Ch. 27 sec. 4

Lateran Agreement

A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was

A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war

National Socialism

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

Enabling Act

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?

British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler

How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?

By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

Germany and the Soviet Union

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?

He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.

What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?

It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

It forced German society to conform to National Socialist ideology.

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years

Black Shirts

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.

Appeasement

The British policy toward Germany prior to the Second World War that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?

They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?

To preserve religious life in Germany

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.