public discussion of and debate about slavery. banished abolitionists from membership in either national party. worked to make the creation of third parties almost impossible.
avoided a full public discussion of and debate about slavery.
The depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives. conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties. sectional conflict with the West aligned against the Northeast and South. contest over the power of the federal government to manage a modern industrial economy like the United States. clash of cultures between ordinary middle-class Americans and European-oriented radicals and reformers.
battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.
The new two-party political system that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s significantly reduced sectional political divisions in the country. was seen at the time as a weakening of democracy. resulted in the Civil War. fulfilled the wishes of the founding fathers. became an important part of the nation's checks and balances.
became an important part of the nation's checks and balances.
With the Pendleton Act prohibiting political contributions from many federal workers, politicians increasingly sought money from new immigrants. contractors doing business with the federal government. factory workers and farmers. foreign contributors. big corporations.
big corporations.
From 1878 to 1880, some twenty-five thousand blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi, known as "the Exodusters", were black church leaders who linked emancipation to the Book of Exodus. black migrants from the South to Northern cities. black freedmen who left the South to seek opportunity in Kansas. a political organization developed by the freedmen. black homesteaders in Oklahoma and Kansas who eventually fled the dust bowl.
black freedmen who left the South to seek opportunity in Kansas.
During the Civil War, blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. Southern armies found no way of utilizing slave labor. thousands of slaves rose in armed rebellion behind Southern lines. about one out of every four Union troops was black. captured black soldiers were treated well by Confederates.
blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
America's artistic achievements in the first half of the nineteenth century were included after the War of 1812, turning away from human portraits and history paintings to pastoral depictions of local landscapes. borrowed heavily from existing European styles in painting and architecture. illustrated a gradual shaking off the religious restraints of the Puritans. included the use of new technologies such as the daguerreotype, a crude early form of photography. All of these choices are correct.
borrowed heavily from existing European styles in painting and architecture.
President Grover Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his vetoing the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. declining to take any federal government action to address the worst economic downturn of the nineteenth century. taking the United States off the gold standard. borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate. wasting the federal surplus on pork-barrel spending.
borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate.
The Farmers' Alliance was originally formed to drive up farm prices by reducing crop production. advance agriculturally useful education in state land-grant colleges. join poor black and white farmers in a political alliance to advance their similar economic interests. undermine eastern bankers by providing low-cost loans to farmers. break the economic grip of the railroads through farmers' cooperatives.
break the economic grip of the railroads through farmers' cooperatives.
In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of the Crédit Mobilizer left the country. belatedly started to follow honest business practices. used shady bookkeeping to conceal their insider financial deals. tried to gain immunity by testifying before Congress. bribed key congressmen by giving them shares of the company's valuable stock.
bribed key congressmen by giving them shares of the company's valuable stock.
President James A. Garfield was assassinated by an ex-Confederate bitter at Garfield's Union army service. by an unknown and an undiscovered assassin. by a jealous former lover. by a deranged, disappointed office seeker. by a political anarchist.
by a deranged, disappointed office seeker.
The sentiment of fear and opposition to open immigration was called the cult of domesticity. nativism. racism. rugged individualism. patriotism.
nativism.
The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender and end their resistance to losing their lands because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare. when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting. after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed. when the government extended a better offer to relocate the Plains Indians to unoccupied, large Western lands. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.
The legal codes that established the system of segregation were found only in the North. called Jim Crow laws. overturned by Plessy v. Ferguson. undermined by the crop lien system. unconnected to the informal separation of blacks and whites in the immediate post-Civil War years.
called Jim Crow laws.
In his Seventh of March speech, Daniel Webster attacked Henry Clay's compromise proposals. called for a new, more stringent fugitive-slave law as a political concession to the South. advocated a congressional ban on slavery in all the western territories. became a hated figure in the South. All of these choices are correct
called for a new, more stringent fugitive-slave law as a political concession to the South.
German immigrants to the United States quickly became a powerful political force. came to escape economic hardships and autocratic government. were as poor as the Irish. contributed little to American life. were almost all Roman Catholics.
came to escape economic hardships and autocratic government.
People in the West tended to prefer Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election because he was less inclined to engage in wars with Indian nations than to seek fair negotiated treaties with Native Americans to resolve territorial disputes. campaigned against the forces of corruption and privilege in government. promised to uphold the needs of free labor. had embraced the American System. None of these choices are correct.
campaigned against the forces of corruption and privilege in government.
All of the following were legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy except how tightly should patents protect inventions? should the government regulate monopolies? can a democratic government still support slavery? who should own these new technologies? who should own the new transportation network?
can a democratic government still support slavery?
The Free Soilers were most concerned that one of the adverse long-term effects of extending slavery in the western territories would be an indefinite delay in the admission of western territories as states in the union. cause costly wage labor to wither away and, thus, close the opportunity for the American worker to own property. enable, through enhanced profits, and permit small farmers to purchase more land. be to undermine the moral case against slavery. None of these choices are correct.
cause costly wage labor to wither away and, thus, close the opportunity for the American worker to own property.
Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War occurred immediately with the Emancipation Proclamation. caused large numbers to migrate immediately after the war to the big cities in the South to search for work opportunities. caused whole communities of Southern blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi to migrate westward to territories and states such as Kansas for better job opportunities. was achieved without the use of Union soldiers. meant that the church would not become the focus of black community life.
caused whole communities of Southern blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi to migrate westward to territories and states such as Kansas for better job opportunities.
As a politician, Andrew Johnson developed a reputation as a(n) supporter of the planter aristocrats. opponent of slavery. inspiring and calmly eloquent speaker. champion of the poor whites. secret Confederate sympathizer.
champion of the poor whites.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, tax-supported schools were chiefly available to educate the children of the poor and European immigrants. most in evidence in the South. uniformly and consistently opposed by upper-class white Protestant Americans. open only to tuition-paying children of the well-to-do. more academically demanding than private academies.
chiefly available to educate the children of the poor and European immigrants.
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves. land for former slaves. voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the U.S. Army. freed slaves the right to vote. education to former slaves.
citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves.
Sooners were settlers who "jumped the gun" in order to pan gold in California. stake claims in the Comstock Lode in Nevada. claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement. drive the first cattle to Montana and Wyoming. grab town sites in the Dakotas.
claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.
Plantation mistresses were frequently assaulted by vengeful slaves. were primarily responsible for controlling the plantation's male slaves. frequently supported abolitionism. commanded a sizable household staff of mostly female slaves. were almost universally loved by their slaves.
commanded a sizable household staff of mostly female slaves.
Political corruption during Reconstruction was primarily the fault of white carpetbaggers and scalawags. located in the North. common in both North and South. present in all Southern states except South Carolina and Louisiana. almost entirely conducted by blacks.
common in both North and South.
Southern delegates met at a convention in Nashville in the June of 1850 to plan southern secession. develop a series of compromise political proposals over slavery to preserve the Union. propose a series of constitutional amendments to protect the legality of slavery. denounce Daniel Webster as a traitor to the South. condemn the political compromises over slavery being worked out in Congress.
condemn the political compromises over slavery being worked out in Congress.
After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of taking too many strategic and tactical risks that endangered his troops. relying on Lincoln's military judgment. being unconcerned about the morale of his troops. not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle. consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him.
consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him
Most American leaders believed that the only way to keep the new Pacific Coast territories from breaking away from United States control was to allow slavery in these areas. build a canal across Central America. grant the territories quick statehood. construct a transcontinental railroad. establish large naval bases in San Diego and Seattle.
construct a transcontinental railroad.
Most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America held ____ as one of their founding ideals. rugged individualism pacifism capitalism opposition to communism cooperative social and economic practices
cooperative social and economic practices
The initial waves of Irish immigrants typically worked in all of the following occupations except domestic servants. construction workers. day laborers. coopers. saloon owners.
coopers.
As their main agricultural crop, southern subsistence farmers raised cotton. tobacco. corn. wheat. sugar cane.
corn
Compared with canals, railroads were more expensive than canals to construct. transported freight more slowly. faced much less political opposition by vested economic interests. required less technological obstacles to overcome to construct and operate them safely. could be built almost anywhere with sufficient financial capital.
could be built almost anywhere with sufficient financial capital.
James Buchanan won the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1856 because he campaigned against the policy of popular sovereignty. had gained fame as a western explorer and soldier. controlled the key swing state of Pennsylvania. had extensive administrative and foreign policy experience. could distance himself and the Democrats from the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
could distance himself and the Democrats from the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Despite his suspicions of the federal government, Andrew Jackson's Democratic political party offered support of a strong central government directing economic affairs. advocated strongly for the enactment of Henry Clay's "American System." favored using the U.S. Army to restrict westward and southern American settlement into Indian areas. created the spoils system in the federal government. asserted conviction of the need for "the best and the brightest" in government.
created the spoils system in the federal government.
As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis enjoyed real personal popularity despite the South's loss. was a poor administrator. developed a good relationship with his congress. effectively articulated southern ideals. defied rather than followed southern public opinion and his congress on several key issues regarding conduct of the Civil War.
defied rather than followed southern public opinion and his congress on several key issues regarding conduct of the Civil War.
General Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania in order to deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South. force the Union to ease its blockade of the South. cut Northern supply lines. stir northern draft resisters to rise in revolt. seize Philadelphia and Pittsburgh
deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South.
Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to demand a larger military budget. protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program. try to promote a general strike of all workers. None of these choices are correct.
demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.
In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder and exacerbated sectional tensions by allowing a ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C. demanding a strong fugitive-slave law. not insisting on federal protection of slavery in the territories. allowing the admission of California as a free state. allowing popular sovereignty in Nebraska territory.
demanding a strong fugitive-slave law.
Northerners feared that the Fugitive Slave Act threatened to set a dangerous constitutional precedent for white Americans because it prohibited antislavery demonstrations and protests. denied fleeing slaves a trial by jury. forced slaves to be returned to masters. confined those who aided escaping slaves to house arrest None of these choices are correct.
denied fleeing slaves a trial by jury.
Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were retaliation for violent crimes against whites. designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status. done to scare blacks into moving out of the South. exceeding rare during the decade between 1890 and 1900. prosecuted vigorously by Southern state and local legal authorities.
designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.
Following a historic battle in March 1862 with a tiny Union ironclad warship, the Monitor , the Confederate blockade runner, the Merrimack, was destroyed by Union troops to prevent its use as a slave ship. captured and used by Union troops to help restore the Federal blockade. destroyed by Confederate soldiers to keep it out of the hands of Union troops. retrofitted with multiple cannons that were utilized to sink several Union blockading ships. used to ferry both British and French troops across the ocean.
destroyed by Confederate soldiers to keep it out of the hands of Union troops.
Life on the frontier was fairly comfortable for women but not for men. downright grim for most pioneer families. free of disease and premature death. rarely portrayed in popular literature. based on tight-knit communities.
downright grim for most pioneer families.
As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the South formed alliances with white imperialists in Africa. adopted British attitudes toward the "peculiar institution." emancipated many slaves. returned to relying on wage labor and indentured servitude for its main agricultural labor force. developed a theory of biological racial superiority to justify slavery.
developed a theory of biological racial superiority to justify slavery.
An event that helped prompt the congressional enactment of the Compromise of 1850 was when President Zachary Taylor led an invasion of Texas to halt its attempts to take part of New Mexico. supported fellow southerner John C. Calhoun's plan for union. died suddenly and a conciliatory Millard Fillmore became president. resigned the presidency and a conciliatory James Buchanan became president. decided not to run for re-election.
died suddenly and a conciliatory Millard Fillmore became president.
The main reason(s) that the Chinese came to the United States from the 1850s until 1882 was/were to dig for gold and sledgehammer the tracks for the transcontinental railroad in the West. marry and raise families on the West Coast. replace the newly freed slaves in the South. buy their own farms and cultivate agriculture. work as skilled factory workers on the East Coast.
dig for gold and sledgehammer the tracks for the transcontinental railroad in the West.
The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by diminishing voter participation in elections. strengthening of party organizations. increasing voter participation in elections. less concern for industrial regulation. sharpened conflict between business and labor.
diminishing voter participation in elections.
Northern soldiers eventually became known for their discipline and determination. cowardice in battle. lack of proper training. high-pitched battle yell. love of military pomp and hierarchy.
discipline and determination.
The event that threatened to destroy the longstanding balance of free and slave states in the United States Senate was the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. potential admission of Oregon as a free state. attempt to acquire Cuba as a slave state. proposed building of a southern transcontinental railroad. discovery of gold in California and its bid for statehood.
discovery of gold in California and its bid for statehood.
For free blacks living in the North living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites. voting rights were widespread. good jobs were plentiful. education opened the door to economic opportunity. discrimination against blacks concerning employment, the right to vote, and obtaining a public education was common.
discrimination against blacks concerning employment, the right to vote, and obtaining a public education was common.
The Liberal Republican revolt from the regular Republican party in 1872 was motivated primarily by dismay at the Republicans' weakness in upholding radical Reconstruction in the South. a desire to see President Grant reelected among these Liberal Republicans and a fear that the regular Republican Party would not renominate Grant for president because of his policies. disgust at the corruption and scandals of the Grant administration. a fervent passion for reforms on behalf of women and blacks. a desire to strengthen the federal government's regulation of big business.
disgust at the corruption and scandals of the Grant administration.
All of the following characteristics describe William Jennings Bryan in 1896 except he disliked the concept of class conflict. was very youthful. was an energetic and charismatic campaigner. was an excellent orator. radiated honesty and sincerity
disliked the concept of class conflict.
Northern attitudes toward free blacks before the Civil War have been described as supporting blacks right to full citizenship and higher education. disliking the race but professing appreciation for individual blacks. advocating black movement into the new territories. politically sympathetic but socially segregationist. disliking individual blacks, even accomplished blacks such as Frederick Douglass, but professing admiration for the black race.
disliking individual blacks, even accomplished blacks such as Frederick Douglass, but professing admiration for the black race.
The official charge that the House of Representatives used to impeach President Johnson was his veto of the Reconstruction Act of 1867. readmission of Southern states without seriously reconstructing them. dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton contrary to the Tenure of Office Act. apparent sympathy with the Ku Klux Klan. veto of the Freedmen's Bureau bill.
dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton contrary to the Tenure of Office Act.
In response to South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1828, President Andrew Jackson publicly hanged several of the nullifiers. dispatched naval and military forces to the state while denouncing nullification. worked quietly to defuse the confrontation. mobilized all the other southern states to oppose nullification. sought a Supreme Court ruling declaring nullification invalid.
dispatched naval and military forces to the state while denouncing nullification.
Members of the planter aristocracy produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North. dominated society and politics in the South. provided democratic rule in the South. promoted tax-supported public education. were much more progressive about race and black people than white yeoman farmers and laborers in the South.
dominated society and politics in the South.
By 1860, the overwhelming majority of all southern whites did not own slaves, but instead lived and worked as laborers, artisans, or tradesmen in the emerging cities of the South. eked out a living in the mountains and backcountry raising corn and hogs. owned small farms where they and their families raised cotton. farmed an annually rotated sequential mix of wheat, tobacco, rice, and cotton. None of these choices are correct.
eked out a living in the mountains and backcountry raising corn and hogs.
William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party primarily because he had already gained the nomination of the Populist party. had the support of urban workers. possessed a brilliant political mind. eloquently supported the farmers' demand for the unlimited coinage of silver. ran an insurgent political campaign that unified a divided Democratic party.
eloquently supported the farmers' demand for the unlimited coinage of silver.
The main purpose of the Black Codes was to guarantee freedom for the blacks. ensure a stable and subservient labor supply. prevent interracial sex and marriage. prevent blacks from becoming sharecroppers. create a system of justice for ex-slaves.
ensure a stable and subservient labor supply.
The roots of Harriet Beecher Stowe's antislavery sentiments lay in the evangelical religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. rationalist theories of the Enlightenment. economic theories of Robert Owen and Karl Marx. evangelical ideas of Jonathan Edwards and First Great Awakening. feminist ideals of the Seneca Falls Convention.
evangelical religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening.
To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following except dissolve many tribes as legal entities. try to make rugged individualists of the Indians. wipe out tribal ownership of land. promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years. expand recognized tribes' collective land ownership holdings.
expand recognized tribes' collective land ownership holdings.
The Spanish Franciscan missionaries treated the Indian inhabitants of California according to the strict moral principles of their founder St. Francis. fairly respectfully with the exception of refusing to convert them to Christianity because of their "heathen status." extremely harshly, as Indian inhabitants of California were required to toil endlessly as poor farmers and herders and often came down with serious, deadly diseases. much better than they treated their African slaves. as cultural and intellectual equals.
extremely harshly, as Indian inhabitants of California were required to toil endlessly as poor farmers and herders and often came down with serious, deadly diseases.
With the development of cash-crop agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West subsistence farming became common. farmers began to support the idea of slave labor. farmers quickly faced mounting indebtedness. the South could harvest a larger crop. the issue of farm surpluses came to the fore.
farmers quickly faced mounting indebtedness.
The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 presidential election was a strong economy that raised wheat and other commodity prices. McKinley's vigorous campaigning. fear of the alleged radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause. the nearly unanimous support of the nation's trained economists. the divisions in the Democratic Party.
fear of the alleged radicalism of William Jennings Bryan and his free silver cause.
European immigration to the South was discouraged most profoundly by fierce economic competition with slave labor. an unfavorable experience of growing cotton in Europe by German and Irish immigrant groups. German, Irish, and Jewish antislavery groups. immigration barriers enacted by southern states. the inability of European immigrants to tolerate the hot climate.
fierce economic competition with slave labor.
All of the following were characteristic of slaves in the mid-nineteenth century United States except slaves had no civil or political rights. slaves usually toiled from dusk to dawn in the fields. slaves had minimal protection from murder or unusually cruel punishment. slaves were forbidden to testify in court and their marriages were not legal. floggings were very uncommon and rare.
floggings were very uncommon and rare.
A third revolution accompanied the reformation of American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-nineteenth century that contained all of the following characteristics except improved the character of ordinary Americans. made Americans more upstanding and God-fearing. focused on preserving the traditions of the founders. made Americans more literate and educated. poured their energies into religious revivals and reform movements.
focused on preserving the traditions of the founders.
One goal of Mexico in its 1846-1848 war with the United States was to demonstrate the strength of Latino culture. regain sovereignty over Texas and humiliate the hated yanquis. capture slaves and take them back to Mexico. force America to make good on unpaid claims of damages to Mexican citizens. liberate Indians living in the Indian Territory where members of the Five Civilized Tribes had been forced to relocate by the U.S. government.
force America to make good on unpaid claims of damages to Mexican citizens.
The policy of the Jackson administration toward the eastern Indian tribes involved inconsistently veering between progressive assimilation and encouraging the eastern Indian tribes to preserve their traditional culture. rapid assimilation into white American culture. forced removal from their traditional lands. federal protection from state governments. to encourage them to preserve their traditional culture.
forced removal from their traditional lands.
The Whigs hoped to win the 1836 election by supporting Henry Clay. using smear tactics. forcing the election into the House of Representatives. emphasizing personality over issues. outspending their opponents.
forcing the election into the House of Representatives.
The MOST significant result of the election of 1856 was that it showed that the Democrats still remained the majority party in the country. demonstrated the importance of charismatic leadership in the presidency. foreshadowed an ominous sectional clash over slavery in the election of 1860. offered the prospect of a viable presidential candidacy for Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas in 1860. signalled the demise of the Know-Nothing (American) Party.
foreshadowed an ominous sectional clash over slavery in the election of 1860.
In the election of 1896, the major issue became restoration of protective tariffs. enactment of an income tax. government programs for those unemployed as a result of the depression. guaranteeing unions the right to organize and collectively bargain. free and unlimited coinage of silver.
free and unlimited coinage of silver.
In the North, the panic of 1857 created calls for an end to the gold standard and dependence on British investment. free homesteads and higher protective tariffs. price supports for farmers. federal regulation of land and stock speculation. All of these choices are correct.
free homesteads and higher protective tariffs.
The safety valve theory that the West dampened class conflict, while exaggerated, did have some validity because free western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets. western farmers tended to be politically more conservative than those in the East. wealthy western farmers hired many unemployed laborers from eastern cities. eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions. western cities had less class conflict than those in the East.
free western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets.
Both moderate and radical Republicans agreed that federal military and political power must be used to bring about a social and economic revolution in the South. blacks should be the foundation of the Southern Republican party. freed slaves must be granted the right to vote. Southern states should quickly be readmitted into the Union. None of these choices are correct.
freed slaves must be granted the right to vote.
Many feminist leaders were deeply disappointed with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because they gave white women but not black women the right to vote. failed to give women the right to serve on juries. contained restrictions on ex-Confederates but not on male supremacists. failed to define what constituted equal national citizenship. gave national citizenship rights and voting rights to African American males but not to white or black women.
gave national citizenship rights and voting rights to African American males but not to white or black women.
Relations between Britain and the United States in the 1830s and 1840s could be characterized as harmonious at the diplomatic level but full of popular resentments on both sides. complicated by the reentry of France as an imperial power with designs on territories in the American West. marked by growing American economic supremacy. constantly on the brink of war. generally tense, with periods of both violence and peaceful resolution.
generally tense, with periods of both violence and peaceful resolution.
The cult of domesticity was especially strong among rural women. resulted in more pregnancies for women. restricted women's moral influence on the family. glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers. All of these choices are correct.
glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers.
All of the following gave rise to a more dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in early nineteenth-century America except the push west in search of cheap land. government regulation of all major economic activity. a vast number of European immigrants settling in the cities. newly invented machinery. better roads, faster steamboats, further-reaching canals, and tentacle-stretching railroads.
government regulation of all major economic activity.
The Pullman strike created the first instance of management recognition of the right of workers to organize and strike. government use of federal troops to break a labor strike. violence during a labor strike. a united front between urban workers and agrarian Populists. government use of a federal court injunction to break a strike.
government use of a federal court injunction to break a strike.
As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy became more dependent on international trade. saw industrial profits improve but agricultural profits fall. was notable for its honest and fair business practices. experienced considerable unemployment despite military manpower demands. greatly expanded its industrial and technological productivity.
greatly expanded its industrial and technological productivity.
In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers bartered to obtain many of their necessities. diversified their crops. became increasingly self-sufficient. saw their numbers grow as more people moved west. grew a single cash crop such as wheat or corn.
grew a single cash crop such as wheat or corn.
In the new continental economy, each region specialized in a particular economic activity: the South ____ for export; the West grew grains and livestock to feed ____; and the East ____ for the other two regions. raised grain, southern slaves, processed meat grew cotton, southern slaves, made machines and textiles grew cotton, eastern factory workers, made machines and textiles raised grain, eastern factory workers, made furniture and tools processed meat, southern slaves, raised grain
grew cotton, eastern factory workers, made machines and textiles
The problems that President Abraham Lincoln experienced in conducting the Civil War were less harmful than those experienced by Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, partly because the Union had a long-established and fully recognized government. had strong political support from Britain and France. held firm to states' rights principles. was united in the cause of abolitionism. had fewer internal political divisions.
had a long-established and fully recognized government.
Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 Republican party presidential nomination in part because he had been a strong supporter of William Seward. had never taken a stand on the issue of slavery in the territories. had made fewer enemies than front-runner William Seward. had more political experience than his opponents.
had made fewer enemies than front-runner William Seward.
The nineteenth-century humanitarians who advocated kind treatment of the Indians had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them. advocated improving the reservation system. opposed passage of the Dawes Act. understood the value of the Indians' religious and cultural practices. None of these choices are correct.
had no more respect for traditional Indian culture than those who sought to exterminate them.
Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he was personally dishonest and corrupt. did not believe in the principles of the Republican party. was incapable of striking the type of political compromises necessary for a successful political leader. had no political experience and was a poor judge of character. lacked political ambition.
had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.
The cement that held the Whig party together in its formative days was hatred of Andrew Jackson and his aggrandizement of executive power at the expense of the states and Congress. support of the American System. opposition to the Anti-Masonic party. the desire for a strong president. opposition to the tariff.
hatred of Andrew Jackson and his aggrandizement of executive power at the expense of the states and Congress.
President James Buchanan declined to use force to keep the seven southern secessionist states in the Union for all of the following reasons except northern public opinion would not support it. the army was needed to control Indians in the West. he believed that the Constitution required Congressional approval of the use of force. a slim chance of reconciliation remained. he was surrounded by prosouthern advisers who had advised him not use military force against the southern states threatening to secede from the Union.
he believed that the Constitution required Congressional approval of the use of force.
Abraham Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise because it allowed the doctrine of popular sovereignty to be overridden once statehood was achieved. it permitted slavery in the Utah territory. its adoption might provoke Kentucky to leave the Union. he felt bound by President Buchanan's earlier rejection of it. he had been elected on a platform that opposed the extension of slavery.
he had been elected on a platform that opposed the extension of slavery.
All of the following happened after President John Tyler's veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States except he was expelled from the Whig party. all but one member of his cabinet resigned. an attempt was made in the House of Representatives to impeach him. Tyler also vetoed a Whig-sponsored high-tariff bill. he signed another similar national bank bill providing for a "Fiscal Corporation."
he signed another similar national bank bill providing for a "Fiscal Corporation."
Lincoln declared from the outset of the Civil War that he was not fighting to free black slaves. he wanted to see an end to slavery. slaves in all the Confederate states were now legally emancipated. he believed blacks and whites were equal. None of these choices are correct.
he was not fighting to free black slaves.
Noah Webster's dictionary had little impact until the twentieth century. helped to standardize the American language. was used to educate nineteenth-century slaves. came to the United States from Britain in the 1800s. gave legitimacy to American slang.
helped to standardize the American language.
Slaves regarded the least prosperous, nonslaveholding whites as potential, yet undesirable, masters. their equals in doing the least desirable work. violent, rabble-rousers who often picked on slaves. hillbillies and "poor white trash"—too lazy and shiftless to work productively. potential allies in slave revolts against planter aristocrats.
hillbillies and "poor white trash"—too lazy and shiftless to work productively.
Historians have attributed all of the following to Douglas's motives for championing the Kansas-Nebraska Act except a possible presidential bid in 1856. political recklessness and impulsivity on the part of Douglas. his inability to recognize and appreciate that Northerners did feel deeply about extending slavery into the western territories. he had financially invested in railroad stock that would appreciate with the construction of a transcontinental railroad passing through Kansas and Nebraska territories to be organized following enactment of this law. his deep passion and long-standing commitment to addressing and solving the vexing slavery issue in the United States.
his deep passion and long-standing commitment to addressing and solving the vexing slavery issue in the United States.
The panic of 1857 was caused by overproduction of southern cotton. hit hardest among grain growers of the Northwest. finally brought most southern congressmen to support free homesteads. stimulated northern demands for lower tariff rates. demonstrated the economic dominance of the North.
hit hardest among grain growers of the Northwest.
The profitable southern slave system hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole. saw many slaves moving to the upper South. led to the textile industry's development in the South first. relied almost totally on importing slaves to meet the unquenchable demand for labor. failed to prompt most planters to regard their slaves as investments to be cared for and monitored like any other asset
hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole.
When the war with Mexico began, President James K. Polk advocated taking all of Mexico. believed the British would intervene on behalf of the Americans. hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California. supported a large-scale conflict. denied any intention of expanding slavery.
hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California.
President James Buchanan's decision on Kansas's Lecompton Constitution hopelessly divided the Democratic party. admitted Kansas to the Union as a free state. admitted Kansas to the Union as a slave state. reaffirmed the Democratic party as a national party. turned the focus of controversy to Nebraska.
hopelessly divided the Democratic party.
Most slaves were raised without the benefit of a stable home life. in stable two-parent households. never knowing anything about their relatives. without displaying African cultural practices including the distinctive African style of responsorial preaching. without exhibiting any religious practices including a hybrid form of African Christianity.
in stable two-parent households.
All of the following are true statements about free blacks except they were banned from entering several northern states. they were always vulnerable to being hijacked back into slavery in the South. slaveholders feared that they were living examples of what might be achieved with emancipation. in the North, they forged ties with the Irish, who similarly worked in menial jobs. most states denied them the right to vote.
in the North, they forged ties with the Irish, who similarly worked in menial jobs.
African Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War carried out reprisals against captured slave owners. served mainly in military support units. included the brave and accomplished 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, which suffered heavy casualties during the Union siege of Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863. accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments. refused to serve under white officers.
included the brave and accomplished 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, which suffered heavy casualties during the Union siege of Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863.
In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods ____, and the price received for these goods ____. increased; decreased decreased; increased increased; also increased decreased; also decreased increased; stayed the same.
increased; decreased
As a solution to the depression that followed the panic of 1873, debtors strongly advocated a return to gold as the only form of American money. establishment of a federally regulated system of savings and loan banks. the appointment of farmers and workers to the Treasury Department. bankers making additional, greater loans at lower interest rates to finance new economic ventures by promoters who were having trouble realizing profits from their previous railroad, mines, factory, and grainfield investments. inflation through issuance of far more greenback paper currency.
inflation through issuance of far more greenback paper currency.
In invading Maryland, one of General Lee's key objectives was to improve the flagging morale of Confederate soldiers and officers. discourage foreign intervention by Britain and France in the war. destroy General McClellan's Army of the Potomac. capture President Lincoln and his Cabinet. inspire the Border States, particularly the wavering Maryland, to join the Confederacy and its secessionist cause.
inspire the Border States, particularly the wavering Maryland, to join the Confederacy and its secessionist cause.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin intended to show the cruelty of slavery. was prompted by passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. comprised the recollections of a long-time personal witness to the evils of slavery. received little notice at the time it was published but became widely read during the Civil War. portrayed blacks as militant resisters to slavery.
intended to show the cruelty of slavery.
Even though the Force Acts and the Union Army helped suppress the Ku Klux Klan, the secret organization largely achieved its central goal of driving the Union Army out of the South. preventing blacks from migrating to the West or North. keeping white carpetbaggers from voting. intimidating blacks and undermining them politically. destroying the Freedmen's Bureau.
intimidating blacks and undermining them politically.
After defeating McClellan at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee decided to consolidate his forces to protect the Confederate capital. send Jeb Stuart's cavalry to raid northern lines. invade the Union via Maryland. call for a ceasefire and peace negotiations. None of these choices are correct
invade the Union via Maryland.
The North's victory at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, making the Civil War more of a moral crusade against slavery. include freeing slaves in the loyal Border states in the final Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863. force the Border States to remain in the Union. keep General McClellan as commander of the Union forces. suppress Copperhead opposition in the North.
issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, making the Civil War more of a moral crusade against slavery.
In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court freed Dred Scott but upheld the Missouri Compromise. denied Scott's appeal but held that slaves could not be taken into free territories. essentially upheld the doctrine of popular sovereignty. tried to settle the immediate issue on technical legal grounds. issued a broad judicial decision ruling that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the federal territories.
issued a broad judicial decision ruling that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the federal territories.
In the Dred Scott case, the U.S. Supreme Court made all of the following determinations except it ruled that Dred Scott was a slave, not a citizen, and therefore could not sue in federal court. it said that because slaves were private property, they could be taken into free or slave territories. it decided that slaves brought into territories north of the 36º 30´ line were considered free. it declared that the Constitution protected slave owners' rights to property no matter where they resided. it stated that Scott should be returned to slavery.
it decided that slaves brought into territories north of the 36º 30´ line were considered free.
The Free Soilers condemned slavery because of the harm it did to blacks. it violated their strongly held moral principles about the equality of all races. it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise from wage-earning to self-employment. it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party. it damaged the national economy.
it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise from wage-earning to self-employment.
The Free Soil party of 1848 harbored many northerners who stood squarely against slavery in the territories primarily on the grounds that further expansion of slavery might break up the union. it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence. slavery was a moral evil contrary to American principles. slave labor would be unproductive in the West. the southern fire-eaters were already planning further expansion into Central America
it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise up from wage-earning dependence.
All of the following contributed to the appeal of the Second Great Awakening to women except it offered women an active role in bringing their husbands and families back to God. it encouraged women to enter into professions normally reserved for men in order to make these professional more ethical and morally upright. it provided a springboard for them to turn their attention to reforming society. it preached a gospel of female spiritual worth. it allayed women's concerns about the expanding market economy.
it encouraged women to enter into professions normally reserved for men in order to make these professional more ethical and morally upright.
All of the following are true statements about the Homestead Act except it was consistent with previous government public land policy designed primarily to raise revenue for government. about a half million families carved out new homes in the 40 years after its passage. ten times more of the public land ended up in the hands of land speculators than farmers. thousands of people didn't last the five years required by the Homestead Act. the standard 160 acres provided to farmers proved to be inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains.
it was consistent with previous government public land policy designed primarily to raise revenue for government.
The election of 1844 was notable because the campaign raised no real issues. a genuine and clear mandate emerged. it was fought over the issue of expansionism. James K. Polk won the electoral vote but lost the popular vote. Henry Clay won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote.
it was fought over the issue of expansionism.
All of the following are true statements about the federal conscription (draft) law except it allowed draftees to hire substitutes its provisions were unfair to the poor. it was passed despite a healthy rate of volunteers. men could pay $300 to purchase an exemption. it inspired resentment and riots.
it was passed despite a healthy rate of volunteers.
All of the following are true statements about the Civil Rights Act of 1875 except it marked a last political gasp of the congressional radical Republicans. it was supposed to guarantee equal rights in voting and access to education for blacks and whites. its purpose was to ensure equal accommodations in public places. it prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. much of its content was deemed unconstitutional in the Civil Rights cases of 1883.
it was supposed to guarantee equal rights in voting and access to education for blacks and whites.
The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance for all of the following reasons except it reopened the Mississippi River to Northern trade. coupled with the victory at Gettysburg, foreign help for the Confederacy was irretrievably lost. it helped to quell Northern peace agitation. it cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana. it was the last major battle of the Civil War
it was the last major battle of the Civil War
The American medical profession by 1860 was noted for it's still primitive standards. having abandoned the practice of bleeding. its discovery of germs as the cause of illness. pioneer work in dentistry. its well established medical schools.
it's still primitive standards.
Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because it relied mainly on artificial means to fertilize the soil. it required leaving cropland fallow every other year. excessive water was used for irrigation. it was too diversified, thus taking essential nutrients from the soil. its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land
its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled good land
One of the positive aspects of the Bank of the United States was its officers' awareness of the bank's responsibilities to society. its attention to regional differences in American economy and culture. its function as a source of credit and stability, promoting the nation's expanding economy. its ability to expand and contract paper currency as needed. it ceded control of the nation's gold and silver to smaller state and western territory banks.
its function as a source of credit and stability, promoting the nation's expanding economy.
All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system except that it relied on the destructive one-crop economy of cotton and failed to institute a system of crop rotation. it repelled a large-scale European immigration. it stimulated racism among poor whites. it created an aristocratic political elite. its land continued to remain predominately in the hands of the small farmers
its land continued to remain predominately in the hands of the small farmers
The 1884 presidential election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was noted for its emphasis on policy differences on economic and social issues. low voter turnout. its viciously personal attacks between the two candidates. a landslide victory for the reform-minded Republicans. its absence of geographic sectionalism in the respective popular support of each candidate.
its viciously personal attacks between the two candidates.
In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842), the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that corporations were unconstitutional. labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in Massachusetts provided that their strategies and tactics were honorable and peaceful. labor strikes were illegal as violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act. the Boston Associates' employment of young women in their factories was inhumane. the state could regulate factory wages and working conditions.
labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in Massachusetts provided that their strategies and tactics were honorable and peaceful.
Many of the denominational liberal arts colleges founded as a result of the Second Great Awakening were academically distinguished institutions. lacked much intellectual vitality. eventually gained tax-supported status. offered a new, nontraditional curriculum. opened their doors to Catholic students.
lacked much intellectual vitality.
After exploring much of the West, geologist John Wesley Powell advised in 1874 that the rush of settlers was devastating the western environment. land west of the 100th meridian could not be farmed without extensive irrigation. damming western rivers for irrigation purposes would damage mountains and forests. mining was the only industry that could sustain the western economy. irrigation was not necessary for farming west of the 100th meridian because of adequate rainfall and fertile lands in this region.
land west of the 100th meridian could not be farmed without extensive irrigation.
President Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run (Manassas Junction) would lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond. prompt widespread desertions from a despondent Confederate army. destroy the economy of the South. pull the Border states out of the Confederacy. None of these choices are correct.
lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond.
Whether they were propertied or landless, immigrants were often enticed to leave their homelands by letters from family or friends in the U.S., bragging about easy opportunities for wealth advertisements from companies promising big salaries to those who emigrate. greater prospects of finding a suitable wife in the West. word that there was free land available in the West. None of these choices are correct.
letters from family or friends in the U.S., bragging about easy opportunities for wealth
Blacks who violated the Jim Crow laws or other elements of the South's racial code were often criminally prosecuted in federal courts. ostracized by their own community. assailed from both white and black churches. losing their sharecropping and tenant farming employment. lynched by Southern whites.
lynched by Southern whites.
For Southern blacks, emancipation following the Civil War meant all of the following except the ability to search for lost family. the right to get married. the opportunity to form their own churches. the opportunity for an education. maintenance in the status quo ante of the social behavior and personal relations between white Southerners and freed blacks
maintenance in the status quo ante of the social behavior and personal relations between white Southerners and freed blacks
As late as 1856, many northerners were still willing to vote Democratic instead of Republican because of innate liberalism. the Democrats consistently presented superior presidential and congressional candidates to the other parties. many Democrats involved in interstate commerce did not want to lose their profitable business connections with the South. the Democrats were the only national party. the presidential Democratic candidates were the only major or minor party candidates truly committed to preserving the Union at almost any cost.
many Democrats involved in interstate commerce did not want to lose their profitable business connections with the South
Black Americans were hard hit by the gloom times of the depression years of the mid 1870s because many had put their savings in the Freedman's Savings and Trust, only to see it vanish due to bad investments by the savings bank. they did not set aside significant amounts of money for savings, preferring to spend or invest almost every dollar that they earned. mobs of unemployed workers took out their frustrations through violence against blacks. they lost what little money they owned to directly investing in speculation schemes that had gone bankrupt. None of these choices are correct.
many had put their savings in the Freedman's Savings and Trust, only to see it vanish due to bad investments by the savings bank.
The election of 1852 was significant because it saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. saw the rise of purely national parties. marked the end of the Whig party. saw the considerable reduction of popular support for the Free Soil party in the North.
marked the end of the Whig party.
All of the following were nineteenth century notions of gender differences except women had finely-tuned moral sensibilities. men were charged with teaching young boys to be good and productive citizens. the home was women's special sphere, the centerpiece of the cult of domesticity. men were always in danger of slipping into some savage way of life, if not for women's influence. women could be legally beaten by husbands.
men were charged with teaching young boys to be good and productive citizens.
Two areas where women in the nineteenth century were widely thought to be superior to men were physical strength and mental vigor. moral sensibility and artistic refinement. political ability and organizational shrewdness. sexual appetite and physical desire. economic competitiveness and capacity for education.
moral sensibility and artistic refinement.
The Second Great Awakening partly reshaped American religion by making it more dependent on a college-educated clergy. more reliant on women as members and social reformers. less socially and theologically diverse. more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism. more centered on the life of the local parish.
more reliant on women as members and social reformers.
With the discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill, California, in 1848, all of the following took place except miners and adventurers from around the world came to California. most of the first wave of miners struck it rich in California with lucrative, easy, and plentiful discoveries of gold. many travelers to California faced illness and deadly fevers. the most reliable profits in the California gold rush were made by those who provided personal services, such as laundry services and clothing, for the miners. crime soared in California due to the large number of lawless men and virtueless women who arrived there.
most of the first wave of miners struck it rich in California with lucrative, easy, and plentiful discoveries of gold.
By the mid-nineteenth century most southerners owned slaves. the smaller slaveholders owned a majority of the slaves. most slaves lived on large plantations. slavery was a dying institution. southerners were growing defensive about slavery.
most slaves lived on large plantations.
All of the following were true of slavery in the South except that strong-willed slaves were sometimes sent to breakers to coerce slaves into accepting their bondage and the planter's mastery. a distinctive African American slave culture developed. a typical planter had too much of his own prosperity riding on the backs of his slaves to beat them on a regular basis. the explosive growth of cotton production in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana contributed directly to life being harder for the typical slave in this southern frontier region than other regions of the South or West. most slaves were raised in single unstable parent households.
most slaves were raised in single unstable parent households.
The early factory system distributed its economic benefits mostly to the owners. evenly among factory owners, factory managers, and factory workers. primarily in the South and West. to workers represented by unions. to overseas investors.
mostly to the owners.
The most pro-Union of the white southerners were plantation owners. mountain whites residing in the Appalachian range. small slave owners. non slave owning subsistence farmers. mistresses of southern plantation owners.
mountain whites residing in the Appalachian range.
The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to the reopening of the African slave trade in 1808. larger imports of slaves from the West Indies. natural reproduction. re enslavement of free blacks. the forced, cattle-like breeding of slaves by white masters living in states of the Old South such as Virginia.
natural reproduction.
A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was effective military leadership. naval intervention from Britain and France. the fighting skill of Southern males. its ability to fight on its own soil. its belief that it was defending its way of life.
naval intervention from Britain and France.
By the 1840s, voter participation in the presidential election reached nearly 50 percent. 25 percent. 40 percent. 15 percent. nearly 80 percent.
nearly 80 percent.
The nullification crisis of 1833 resulted in a clear-cut victory for South Carolina. Andrew Jackson and the Union. states' rights. neither Andrew Jackson nor the nullifiers. the industrialists.
neither Andrew Jackson nor the nullifiers.
Andrew Jackson's inauguration as president symbolized the return of Jeffersonian simplicity. newly won ascendancy of the masses. supremacy of states' rights over federal power. reemergence of a dominant Federalist ethic of government and Federalist economic policies. All of these choices are correct.
newly won ascendancy of the masses.
The House of Representatives decided the 1824 presidential election when no candidate received a majority of the vote in the Electoral College. William Crawford suffered a stroke and was forced to drop out of the race. the House was forced to do so by "King Caucus." the Supreme Court declined to hear a case brought by Andrew Jackson contesting the electoral results. widespread voter fraud was discovered.
no candidate received a majority of the vote in the Electoral College.
Hinton R. Helper's book, The Impending Crisis of the South, argued that those who suffered most from slave labor were African Americans. southern planters. northern Republican abolitionists. western farmers. non slaveholding southern whites.
non slaveholding southern whites.
As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because of the South's emphasis on states' rights. there was such strong agreement on policy in the South. he did not believe in strong executive action. Confederate General Robert E. Lee's insistence on keeping his army out of politics. the Confederate Constitution gave him all the power he needed.
of the South's emphasis on states' rights.
In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by "waving the bloody shirt" were reminding voters of the gory memories of the Civil War and the Republican party's role in the Union's victory. that the Civil War had been caused by the election of a Republican president. that Republicans had reformed the corrupt radical regimes in the Reconstruction South. that radical Republicans catered to freed slaves during Reconstruction. of Ku Klux Klan violence against blacks.
of the gory memories of the Civil War and the Republican party's role in the Union's victory.
Forced separation of spouses, parents, and children was most common in the Deep South. on the large plantations. on small plantations and in the upper South. in the territories of Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico. as a punishment for running away.
on small plantations and in the upper South.
All told, only about ____ of white southerners owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family. one fourth one third half fifteen percent five percent
one fourth
Southern slaves ran away to Union camps at the rate of one in three. one in four. one in five. one in six. one in seven.
one in seven
The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army as fighting soldiers only a month before the war ended. at the beginning of the war. as a response to the Emancipation Proclamation. in lieu of forcing tens of thousands of slaves into involuntary labor which included building fortifications and supplying armies. in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong.
only a month before the war ended.
Supporters of the Whig party included all of the following except opponents of public education. backers of southern states' rights. large northern industrialists many evangelical Protestants. backers of the American System.
opponents of public education.
In a bid to win labor's support, the Populist party supported restrictions on immigration. supported the Haymarket anarchists. opposed judicial injunctions against labor strikes. endorsed workmen's compensation laws. proposed a law guaranteeing the right to organize and strike.
opposed judicial injunctions against labor strikes.
By 1850, all of the following were true about developments in organized religion in America except organized religion had lost a fair portion of the theological rigor and austerity of the colonial era. the influence of Calvinism had been reduced significantly from the colonial era. the liberal doctrines of Deism had been embraced by certain Protestant denominations such as Unitarians. organized religion had generally grown more theologically conservative than during the colonial eras. a significant counter reaction against theological liberalism of the 1790s and early 1800s developed in the form of the Second Great Awakening.
organized religion had generally grown more theologically conservative than during the colonial eras.
Native-born Protestant Americans feared that Catholic immigrants to the United States would want to attend public schools with Protestants. wrest control of the American Catholic Church from native-born English and Welsh Catholics. outbreed, outvote, and eventually overwhelm politically, socially, and culturally the Protestant native-born citizens and culture of America. assume control of the Know-Nothing party. ignite internecine Catholic armed conflict within the United States.
outbreed, outvote, and eventually overwhelm politically, socially, and culturally the Protestant native-born citizens and culture of America.
As a result of the panic of 1857, the South became more economically dependent on the North. became hostile to Wall Street and the stock market. over confidently believed that it was now economically superior to the North. stopped considering the viability of an independent southern nation. saw the need to develop manufacturing.
over confidently believed that it was now economically superior to the North.
All of the following were characteristics of Henry Clay's election campaign of 1832 except overconfidence of his campaign and the National Republicans. a hefty and ample campaign chest of $50,000. a substantial advantage over President Andrew Jackson in political support from the West and the South. he had strong newspaper backing. he lost both the popular vote and the Electoral vote.
overconfidence of his campaign and the National Republicans.
George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, is best described as disliked by his own men. aggressive. overly cautious. poorly prepared for military leadership. s trategically inept.
overly cautious.
In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves. gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites. won a clear majority of electoral votes in the Electoral College, but narrowly lost the popular vote in the country. All of these choices are correct.
owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.
Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were usually reformers. incorruptible. party loyalists. political independents and gadlfys. politicians who did not rely on Civil War veterans or their fraternal organizations for support.
party loyalists.
In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China. did nothing, as it was California's problem. prosecuted the Kearneyites and other inciters of anti-Kearneyites in San Francisco. sent many Chinese back to their homeland. passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.
passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.
Radical Reconstruction state governments in the South were uniformly incompetent and and accomplished little in the way of social reforms or economic development. passed much desirable legislation and badly needed reforms such as establishing adequate public schools and launching public works. were significantly more corrupt than Northern state governments. had all of their social and economic reforms repealed by the all-white "redeemer governments" in the South None of these choices are correct.
passed much desirable legislation and badly needed reforms such as establishing adequate public schools and launching public works.
The clash and political fallout between Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in 1856 revealed that despite stark differences over the issue of slavery, a political compromise and consensus over slavery was likely to emerge in Congress. the importance of honor to northerners. despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. there were stark divisions between the House and the Senate over slavery in the Democratic party.
passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South.
In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except support of the Wilmot Proviso. federal aid for internal improvements. free government homesteads for settlers. opposition to slavery in the territories. permitting slavery in selected western territories acquired through the Mexican War.
permitting slavery in selected western territories acquired through the Mexican War.
Andrew Jackson and his supporters disliked the Bank of the United States for all of the following reasons except it minted gold and silver coins but issued no paper money. controlled much of the nation's gold and silver. was a private institution. foreclosed on many western farms. put public service first, not profits.
put public service first, not profits.
During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was/ were political and social reform movements. the Roman Catholic Church. ideological commitment. big-city political machines. political patronage.
political patronage.
All of the following were similar characteristics that both Union and Confederate soldiers shared except most soldiers had been farmers or farm laborers. poor, immigrants from Europe were well represented in both armies. most troops were native born. almost half were under the age of 22. both shared a common commitment to patriotism
poor, immigrants from Europe were well represented in both armies.
The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of ____ in the territories. abolitionism free soil popular sovereignty slavery cotton growing
popular sovereignty
William Henry Harrison, the Whig party's presidential candidate in 1840, was a true "common man." a very effective chief executive. portrayed by his supporters as a poor western farmer in an effort to make a deceptive contrast with his aristocratic opponent, Democratic incumbent President Martin Van Buren born in a log cabin. the first military officer to become president.
portrayed by his supporters as a poor western farmer in an effort to make a deceptive contrast with his aristocratic opponent, Democratic incumbent President Martin Van Buren
John Quincy Adams could be described as a politician who enjoyed engaging in political bargaining and "horse-trading" with political colleagues and adversaries. a man who sought popular support. a politician with great tact. possessing almost none of the arts of the politician. a man of limited intelligence.
possessing almost none of the arts of the politician.
German immigrants in the early nineteenth century tended to settle in eastern industrial cities. return to Germany when they experienced difficult economic times in the United States. become slave-owners. join the temperance movement. preserve their own language and culture.
preserve their own language and culture.
Senator John C. Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery and maintain the Union involved all of the following except maintain the legality of slavery where it existed in states and certain western territories. return runaway slaves back to their slave owners in the South. an impractical, unwieldy political scheme of electing two presidents, one from the North and one from the South, each possessing an executive veto. restore the political balance in the Senate of free states and slave states. prevent the spread of slavery in the California territory.
prevent the spread of slavery in the California territory.
In declaring their independence, the Confederate States asserted that they were following the historical example of the nullification crisis in South Carolina. principles of self-determination of the Declaration of Independence. Texas declaration of independence from Mexico. French Revolution. Mexican Revolution toppling Spanish colonial rule.
principles of self-determination of the Declaration of Independence.
New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of prison and asylum reform. the peace movement. the temperance movement. abolitionism. women's education.
prison and asylum reform.
The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it inflated an already dangerous overconfidence among Southerners. ended Lee's plan of invading the North. delayed Lincoln's plan to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. ensured the reelection of President Lincoln. probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
The Fourteenth Amendment failed to confer any civil rights, including citizenship on the freedmen. prohibited from federal and state office those former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn to uphold the U.S. Constitution. guaranteed the freedmen the right to vote. met all the political demands of the radical Republicans. conferred a broad array of civil rights, including voting rights, on white women.
prohibited from federal and state office those former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn to uphold the U.S. Constitution.
The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have prevented the taking of any territory from Mexico. required California to enter the Union as a slave state. overturned the Fugitive Slave Law. prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War. authorized slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War.
prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War.
Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like imperialism and foreign missions. prohibition and education. race relations and racial justice in the South. sexual morality and women's rights. treatment of criminal prisoners and the mentally ill.
prohibition and education.
The Second Great Awakening tended to promote religious diversity. reduce social class differences. blur regional differences. discourage church membership. weaken women's social position.
promote religious diversity
Labor unions, Populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman episode proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people. a strategy by which united working-class action could succeed. the need for a socialist party in the United States. the potential of the federal government as a counterweight to big business. the fallacy of using labor for organizing strikes to achieve economic gains for working-class citizens.
proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts against working people.
The Whigs offered all of the following proposals for the remedies of the economic ills facing America in 1837 except expansion of bank credit. proposal of the Divorce Bill. proposal of higher tariffs. proposal of subsidies for internal improvements. more active involvement on the part of the federal government in advancing private economic development in the nation.
proposal of the Divorce Bill.
The decision rendered in the Dred Scott case was applauded by abolitionists. Republicans. popular sovereignty proponents. proslavery southerners. None of these choices are correct.
proslavery southerners.
When German immigrants came to the United States, they often became Baptist or Methodists. mixed well with other Americans. remained mostly in the Northeast. prospered with astonishing ease. dropped most of their German customs.
prospered with astonishing ease.
In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott decision that slavery was inconsistent with the constitution and must be abolished. protection of slavery was guaranteed in all the territories of the United States. slavery would be constitutional only in those areas that were already slave territories. abolition of slavery would be done only in those areas in which it is already abolished. slavery was constitutional, but the slave trade was unconstitutional.
protection of slavery was guaranteed in all the territories of the United States.
Confederate commerce-raiders such as the Alabama were of little value. proved effective against Union shipping. were supplied by the French. lasted less than a year. operated mostly off the Atlantic coast.
proved effective against Union shipping.
Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to defend against foreign enemies. maintain a laissez-faire policy. ensure peace in labor relations between business and labor. overturn the trickle down theory of economics. provide aid to big business.
provide aid to big business.
In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William Seward achieved the Johnson administration's greatest success in foreign relations when he signed a mutual defense treaty with Great Britain. recognized the independent republic of Hawaii. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. acquired the former Dominican Republic as an American territory. established friendly relations with the newly independent Dominion of Canada.
purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807. purchase by northern abolitionists. fleeing to mountain hideaways. purchasing their way out of slavery with money earned after hours. the objection to slaveholding by some white women.
purchasing their way out of slavery with money earned after hours.
At the beginning of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln favored postponing military action as long as possible. making the Civil War about ending slavery. long-term enlistments for Union soldiers. quick military action to show the folly of secession. seizing control of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
quick military action to show the folly of secession.
Large numbers of Europeans were persuaded to come to America to farm on the northern frontier by railroad agents who offered to sell them cheap land. churches and other nonprofit organizations. the offer of free homestead land by the U.S. government. European governments. All of these choices are correct.
railroad agents who offered to sell them cheap land.
The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved public utility company bribes. Bureau of Indian Affairs payoffs. railroad construction kickbacks. bribes to French government officials in exchange to promises of favorable tariff treatment of French goods. manipulating agricultural commodities traded on the Chicago Board of Trade.
railroad construction kickbacks.
One of the primary goals of the child-centered family of the early-mid 1800s was to raise children who were obedient to authority. allow parents to spoil their children. raise independent individuals who would become responsible citizens of the American republic. increase the average number of children per family to five per household. preserve childhood innocence.
raise independent individuals who would become responsible citizens of the American republic.
One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was that American women could vote. the law in the United States prohibited men from beating them. rape was more severely punished in the United States. their ideas of equality were well received by American men. American women earned respect by engaging in male activities.
rape was more severely punished in the United States.
In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised rapid, straightforward, and readily achievable readmission of Southern states into the Union. former slaves the right to vote. the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power. severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders. a plan that could not possibly lead to congressional fears of the re enslavement of Southern blacks.
rapid, straightforward, and readily achievable readmission of Southern states into the Union
Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. surrender terms of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. Emancipation Proclamation. congressional statute banning slavery in all the states and territories of America. ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
When the people of Britain and France read Uncle Tom's Cabin, their governments realized that intervention in the Civil War on behalf of the South would not be popular. concluded that they must end slavery in their own territory. decided to give aid to the slaveholding South. banned the book. distributed the book as anti-American propaganda.
realized that intervention in the Civil War on behalf of the South would not be popular.
In post-Civil War America, Plains Indians surrendered their lands only when they chose to migrate farther west. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land. lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses. were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to the reservations. were defeated militarily by the U.S. Army in various Indian wars.
received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.
The South's victory at Bull Run (Manassas Junction) in 1861 reduced enlistments in the South's army. reduced the number of Confederate deserters. demonstrated how difficult Confederate independence would be. convinced the South of the need to prepare for a protracted conflict. did not undermine Northerners belief that military victory in the Civil War would be an easy task to accomplish.
reduced enlistments in the South's army.
In the 1820s and 1830s, the public's attitude regarding political parties was uniformly hostile to all political parties, regardless of the party or the region of the country. was deeply ambivalent. was more positive in the North than in the South. reflected growing acceptance of the wild contentiousness of political life. was that they were the best expressions of political ideologies.
reflected growing acceptance of the wild contentiousness of political life.
In an effort to assimilate themselves into white society, the Cherokees did all of the following except adopt a system of settled agriculture. develop a written constitution. become cotton planters. refuse to own slaves. develop a notion of private property.
refuse to own slaves.
In Lincoln's attempts to preserve the Union, he did all of the following questionable actions as president except proclaimed a blockade of the Southern ports. increased the size of the federal army. suspended the writ of habeas corpus. advanced federal funds to private citizens without authorization. refused to implement a draft, or conscription law, during the war
refused to implement a draft, or conscription law, during the war
In several states, farmers helped to pass the Granger Laws, which were designed to provide state subsidies for farm exports. lower farm mortgage interest rates. allow the formation of producer and consumer cooperatives. prohibit bankruptcy auctions. regulate railroad rates and grain storage fees.
regulate railroad rates and grain storage fees.
When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina waited to see how other southern states would act. were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. rejoiced because Lincoln's election as president provided secessionist South Carolinians with the political pretext to vote in the state legislature in favor of secession. accepted the democratic process and vowed to support Lincoln.
rejoiced because Lincoln's election as president provided secessionist South Carolinians with the political pretext to vote in the state legislature in favor of secession.
During the Civil War relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor. Southerners were unable to use Canada as a base from which to attack the Union. the Union and Canada became very close allies. France made an effort to regain control of Canada. the British army in Canada mobilized for intervention.
relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor.
Billy Yank tended to be all of the following except religious. literate. intellectual. practical. efficient.
religious.
The Freedmen's Bureau was established to do all of the following except act as a kind of welfare agency. provide food, clothing, and medical care to slave refugees. settle former slaves with forty-acre tracts confiscated from Confederates. relocate blacks West or force them into labor contracts with former masters. provide education that would help close the gap between blacks and whites.
relocate blacks West or force them into labor contracts with former masters.
In the 1848 presidential election, the Democratic and Whig parties lost to the Free Soil party. addressed the issue of slavery. remained silent on the issue of slavery. abandoned the tactic of nominating military leaders. were divided on the issue of admitting California.
remained silent on the issue of slavery.
The immense debt owed to northern creditors by the South was repaid immediately after the Civil War. repudiated by the South. paid by pro-Union southerners during the war. not repaid until the twentieth century. converted into long-term Confederate bonds.
repudiated by the South.
The Indians battled whites for all the following reasons except to rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma. avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites. punish whites for breaking treaties . defend their lands against white invaders. preserve their nomadic way of life against forced settlement.
rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma.
Lincoln's declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery came as a disappointment to most Northerners and demoralized the Union. revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies. caused some seceded states to rejoin the Union. contradicted the campaign promises of the Republican party. cost him support in the Butternut region of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies.
Most Americans who migrated to the Oregon Country were attracted by the rich soil of the Willamette River Valley. expectation of fighting British troops. potential profits in the fur trade. discovery of gold and silver in the Cascade Mountains. None of these choices are correct.
rich soil of the Willamette River Valley.
Western road building in the early 1800s faced all of the following problems except the expense. states' rights advocates' opposition. eastern states' opposition. rigorous economic competition from steamboat traffic, which undermined the argument for improved and more connecting western roads. wartime interruptions.
rigorous economic competition from steamboat traffic, which undermined the argument for improved and more connecting western roads.
During the 1850s, slaves probably gained their freedom most frequently by running away. being emancipated in their masters' will. rebellion. appeal to the courts. self-purchase or voluntary emancipation.
self-purchase or voluntary emancipation.
As a result of the panic of 1837 the U. S. established restrictions on foreign loans. President John Tyler reversed his opposition to a national bank and signed legislation authorizing a "Fiscal Corporation." anti-British passions cooled in America. the Democrats led America into war for more territory. several states defaulted on their bonds or repudiated them openly.
several states defaulted on their bonds or repudiated them openly.
The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes began with improved race relations in the South and the West increased overseas expansion. sharp class conflict and a national railroad strike. public demands for positive immigration reform. All of these choices are correct
sharp class conflict and a national railroad strike
The Border States offered all of the following strategic advantages except a large population. a good supply of horses and mules. valuable manufacturing capacity. shipbuilding facilities. large navigable rivers.
shipbuilding facilities.
In 1855, proslavery southerners regarded Kansas as territory governed by the Missouri Compromise. slave territory worth contesting against antislavery northerners to determine the territory's ultimate political status. geographically unsuitable for slavery. too close to free states for slavery to be practical. a test for slavery in wheat-growing areas.
slave territory worth contesting against antislavery northerners to determine the territory's ultimate political status.
In the 1820s and 1830s, the two issues that greatly raised the political stakes were westward expansion and Indian removal. the end of property qualifications for voting and political conventions. the admission of Texas and Oregon to the Union. hard money and banking regulation. slavery and economic distress.
slavery and economic distress.
As a result of the development of the cotton gin slavery revived and expanded. American industry bought more southern cotton than did British manufacturers. slavery declined in the importance of the development of the South's economy. the South diversified its economy. the textile industry moved to the South.
slavery revived and expanded
As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin fewer slaves were needed on the plantations. short-staple cotton lost popularity. slavery was reinvigorated in the South. Thomas Jefferson predicted the gradual death of slavery. the African slave trade was legalized.
slavery was reinvigorated in the South.
The Wilmot Proviso, introduced into Congress during the Mexican War, declared that Mexican territory would not be annexed to the United States. slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States. the United States should annex all of Mexico. the United States should have to pay Mexico a financial indemnity for having provoked the war. slavery in the territories would be determined by popular sovereignty
slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States.
The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. slavery. the Gadsden Purchase. homestead laws. the transcontinental railroad route.
slavery.
Northern soldiers became increasingly convinced of slavery's evils when Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. abolitionists praised Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. slaves ran away to Union camps and persevered against all odds. Confederate politicians stopped defending the legitimacy of slavery. All of these choices are correct.
slaves ran away to Union camps and persevered against all odds.
Most of the cotton produced in the American South after the invention of the cotton gin was produced by free labor. sold to England for production of textiles in their mills. grown on the tidewater plains. consumed by the southern textile industry. of the long-staple variety.
sold to England for production of textiles in their mills.
A great deal of the cotton produced in the American South in the early nineteenth century was produced by free labor. sold to New England textile mills. grown on the Atlantic tidewater plains. consumed by the southern textile industry. exported to the Caribbean and West Indies for textile production.
sold to New England textile mills.
All of the following reveal the various ways southern blacks responded to the prospect of emancipation except some slaves remained loyal to plantation masters and resisted the liberating Union armies. some slaves insisted that whites address them as "Mr." or "Mrs." some slaves beat former masters with the same whips formerly used on them. some slaves claimed sections of plantation land as their own. some slaves were suspicious about whether masters were really freeing them.
some slaves claimed sections of plantation land as their own.
The nomination of James K. Polk as the Democrats' 1844 presidential candidate was secured by southern expansionists. anti-Texas southerners. Henry Clay. eastern business interests. radical abolitionists.
southern expansionists.
"Lame-duck" President James Buchanan asserted following the presidential election of 1860 that southern states had a legal right to secede from the Union. southern states did not have any legitimate political or economic grievances against the northern states. the election of 1860 was a fraud. southern states had no choice but to secede from the Union. southern states could not legally secede under the Constitution, but was unable to find the presidential authority under the Constitution to use American armed forces to prevent the seven southern states that had voted for secession from doing so.
southern states could not legally secede under the Constitution, but was unable to find the presidential authority under the Constitution to use American armed forces to prevent the seven southern states that had voted for secession from doing so.
The Republicans lost the 1856 election in part because of southern threats that a Republican victory would tantamount be a declaration of war. lingering support for slavery in the North. northern bullyism. the North's unwillingness at this stage to let the South depart in peace. the division between Democrats and Know-Nothings.
southern threats that a Republican victory would tantamount be a declaration of war.
The effect of early-nineteenth-century industrialization on the trans-Allegheny West was to encourage specialized, cash-crop agriculture. slavery in the trans-Allegheny West. self-sufficient farming. farmers to abandon agriculture and sell their land to move to cities for better economic opportunities. higher tariffs.
specialized, cash-crop agriculture.
The Exodusters' westward mass migration finally faltered when homesteading on the Great Plains proved more difficult than expected. a massive, extended drought covered the Great Plains in in the late 1870s. steamboat captains refused to transport more former slaves across the Mississippi. white Kansans passed strict segregation laws. the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution were finally ratified.
steamboat captains refused to transport more former slaves across the Mississippi.
In general, ____ tended to bind the West and South together, while ____ and ____ connected West to East. steamboats, canals, railroads railroads, canals, steamboats canals, steamboats, turnpikes turnpikes, steamboats, canals turnpikes, railroads, steamboats
steamboats, canals, railroads
The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s was addressed by the wide availability of private and government-sponsored alcoholism programs for alcoholics. did not involve women. held little threat for the family because everyone drank. had little impact on the efficiency of labor. stemmed from the hard, struggling, and monotonous life of many American men and women.
stemmed from the hard, struggling, and monotonous life of many American men and women.
At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners came to view secession and the Civil War as a tragic mistake. were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States. declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States. enthusiastically adopted the federal government in Washington, D.C. as "our government." still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just.
still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just.
The original purpose of the Grange was to get involved in politics. support an inflationary monetary policy. stimulate self-improvement through educational and social activities. improve the farmers' collective plight. support the Homestead law.
stimulate self-improvement through educational and social activities.
The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of reducing desertions from the Union army. strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union. increasing popular support for the Republicans in the 1864 election. permanently shutting down the opposition of the northern Copperheads to President Lincoln's war policies. drastically weakening Confederate morale of its soldiers and politicians.
strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.
The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes of the Oneida Community included all of the following except no private property. sharing of all material goods. removing children from exclusive parental care at a very young age so they can be raised communally. strictly monogamous marriages. improvement of the human race through eugenics.
strictly monogamous marriages.
After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except cutting the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi River. marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas. blockading the Confederacy's coastline. liberating the slaves to undermine the southern economy. striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain.
striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain.
The fundamental attitude of Hayes and other Republican administrations toward labor agitation was strong support for the railroads and other business in their efforts to crush labor organizing. attempts to establish the federal government as a neutral arbiter between business and labor. support for organized labor's efforts to unionize various industries. to support reasonable regulation of business. to try to enlist farmers as a political counterbalance to industrial laborers.
strong support for the railroads and other business in their efforts to crush labor organizing.
Most white southerners were planter aristocrats. small slave owners. merchants and artisans. "poor white trash." subsistence farmers.
subsistence farmers.
The American workforce in the early nineteenth century was characterized by substantial employment of women and children in factories. strikes by workers that were few in number but usually effective. a general lengthening of the workday from ten to fourteen hours. extensive union activity among workers. reliance on the system of apprentices and masters.
substantial employment of women and children in factories.
Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 prompted Congress to seek passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. an extension of the Freedmen's Bureau. an act to overturn the Black Codes. the Fourteenth Amendment. articles of impeachment against Johnson.
the Fourteenth Amendment.
Johnson was narrowly acquitted on the impeachment charges ultimately because Secretary of War Edwin Stanton aided Johnson's defense by spying on congressional prosecutors. radical Republicans recognized that Johnson's successor would be worse. many people favored destabilizing the federal government. sufficient numbers of Republican senators recognized that the impeachment charges were legally dubious and politically charged and voted "not guilty." Johnson promised to reverse his Reconstruction policies and adopt all of the radical Republicans' positions.
sufficient numbers of Republican senators recognized that the impeachment charges were legally dubious and politically charged and voted "not guilty."
The goals of the Ku Klux Klan included all of the following except "keep blacks in their place"; that is, subservient to whites. prevent blacks from voting. keep white "carpetbaggers" from voting. support the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871. end radical Reconstruction.
support the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871.
The idea of recolonizing blacks back to Africa was proposed by Timothy Dwight Weld. proposed by John Quincy Adams. advocated by Frederick Douglass. suggested by political leaders of the African nation of Liberia. supported by the black leader Martin Delaney.
supported by the black leader Martin Delaney.
During the Civil War, most of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory of present-day Oklahoma supported the Confederacy. supported the Union. remained neutral. gave up their slaves. sought admission as a Confederate state.
supported the Confederacy.
The Wilmot Proviso symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories. gained House and Senate approval in 1846. settled, once and for all, the issue of slavery in California. allowed slavery in the territory taken from Mexico in 1848. left open the issue of slavery in New Mexico and Utah
symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories.
The Pendleton Act required people applying for many federal government jobs to take a competitive examination. present a written recommendation from a congressman or senator. agree to make financial contributions to their political party. submit a resume listing their experience and providing references. agree not to take a job in a related private business for two years after leaving government service.
take a competitive examination.
The Panic of 1837 was caused by all of the following except excessive speculation. President Jackson's banking and financial policies including the Bank War and the Specie Circular. financial problems abroad. failure of wheat crops. taking the country off the gold standard.
taking the country off the gold standard.
The Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833 erupted directly over banking policy. internal improvements. tariff policy. extension of slavery into the western territories. Indian policy.
tariff policy.
With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years more farmers could purchase land. tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South. bankruptcies declined. western farmers prospered, while southern farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton. the government began buying surplus cash crops in order to sustain farmers' economic welfare.
tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South.
Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed the belief in divine revelation. in original sin. in the deity of Christ. that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. in the imminent end of the world.
that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.
Those seeking to reform women's style of dress in the 1840s claimed all of the following except corsets constricted women's vital organs. voluminous skirts unfairly restricted women's mobility. that bloomer-style trousers were necessary to prevent a woman's sexuality from becoming unhinged leading to immoral actions with a man who was not her husband. that simpler clothing styles would serve as a rejection of the artificial desires created by industrialization. that bloomer-style trousers were a more rational form of dress.
that bloomer-style trousers were necessary to prevent a woman's sexuality from becoming unhinged leading to immoral actions with a man who was not her husband.
The primary reason that the British government decided to compromise with the United States on the Oregon Country border was the support of the Hudson's Bay Company. the British government's belief that the Oregon Country was neither politically nor economically critical to British foreign policy interests. John Tyler's election to the presidency. America's acceptance of 54° 40'. the threat posed to British Columbia by an alliance of Indians and French traders and pioneers.
the British government's belief that the Oregon Country was neither politically nor economically critical to British foreign policy interests.
The Mormon religion originated in Utah. New England. Nauvoo, Illinois. Ireland. the Burned-Over District of New York.
the Burned-Over District of New York.
President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because the Democrats and Liberal Republicans could not decide on a single candidate. he promised reforms in the political system. he was the only candidate who enjoyed support in both the North and South. the Democrats and Liberal Republicans chose the politically and personally eccentric and dubiously sound editor Horace Greeley as their candidate. of the massive support of black voters in the Reconstruction South.
the Democrats and Liberal Republicans chose the politically and personally eccentric and dubiously sound editor Horace Greeley as their candidate.
Native-born Protestant Americans distrusted and resented the Irish immigrants for all of the following reasons except the Irish immigrants were financially poor and initially struggled to make economic gains in American society. the Irish immigrants were thought to love alcohol to excess. the Irish immigrants were proudly and openly Roman Catholic . the Irish immigrants constructed a network of parish schools that promoted and advanced Roman Catholicism in America. the Irish immigrants were very slow to learn American English and mostly spoke Gaelic in their urban neighborhood
the Irish immigrants were very slow to learn American English and mostly spoke Gaelic in their urban neighborhood
In "Bleeding Kansas" in the mid-1850s, ____ was/were identified with the proslavery element, and ____ was/were associated with the antislavery free-soilers. Beecher's Bibles; border ruffians John Brown; Preston Brooks the Pottawatomie massacre; the sack of Lawrence the Lecompton Constitution; the New England Immigrant Aid Society Stephen A. Douglas; William Sumner
the Lecompton Constitution; the New England Immigrant Aid Society
Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of French neutrality. the Rush-Bagot agreement. Spanish sovereignty. the Monroe Doctrine. Pan-American treaties.
the Monroe Doctrine.
After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, the South concluded that the raid was an isolated incident. the U.S. army could not protect slavery. Brown should be put in an insane asylum. Brown had been attempting to defend his right to own slaves. the North was dominated by "Brown-loving" Republicans.
the North was dominated by "Brown-loving" Republicans.
Those nativists who were frightened by the rapid influx of Irish immigrants organized in 1849 the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. the "Molly Maguires." the Anti-Masonic party. the Ancient Order of Hibernians. the Ku Klux Klan.
the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
An epidemic of violent strikes and labor conflict in 1892 led to the prospect of a switch of urban workers from the Democratic to the Republican party. Populists declaring their opposition to immigration restrictions. Populist support for a revolutionary overthrow of reactionary state governments. the Populists adding industrial workers to their base of support among farmers. Grover Cleveland's switch to a pro-labor and pro-farmer campaign platform.
the Populists adding industrial workers to their base of support among farmers.
President Polk's claim that "American blood [had been shed] on the American soil" referred to news of an armed clash between Mexican and American troops near San Francisco. the Nueces River. Santa Fe. the Rio Grande. San Antonio.
the Rio Grande.
In 1861, many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. the South attacked Fort Sumter. Robert E. Lee was named to head the potential new nation's army. South Carolina seceded from the United States. Virginia and Tennessee joined the seceding states.
the South attacked Fort Sumter.
All the following were true of the American economy under Cotton Kingdom except cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840. the South produced more than half the entire world's supply of cotton. 75 percent of the British supply of cotton came from the South. quick profits from cotton drew planters to its economic enterprise. the South reaped all the profits from the cotton trade.
the South reaped all the profits from the cotton trade.
Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to poor agricultural production. the Union's naval blockade. the South's rickety transportation system. the fact that slaves abandoned the plantations. profiteering by military suppliers.
the South's rickety transportation system.
During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by the incompetence of Charles Francis Adams, the United States ambassador to London. Britain's refusal to observe the Union's blockade of Southern ports. the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship by a Union warship in 1861. Napoleon III's effort to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne. British working-class support for the South.
the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship by a Union warship in 1861.
All of the following were results of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 except many people were drawn into the antislavery movement. Northerners who aided slaves in escaping faced heavy fines and jail sentences. federal commissioners handling the cases of runaways received twice as much in a bonus if the slave was returned. Northerners protested the capture of individual runaway slaves. the Underground Railroad scaled back its efforts.
the Underground Railroad scaled back its efforts.
As a result of the Confederate victory in the Peninsula Campaign Britain and France committed to sending economic and military aid to the Confederacy. Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union forces. Lincoln delayed his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. the Union turned to a strategy of total war. Lincoln abandoned the war in the West
the Union turned to a strategy of total war.
Scholars dispute whether the Civil War marked a watershed in American history for all of the following reasons except racial inequality persisted long after the war. industrial growth of the post-Civil War years had its real roots decades earlier in the Jacksonian era. regional differences between the North and South continued, even into the present. the Union victory did not have a significant effect on the constitutional expansion of federal government power. the Civil War may have retarded overall national industrialization rather than advancing it.
the Union victory did not have a significant effect on the constitutional expansion of federal government power.
One of the key developments enabling the Union to stop the Confederate thrust into the North at Antietam was General Lee's dilly-dallying and half-hearted offensive thrust at Antietam Creek. the Union's discovery of General Robert E. Lee's battle plans. Lincoln's removal of General McClellan from his command. the use of the new repeating rifle for the first time. the death of Stonewall Jackson during the battle
the Union's discovery of General Robert E. Lee's battle plans.
The South grew increasingly worried about the future of slavery because the Wilmot Proposal was likely to be revived and enacted by Congress after the congressional elections of 1850. the admission of California might permanently tip the political balance against them. the Supreme Court was increasingly likely to issue a decision abolishing slavery everywhere in the United States. President Taylor was the first president openly critical of slavery. popular sovereignty would almost certainly prevent the spread of slavery.
the admission of California might permanently tip the political balance against them.
The spoils system under Andrew Jackson resulted in a superior class of intelligent, competent federal job holders than under previous presidential administrations. the replacement of insecurity by security in employment. the destruction of the personalized political machine. the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs. the same public policies as those taken by John Quincy Adams.
the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs.
To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate that the transition to black freedom would be easy. blacks were unable to manage the transition to freedom autonomously. the Civil War had been worth the sacrifice. presidential Reconstruction was working effectively and swiftly. the arrogant South was acting as if the North had not really won the Civil War and the North had sacrificed its young men in vain
the arrogant South was acting as if the North had not really won the Civil War and the North had sacrificed its young men in vain
Andrew Jackson made all of the following charges against the Bank of the United States except that the bank was unconstitutional. it was controlled and managed by wealthy financiers and private bankers of the East. the bank was autocratic and tyrannical. the bank was beholden to British and French financial interests. the bank's president arrogantly defied the president.
the bank was autocratic and tyrannical.
The Southern cause was weakened by the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed ran contrary to the vision of a tight, well-knit central government held by its president, Jefferson Davis. a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job. the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence. a lack of sound military leadership. the constant threat of slave rebellion.
the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed ran contrary to the vision of a tight, well-knit central government held by its president, Jefferson Davis.
The absence of children in largely all-male Chinese immigrant communities meant that the economic benefits of child labor were largely absent. the cultural and language assimilation fostered by children were harder to attain. many Chinese organizations sought to bring in adopted children from China. white social work agencies were slower to become involved with Chinese communities. education was seldom a priority in Chinese communities
the cultural and language assimilation fostered by children were harder to attain.
The political controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress concerning the political conditions and terms of Reconstruction. the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats over Reconstruction issues. President Lincoln's desire for a harsh Reconstruction plan. that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union. the Republicans' division about whether readmitting the Confederate states to the Union was wise, regardless of the stringent readmission conditions specified in the Wade-Davis legislation.
the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress concerning the political conditions and terms of Reconstruction.
The Union's defeat in battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because Ulysses S. Grant took command of the army immediately after the setback. the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war. "Stonewall" Jackson was killed. it caused Lincoln to replace George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. it allowed European powers the chance to intervene on behalf of the South.
the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war.
In the postwar South the economy and social structure was utterly devastated. the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence. the much-feared inflation never materialized. industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish. poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery.
the economy and social structure was utterly devastated.
George Catlin advocated placing Indians on reservations. efforts to protect America's endangered species. continuing the rendezvous system. keeping white settlers out of the West. the preservation of nature as a national policy.
the preservation of nature as a national policy.
Slavery's greatest psychological horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was the enforced separation of slave families, whose members could be sold away from each other. slave owners' frequent use of the whip. the breeding of slaves. having to do the most dangerous work on the plantation. forcible sexual assault by slave owners.
the enforced separation of slave families, whose members could be sold away from each other.
One reason that the condition of a significant segment of adult wage earners improved was legal support gained by unions from the U.S. Supreme Court. the passage of minimum wage laws. the passage of laws restricting the use of strikebreakers. the enactment of immigration restrictions. the enfranchisement of the laboring man.
the enfranchisement of the laboring man.
A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was the issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks. the expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear. a credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates. Wall Street's fears about the power of the radical Greenback Labor party. excessive speculation in mining stocks
the expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear.
Many northern states passed personal liberty laws in response to the Compromise of 1850's provision regarding legally authorizing slavery in the District of Columbia. expansion of slavery in the territories. restrictions on free blacks. the interstate slave trade. the facilitation of the return of runaway slaves to slave owners.
the facilitation of the return of runaway slaves to slave owners.
Andrew Jackson based his veto of the recharter bill for the Bank of the United States on constitutional grounds exclusively. advice from Henry Clay and other close advisors. the Supreme Court's McCulloch v. Maryland decision. the fact that he found the bill harmful to the nation as well as unconstitutional. the belief that it was supported by the "necessary and proper" clause in the Constitution.
the fact that he found the bill harmful to the nation as well as unconstitutional.
The Cherokees' decision to side with the South during the Civil War was based on the North's reservation policies. the fact that the Cherokees also owned slaves and felt they were making common cause with the South. disbelieving promises by the Lincoln administration to continue making payments to the tribe. the invitation by Union leaders to send tribal delegates to Congress. the offer of a large cash payment from the Confederacy in return for military support.
the fact that the Cherokees also owned slaves and felt they were making common cause with the South.
The Nez Percé Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when the Sioux began to migrate onto their land. gold was discovered on their reservation. the federal government attempted to force them onto a reservation. the Canadian government attempted to force their return to the United States. the U.S. government reneged on a treaty agreement to permit the Nez Perce to keep their native lands.
the federal government attempted to force them onto a reservation.
The national railroad strike of 1877 started when President Hayes refused to use troops to keep the trains running. the four largest railroads cut salaries by 10 percent. working hours were cut back by the railroad companies. the railroad workers refused to cross the picket lines of cargo loaders. the railroads tried to hire Chinese workers.
the four largest railroads cut salaries by 10 percent.
Writing about his observations of America and Americans as he traveled across the United States, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville was most struck by the comparative wealth of Americans versus Europeans. the general equality of social and economic conditions among Americans. the low voter participation. the ugliness of political campaigns. None of these choices are correct.
the general equality of social and economic conditions among Americans.
As a result of the Battle of Little Bighorn the government sent extensive military reinforcements to the Dakotas and Montana. the government signed another Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, abandoning the Bozeman Trail and guaranteeing the Sioux their lands. the government adopted a policy of civilizing the Indians rather than trying to conquer them. white settlers agreed to halt their expansion beyond the 100th meridian. the conflict between the U.S. army and the Sioux came to a peaceful end.
the government signed another Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, abandoning the Bozeman Trail and guaranteeing the Sioux their lands.
President Cleveland's hostility to silver and silver-backed currency was driven primarily by his fear that the growing drain of gold from the U.S. Treasury would force the United States off the gold standard. the unlimited supplies of silver within the United States would cause an extended depression. supporting free silver would be politically beneficial to Democrats such as William Jennings Bryan. soon gold and silver would both be replaced by strictly paper currency. the U.S. Treasury did not have sufficient capacity to store silver bullion at Fort Knox.
the growing drain of gold from the U.S. Treasury would force the United States off the gold standard.
During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because they did not think the Populists represented their political interests. they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks. they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans. they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephones.
the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.
One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 presidential election was McKinley's ability to create divisions between western and southern farmers. the huge financial and propaganda effort of Mark Hanna and the Republicans. McKinley's ability to make the tariff issue more important than free silver. the wide travel and numerous speeches made by William McKinley. the ability of Republicans to win the support of debtor farmers.
the huge financial and propaganda effort of Mark Hanna and the Republicans.
In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because they knew that the Homestead Act would no longer do them much good. they thought that there would be a renewal of Indian warfare. the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning. many of them hoped eventually to migrate to the West. they feared that an influx of new western states would strengthen the Populists and other radicals.
the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.
William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication to shipping freed blacks back to Africa. supporting armed slave insurrections against all white slaveholders in the South. preventing the expansion of slavery beyond the South. forming an antislavery political party. the immediate abolition of slavery in the South.
the immediate abolition of slavery in the South.
In 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons except the ideology of Manifest Destiny. moral indignation expressed by southwestern American expansionists following the deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexican crossing the Rio Grande in April 1846. the desire to gain payment for unpaid damage tort claims by American citizens against the Mexican government for damages to Americans and their property in the Southwest. the impulse to satisfy Congressman Abraham Lincoln and similar political allies in Congress to enact the so-called "spot resolutions" concerning alleged Mexican incursions into American territory. Polk's desire to acquire California.
the impulse to satisfy Congressman Abraham Lincoln and similar political allies in Congress to enact the so-called "spot resolutions" concerning alleged Mexican incursions into American territory.
The most serious Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from British navy vessels on loan to the South. swift blockade-running steamers. the threat of mutiny from pro-southern sailors. the entrance of the British and French navies as direct military combatants on behalf of the Confederacy. the ironclad Merrimack (renamed the Virginia) warship, which destroyed two wooden ships of the Union navy off the Chesapeake Bay and threatened to destroy many more wooden Union warships.
the ironclad Merrimack (renamed the Virginia) warship, which destroyed two wooden ships of the Union navy off the Chesapeake Bay and threatened to destroy many more wooden Union warships.
Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when the South accepted the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. the last federal troops were removed in 1877 and a "solid" Democratic South became politically institutionalized. President Johnson was not re elected in 1868. the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civilians. blacks showed they could defend their civil rights adequately in state courts and legislatures without federal congressional and military intervention.
the last federal troops were removed in 1877 and a "solid" Democratic South became politically institutionalized.
The key to Oneida's financial success was its move from Vermont to New York. the establishment of Bible communism. the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware. its tax-exempt religious status. its linkage of religion to free-market capitalism.
the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because frontier life necessitated these distinctions. men were regarded as morally superior beings. it was the duty of men to teach the young how to be good, productive citizens. the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles. women believed this emphasis brought them greater respect.
the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
The political developments of the l890s were largely shaped by the widespread prosperity and federal budget surpluses. America's growing involvement in overseas conflicts. the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time. the growing black rebellion against segregation and racial oppression. the deadlock among Republicans, Democrats, and Populists in Congress.
the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time.
The two major parties kept the focus on the 1848 presidential election campaign on the personalities of Senator Cass and General Taylor. addressing the slavery issue through popular sovereignty. further expansion into Cuba and Central America. Indian removal and homesteading. the poor state of the economy and protective tariffs.
the personalities of Senator Cass and General Taylor.
For farm men and women, Grangers were a godsend because they required members to pitch in and help each other during harvest season. the picnics, concerts and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation. their secret rituals kept out people they didn't like. they sold farming supplies at a deep discount. they formed their own banks and credit unions that farmers could utilize to finance their operations.
the picnics, concerts and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.
Despite the war, 300,000 people migrated to the West, lured mainly by the prospect of free land under the Homestead Act. the ability to push Indians off their land without government interference. the opportunity to flee from federal draft laws. the hope of fleeing slavery. None of these choices are correct.
the prospect of free land under the Homestead Act.
A southern route for the transcontinental railroad seemed the best because northern areas were all organized territories. slave labor could be used to construct it. the railroad would be easier to build along the proposed southern route because of the topography and the proposed southern route would pass through either existing states or organized territories. Mexican leader Santa Anna agreed to contribute money for the project. it would firmly tie southern California to the Union.
the railroad would be easier to build along the proposed southern route because of the topography and the proposed southern route would pass through either existing states or organized territories.
On the forced march from their Georgia homeland to Oklahoma known as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokees experienced all of the following except 100,000 Indians being uprooted. the loss of their ancestral and ostensibly legally protected lands to white settlement. countless Indian men, women, and children dying on route or after arriving in Indian Territory. having to abandon sacred and family grave sites. the rampant sexual abuse of wives and daughters by U.S. soldiers.
the rampant sexual abuse of wives and daughters by U.S. soldiers.
The overwhelming event for Ireland in the 1840s was the rebellion against British rule and potato famine. influx of immigrants from mostly Eastern European countries. the granting of limited home rule to most of Ireland by Great Britain. the migration from the countryside to the city. the increasing use of English instead of Gaelic
the rebellion against British rule and potato famine.
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 included all of the following provisions except the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. denial of fleeing slaves' right to testify on their own behalf. the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. a higher payment to the federal official responsible for determining the case of a fugitive if the official determined that the fugitive was a slave and not a free black person.
the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada.
The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the concession to the South concerning slavery in the District of Columbia. slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories. the revised, more stringent and coercive Fugitive Slave Law. settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute. continuation of the interstate slave trade.
the revised, more stringent and coercive Fugitive Slave Law.
The Pierce administration's secret scheme to gain control of Cuba was stopped when Spain threatened a preemptive war against the United States. the secret Ostend Manifesto was leaked to the public. United States leaders signed the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. Spain declared that it would abolish slavery in Cuba. United States adventurers bungled their invasion.
the secret Ostend Manifesto was leaked to the public.
According to the principle of popular sovereignty, the question of slavery in the territories should be determined by an elected territorial governor. a national referendum of all citizens of states and territorial residents in America. congressional legislation. a Supreme Court decision. the self-determination of people in any given territory.
the self-determination of people in any given territory.
U.S. Attorney General Richard Olney and President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that the union's leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist. the strike against the railroads was crippling all parts of the American economy. the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property. shutting down the railroads threatened American national security. the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail
the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail
According to John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the utopian Oneida Community, the key to happiness is acceptance of a sinful mankind. the suppression of selfishness. the abandonment of "free love" or complex marriages. liberal political reform. None of these choices are correct.
the suppression of selfishness.
Opposing the Tariff of 1828, Southerners labeled it a "Yankee Tariff" because the tariff protected New England manufacturing at their economic expense. it charged a tax on Southern manufactured goods, making it difficult for the South to compete in the world market. it imposed a high tax on Southern-grown cotton. it placed a substantially lower tax on European manufactured goods imported into the New England and middle states than it did on similar European gods imported into states in the South. None of these choices are correct.
the tariff protected New England manufacturing at their economic expense.
The major electoral problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on who would be Speaker of the House. the two sets of different election returns, one Democratic, and one Republican, submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Samuel Tilden's association with corrupt politicians of the Northeast. President Grant's campaign for a third term. Rutherford Hayes's controversial ties to U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling and the Stalwarts.
the two sets of different election returns, one Democratic, and one Republican, submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.
The example of New York's Boss Tweed illustrated the typical lack of ethics of the Gilded Age, which also pervaded government in the form of bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections. the concern of urban political bosses with representing the best political and economic interests of their urban constituents. the high value on honesty and ethics put on governing during this age. the inability of the press and the legal establishment to take down a notoriously venal political figure after a lifetime of managing a politically corrupt machine. the effectiveness of the federal government in ferreting out urban political corruption at an early stage in its development.
the typical lack of ethics of the Gilded Age, which also pervaded government in the form of bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections.
The underlying basis for modern mass production was unionized labor. Supreme Court rulings that favored laissez-faire. the use of interchangeable parts. the principle of limited liability. the passing of protective tariffs.
the use of interchangeable parts.
The political base of the Democratic party in the late nineteenth century lay especially in the small towns of the Northeast and the South. big business and those involved in international trade. Midwestern farmers. the white South and big-city immigrant machines. northern blacks and Asian immigrants
the white South and big-city immigrant machines.
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South and the continued presence of federal troops in the South. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of federal protection of black civil and voting rights in the South. the election of Democrat presidential candidate Samuel Tilden to the presidency. Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy. None of these choices are correct.
the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of federal protection of black civil and voting rights in the South.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was described by President Abraham Lincoln as a troublemaker. a radical abolitionist. the woman who wrote the book that started the Civil War. the force behind the Underground Railroad. None of these choices are correct.
the woman who wrote the book that started the Civil War.
In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War, the Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers. the U.S. army was able to dominate with its superior technology. there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides. Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers. Indians and soldiers seldom came into face-to-face combat.
there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.
Spanish authorities allowed Moses Austin to settle in Texas because they believed that Austin and his settlers might be able to "civilize the territory," which was heavily populated by Indians. they believed that the militarily powerful Austin would otherwise have taken the land by force. he paid them a sizable sum of money. Spain planned to sell the land to the United States. None of these choices are correct.
they believed that Austin and his settlers might be able to "civilize the territory," which was heavily populated by Indians.
Secessionists supported leaving the Union for all of the following reasons except they were dismayed by the success of the Republican party. they believed that the North would not oppose their departure. the political balance seemed to be tipping against them. they were tired of abolitionist attacks. they believed that Republicans had been infiltrating their political ranks.
they believed that Republicans had been infiltrating their political ranks.
The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because they opposed slavery. they could not afford the purchase price. their urban location did not require them. their racism would not allow them to work alongside African Americans. they feared the possibility of slave revolts
they could not afford the purchase price.
One reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that they feared losing Northern grain shipments. they did not want to fight against the superior American navy. the British upper class had supported the North from the onset of hostilities. the war caused no economic problems for Britain. the South resented British interference.
they feared losing Northern grain shipments.
All of the following are true statements about Indians who ended up on reservations in the 1870s and 1880s except they were fed meagerly by the U.S. government and not annihilated by the U.S. Army. they were forced to eke out an existence. they became wards of the U.S. government. they felt protected and well-provided for by the U.S. government. many died from diseases.
they felt protected and well-provided for by the U.S. government.
Most working people in Britain sided with the North because they relied on the Northern economy for their own jobs. the North shared their feelings about whether Britain should enter the war. they had developed a class consciousness and moral revulsion about the evils of slavery and hoped that the Civil War would eventually extinguish slavery in the South and the western territories. they hoped to one day have the opportunity to relocate to and profit in the U.S. France had sided with the South and they hated the French.
they had developed a class consciousness and moral revulsion about the evils of slavery and hoped that the Civil War would eventually extinguish slavery in the South and the western territories.
All of the following are true statements about the Black Codes except blacks were forced to work under labor contracts for little money for one year. blacks who fled their employers could be dragged back to work by a paid "Negro-catcher." they restricted the conditions under which blacks could legally marry. blacks who fled could be made to forfeit back wages or hired out to pay their fines. they were designed to reproduce the master-slave relationship after slavery was abolished.
they restricted the conditions under which blacks could legally marry.
All of the following are true statements about the workers in the Lowell factory system except they were virtually all New England farm girls. they were carefully supervised on and off the job by watchful matrons. they lived in company boarding houses and were forbidden to form unions. they worked a maximum five days a week for eight hours a day. they labored under grueling working conditions.
they worked a maximum five days a week for eight hours a day.
Southerners feared the Tariff of 1828 because it would hurt their growing manufacturing sector. this same use of the power of the federal government could be used to suppress slavery. it might hurt Andrew Jackson's political career. they were convinced that it would destroy the American woolen industry. it could damage the chances of the American System's success.
this same use of the power of the federal government could be used to suppress slavery.
The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession threatened to split national politics along North-South lines. nearly resulted in the return of the territory to Mexico. resulted in the formation of the Republican party. resulted in strong hostility to further expansionism. caused clashes between proslavery and antislavery settlers in California.
threatened to split national politics along North-South lines.
Church attendance was still a regular ritual for ____ of the 23 million Americans in 1850. one-third one-half three-fourths less than one-fourth two-thirds
three-fourths
The buffalo were nearly exterminated as a result of being overhunted by the Indians. when their grasslands were turned into wheat and corn fields. when their meat became valued in eastern markets. by disease. through wholesale butchery by whites.
through wholesale butchery by whites.
Andrew Johnson had been put on Lincoln's ticket as vice president in his second term because Lincoln's first vice president, Hannibal Hamlin, had displayed southern sympathies. to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners. as a safe choice in case Lincoln died in office. as a poor white who balanced Lincoln's aristocratic background. to appeal to Union soldiers and radical Republicans.
to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners.
In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was to be banned. protected by federal law. to be decided by popular sovereignty. to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. to be decided by the Supreme Court
to be decided by popular sovereignty.
The purpose behind the spoils system was to press those with experience into governmental service. to make politics a sideline and not a full-time business. to reward political supporters with public office. to reverse the trend of rotation in office. the widespread encouragement of a bureaucratic office-holding class.
to reward political supporters with public office.
One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early nineteenth century was the belief that they would gain political and economic power through education. women were inherently conservative and opposed to social reform. children should grow up without the influence of educated women. the Constitution prohibited women from attending colleges. too much learning would injure women's brains, ruin their health, and make them unfit for marriage.
too much learning would injure women's brains, ruin their health, and make them unfit for marriage.
One of Stephen Douglas's mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was not securing the transcontinental railroad for the North. overestimating the protest to the bill. allowing slavery to spread into new territory. underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas.
underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery.
In early-nineteenth-century America, the annual population growth rate was much higher than in colonial days. urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate. birthrate was rapidly declining. death rate was increasing. United States had become the most populous nation in the western world.
urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate.
In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln relied solely on moral appeal. used only totally legal methods. guaranteed that they could keep slavery permanently. never had to use troops. used legally dubious methods including the declaration of martial law in Maryland and the deployment of Union soldiers in a local civil war in Missouri.
used legally dubious methods including the declaration of martial law in Maryland and the deployment of Union soldiers in a local civil war in Missouri.
To find effective high-level commanders, the Union took only top graduates of West Point. drew on its reserve officer training program. relied on the advice of foreign experts. did not let politics enter the decision-making process. used trial and error.
used trial and error.
Daniel Webster's famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in the celebration of Webster as an anti slavery leader. visibly strengthened Union sentiment and especially pleased northern banking and commercial centers. condemnation by northern commercial interests. a movement to draft him for the presidency. None of these choices are correct.
visibly strengthened Union sentiment and especially pleased northern banking and commercial centers.
In the 1866 congressional elections President Johnson conducted a highly successful "swing around the circle" campaign tour promoting his policies. radicals replaced moderates as the dominant Republican faction in Congress. voters endorsed the Republican congressional approach to Reconstruction. Republicans lost their majority control of Congress. a substantial number of white southern Republicans were elected to Congress.
voters endorsed the Republican congressional approach to Reconstruction.
Besides polygamy, characteristic behavior(s) of Mormons which angered many non-Mormon Americans in the 1840s was their belief in visions and a special spiritual role for America. constant movement toward the western frontier. refusal to take up arms and defend themselves. voting as a religious bloc and openly drilling their militia, alebit for defensive purposes. dislike of federal government control of their lives
voting as a religious bloc and openly drilling their militia, alebit for defensive purposes.
During Reconstruction, African American women in the South assumed new political roles, which included all of the following except participating in black church life. monitoring state constitutional conventions. participating in political rallies. organizing mass meetings. voting in state and local elections.
voting in state and local elections.
The severe economic depression of the 1890s strengthened the Populists' argument that the abolition of all metallic money in favor of paper was essential. white and black farmers had common economic interests government should not own the railroads, telephone, and telegraph companies. farmers had nothing in common with the residents of industrial cities. wage earners and farmers alike were victims of an oppressive economic and political system.
wage earners and farmers alike were victims of an oppressive economic and political system.
After the conclusion of the Civil War, the U.S. government rewarded the Union support provided by most of the Plains Indians by giving them federal land in California. increasing their federal payments. allowing them to elect representatives to Congress. making them scouts for the U.S. Army. waging war on most of the Plains Indians and coercively herding them onto reservations.
waging war on most of the Plains Indians and coercively herding them onto reservations.
Aside from ending slavery, blacks enlisted into the Union Army because they wanted to prove their manhood and strengthen their postwar claim to full American citizenship. desperately needed the jobs that military service provided. wanted revenge against abusive slave masters. hoped to obtain military pensions. None of these choices are correct
wanted to prove their manhood and strengthen their postwar claim to full American citizenship.
During the Civil War, practicing effective diplomacy for the Union and the Confederacy in their respective relations with Great Britain played only a small role in the evolution of the war efforts of the Union and the Confederacy. was important for the Union but not for the Confederacy. was critical for both the Union and the Confederacy was important for the Confederacy but not for the Union. was completely irrelevant to the outcome of the Civil War.
was critical for both the Union and the Confederacy
All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening except that it resulted in the conversion of countless souls. encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms. strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists. was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion. was not as large, democratic, or influential in terms of social reform as the First Great Awakening.
was not as large, democratic, or influential in terms of social reform as the First Great Awakening.
Some Southerners felt Cuba would be an enticing prospect for annexation for all of the following reasons except it was not controlled by any European power and would be easily acquired by welcoming Cuban population living on the Caribbean island. was a sugar-rich and economically productive territory. already had a large population of enslaved blacks. could be carved into several states, restoring political balance in the Senate. was located just off the nation's southern doorstep.
was not controlled by any European power and would be easily acquired by welcoming Cuban population living on the Caribbean island.
As president, John Quincy Adams was more successful than as secretary of state was impeached by the House of Representatives, but he was acquitted by the Senate. was one of the least successful presidents in American history. put many of his supporters on the federal payroll. was successful in getting most of his programs enacted into law.
was one of the least successful presidents in American history.
By 1850, the South was experiencing serious economic difficulties. feared that slavery might be abolished in states where it already existed. remained concerned about its weak voice in national government. was relatively well off, politically and economically. recognized that slavery's expansion was over.
was relatively well off, politically and economically.
After halting Lee's troops at Antietam, General George McClellan retired from the military. moved to confront Lee again at Gettysburg. was appointed to command the main Western army. marched his army toward Atlanta. was removed from his field command.
was removed from his field command.
While in existence, the Second Bank of the United States was the depository of the funds of the national government. irresponsibly inflated the national currency by issuing federal bank notes. limited economic growth by extending public credit. forced an ever-increasing number of bank failures. was not a significant influence on the health and growth of the economy.
was the depository of the funds of the national government.
The presidential election of 1824 was the first to use the electoral college. was the first one to see the election of a president who failed to win a majority of the electoral vote from the state electors. saw a record high voter turn-out show up at the polls. saw the formulation of well-organized political parties. was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.
was the first one to see the election of a president who failed to win a majority of the electoral vote from the state electors.
President Cleveland's response to the depression of the 1890s demonstrated that he was able to work effectively with J.P. Morgan to address the problems of unemployment. understood the problems of urban workers better than those of farmers. had a weak grasp of the economic theory that lay behind the demand for free silver. was unable to deal effectively with such a massive economic crisis. was able to skillfully incorporate some Populist proposals into the Democratic party.
was unable to deal effectively with such a massive economic crisis.
In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War the push for social, political, and economic reforms intensified and gained momentum in and out of state, local, and the federal government. Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice. the North developed a strong sense of moral superiority. concern for racial questions took precedence over economics. waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.
waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.
A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812. writing of Charles Wilson Peale. religious writings of the Second Great Awakening. federal support for the arts. receding influence of romanticism on American shores.
wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
Despite early resistance, the main reason free public education ultimately triumphed was wealthy and politically powerful Americans feared that if the government failed to provide free public education, poor families immigrants would utilize their free vote to elect candidates and political parties unfavored by these political and economic elites. wealthy Americans feared the problem of vagrancy as farm families depended less upon the labor of children. Southern slave owners abandoned their resistance to it. teaching provided paid employment for unmarried, single women. poor Americans threatened to launch a violent rebellion unless free education was made available.
wealthy and politically powerful Americans feared that if the government failed to provide free public education, poor families immigrants would utilize their free vote to elect candidates and political parties unfavored by these political and economic elites.
Early-nineteenth-century American families were becoming more loosely knit and less affectionate. usually included three generations in the same household. taught their children to be unquestioningly obedient. usually allowed parents to determine choice of marriage partners. were getting smaller.
were getting smaller.
The Young Guard, composed of certain Senators and Representatives from the North, regarded preserving the Union as their top priority. agreed fully with the Old Guard on the issue of slavery. saw expansionism as a solution to the slavery question. gave support to John C. Calhoun's plan for rescuing the Union. were most interested in purging and purifying the Union than in preserving it.
were most interested in purging and purifying the Union than in preserving it.
During the mid to late nineteenth century, Chinese women did not emigrate to the United States at all. settled mostly on the East Coast. outnumbered Chinese men as immigrants to the United States. were very few in number, and most became prostitutes. competed with Irish and black women for jobs in domestic service.
were very few in number, and most became prostitutes.
Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they were divided between small, self-sufficient family farmers and large cash crop farmers with onerous mortgages. did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement. did not believe they could compete politically with wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons. were too busy trying to eke out a living. were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.
were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.
The major application for steamboats transporting freight and passengers in the United States was on New England streams. western and southern rivers. the Great Lakes. the Gulf of Mexico. coastal waterways.
western and southern rivers
France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico because the effort proved to be unprofitable. when the British pressured them to leave. when the American Civil War began. because the Mexicans declared independence. when the United States threatened to use military force after the conclusion of the Civil War to expel France from Mexico and overthrow the French puppet leader, Maximilian.
when the United States threatened to use military force after the conclusion of the Civil War to expel France from Mexico and overthrow the French puppet leader, Maximilian.
The issue of runaway slaves was important to most southerners because the South was losing a significant and irreplaceable portion of its labor force. the overwhelming success of the Underground Railroad posed critical and immediate threat to the southern way of life. while the overall loss of property was relatively insignificant, the loss of honor and the passing of moral judgments by northerners were felt more. escaped slaves would likely organize a black army to stage armed rebellions against white southern planters and their plantations. escaped slaves would travel North or to Canada and quickly undermine the legitimacy of southerners' racial superiority theories among political leaders of the North and the South.
while the overall loss of property was relatively insignificant, the loss of honor and the passing of moral judgments by northerners were felt more.
As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the promise of eventual freedom. reward of some legal rights. the promise to slaves of a grant of private property to do tenant farming after a period of years of bondage. whip as a motivator. threat of death.
whip as a motivator.
A primary motive for the formation of the Ku Klux Klan was hostility to the growing practice of interracial sexual relations and marriage. anger at the corruption in Reconstruction legislatures. the southern desire to instigate guerrilla warfare against the occupying U.S. Army. political disenfranchisement experienced by poor whites in the South. white resistance in the South to constitutional and federal legislative attempts to empower blacks politically and challenge white supremacy.
white resistance in the South to constitutional and federal legislative attempts to empower blacks politically and challenge white supremacy.
Andrew Jackson's administration supported the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states because the Indians assimilated too easily into white society. the Supreme Court ruled in favor of this policy. whites wanted the Indians' lands. Georgia and Florida tried to protect the Indians and their lands. they continued their attacks on white settlements
whites wanted the Indians' lands.
The Oneida colony declined due to widespread criticism from neighbors of its licentious "free love" sexual practices, which undermined the community's integral complex marriage system. a decline in animal trapping. their adoption of capitalism. the loss of Noyes's leadership. the meteoric rise in the cost of silver.
widespread criticism from neighbors of its licentious "free love" sexual practices, which undermined the community's integral complex marriage system.
For congressional Republicans, one of the most troubling aspects of the Southern states' quick restoration to the Union was that with the black population fully counted, the South would be stronger than ever in national politics and Democrats could possibly regain control of Congress in the near future. President Johnson would likely be defeated in the 1868 presidential election. the majority white South might be represented by black Congressmen. a high tariff might be reinstituted. None of these choices are correct
with the black population fully counted, the South would be stronger than ever in national politics and Democrats could possibly regain control of Congress in the near future.
The Civil War was a women's war in all of the following ways except as men left for war, women gained new job opportunities in government. military demand for shoes and clothing drew women into industrial employment. women were encouraged to run for office to fill political posts abandoned by men. women aided men on the battlefront as spies or by posing as male soldiers women were able to professionalize nursing.
women were encouraged to run for office to fill political posts abandoned by men.
Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from agitation by Communist sympathizers and other political radicals. workers being given the legal right to unionize by the federal government. the collapse of the steel industry. workers' unreasonable demands and strikes for higher pay and benefits during a period of economic stagnation. years of depression and deflation that undermined workers' wages and living standards.
years of depression and deflation that undermined workers' wages and living standards.
In seeking congressional approval to enact lower tariffs in 1887, President Grover Cleveland sought to reduce an embarrassing federal Treasury surplus of over $100 million. incurred the political wrath of nervous industrialists who provided heavy financial support to the Republicans and their legally dubious vote buying operations during the 1888 presidential election. divided and demoralized his own Democratic party, which was forced to fight the upcoming election over the controversial tariff issue. probably cost himself reelection in 1888 because the tariff issue mobilized the Republicans quite effectively. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following events prompted the Mormons to abandon their settlement at Nauvoo, Illinois and set out West to the valley of the Great Salt Lake? Continuing vicious hostility by non-Mormon Americans including the murder of Mormon leader Joseph Smith and his brother A vision by the Mormon angel Moroni to Brigham Young of a peaceful, bountiful, and safe refuge in the valley of the Great Salt Lake The expectation that a lush, easily arable western environment awaited the Mormons in present-day Utah, which would not require or expensive and technologically sophisticated irrigation to grow crops A generous land grant by the federal government All of these choices are correct.
Continuing vicious hostility by non-Mormon Americans including the murder of Mormon leader Joseph Smith and his brother
In Varying Viewpoints: What Was the True Nature of Slavery, the contemporary historian Eugene Genovese agrees with previous historians of American slavery that this southern institution embraced a form of economic paternalism which reflected the need of southern slaveholders to control and coax labor out of their reluctant and recalcitrant "investments." southern slaveholders actually treated slaves with a kindly and caring paternalism throughout the lives of most slaves. blacks were inferior and submissive by nature,facilitating their participation in the institution of southern slavery. blacks did not abhor the coercive social and economic institution that enslaved them. this southern institution was not underpinned by racist attitudes by southern slaveholders and most other southerners as well.
this southern institution embraced a form of economic paternalism which reflected the need of southern slaveholders to control and coax labor out of their reluctant and recalcitrant "investments."