Ch. 28 & 29 Mastering Reproduction and Development
The portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the
cervix
The process that divides different portions of the zygote's cytoplasm among blastomeres is called __________.
cleavage
The ________ consists of the follicle cells that cling to the oocyte after ovulation.
corona radiata
If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.
corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin
When the physician strokes Dan's inner left thigh, Dan's left testis does not retract toward his inguinal canal, indicating that his genitofemoral nerve was not functioning. Which structure is responsible for this reflex?
cremaster muscle
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for
follicle maturation
The menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle occur during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.
follicular
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
four haploid cells
Which layer of the uterus undergoes dramatic changes in thickness and structure during the uterine cycle responding to hormones.
functional layer of the endometrium
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the
functional zone of the endometrium is restored
The glands that produce mucus used as a lubricant during sexual intercourse are ________ glands.
greater vestibular
The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.
head
A blastocyst is a(n)
hollow ball of cells
During prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.
The relationship between ______ and FSH represents a negative feedback.
inhibin
The role of FSH in males is to
initiate sperm production in the testes
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
interphase
The doctor noted that Dan's epididymis on the left testis was located anteromedially, near the scrotal raphe, instead of the normal posterior location. Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the epididymis?
it serves as the site of spermatogenesis
The secretory phase of the uterine cycle occurs during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.
luteal
Following ovulation, the ________ is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum.
luteal phase
Progesterone levels are highest during which phases of the ovarian and uterine cycles, respectively?
luteal; secretory
If a sperm carrying the "Y" chromosome fertilizes the ovum, the resulting offspring will be
male
The destruction and shedding of the functional zone of the endometrium occurs during the
menstrual phase
Twins that occur when blastomeres separate are called
monozygotic
What is the thickest portion of the uterine wall?
myometrium
Sperm enter the cervical canal through the external
os
The site where fertilization normally occurs is in the
outer one-third of the uterine tube
In the adult male, the gonads are the testes. What are the gonads for the adult female?
ovaries
The process of ________ occurs in response to a surge of LH, thus releasing an oocyte.
ovulation
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
ovulation
Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of
oxytocin
What hormones stimulate and increase the excitability of the myometrium?
oxytocin and prostaglandins
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens (vas deferens) by
peristaltic contractions
Which of these general characteristics is/are different between the male and female reproductive systems?
production of mature gametes and production of hormones
The primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
During the _________, the functional zone of the endometrium is regenerated.
proliferation phase
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I
The correct order of events during Meiosis is
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
What is the function of uterine tube peg cells?
secrete nutrient-rich fluid
The 23rd set of chromosomes determines
sex
Semen contains all of the following except
spermatogonia
Contraction of the cremaster muscles
tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body cavity
The embryo becomes a fetus at
the end of the eighth week
During amphimixis,
the male and female pronuclei fuse
During the menstrual phase,
the old functional layer is sloughed off
A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.
the secretory phase
During gastrulation,
three germ layers are formed
During implantation, the
trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.
Fraternal twins result from
two different zygotes
Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus in the
umbilical vein
Sperm cannot fertilize an oocyte until they
undergo capacitation
The ________ is the glycoprotein-rich region between the developing oocyte and the granulosa cells.
zona pellicuda
The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)
zygote
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? A. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. B. By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about the majority of their oocytes. C. Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. D. An ovum completes its last meiosis after it is fertilized. E. Oogenesis begins before birth.
A. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.
Which of the following is not a similarity between the testis and ovary? A. Meiosis takes place in both. B. Both respond to follicle-stimulating hormone. C. Both produce progesterone. D. Both respond to luteinizing hormone. E. Both produce gametes.
C. Both produce progesterone.
Which of these processes occurs after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II? A. The nuclear material within the ovum reorganizes into a female pronucleus. B. The head, neck, and middle pieces of the sperm cell break down. C. The nucleus of the sperm cell swells. D. All of the listed processes occur after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II.
D. All of the listed processes occur after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II.
_________ is the primary hormone for the development of the female 19s secondary sex characteristics.
Estrogen
Release of the hormone ______ begins the ovarian cycle.
GnRH
The following statements describe events associated with the follicular and luteal phases of the female reproductive cycle.
Start in the brain: -The hypothalamus releases GnRH. -The anterior pituitary gland produces FSHand LH. FSH stimulates secondary follicles to develop into tertiary follicles. -Developing follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin. -Negative feedback due to presence of inhibin leads to a decrease inFSH secretion. -A surge in LH triggers ovulation of a secondary oocyte. -The ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum. -The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. -Without fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone secretion declines. End with the disintegration of part of the ovary
Polyspermy results in
a nonfunctional zygote
A normal sperm count ranges from approximately ________ sperm per milliliter.
20-100 million
A typical ejaculation releases approximately ________ sperm.
250 million
Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis
4, 1, 3, 2
If both mother and father are heterozygous for a trait showing simple dominance, what is the probability that one of their future children will show that trait?
75%
Which of the following does not occur during pregnancy? A. Maternal blood volume increases. B. A woman's bladder capacity increases. C. A woman's glomerular filtration rate increases. D. Maternal nutrient requirements increase. E. A woman's respiratory rate and tidal volume increase.
B. A woman's bladder capacity increases.
Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? a. LH suppression is linked to levels of estrogen released from developing follicles. b.As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase, triggering a negative feedback mechanism directly suppressing FSH. c. The release of inhibin from the developing follicles triggers a negative feedback mechanism, which suppresses FSH secretion. d. In the presence of FSH, tertiary follicles grow and develop.
B. As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase, triggering a negative feedback mechanism directly suppressing FSH.
Which of the following answer choices correctly describes the release or effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)? A. The presence of LH causes the corpus luteum to degenerate. B. In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum. C. A surge of LH causes the primary follicle to rupture and to release an oocyte. D. LH is produced and secreted in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen.
B. In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum.
The placenta is a source of all of the following hormones, except A. placental lactogen. B. luteinizing hormone. C. hCG. D. progesterone. E. relaxin.
B. luteinizing hormone.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the female reproductive tract? A. Acidity in the vagina kills most sperm. B.The uterus contains large amounts of fructose nutrients. C. The size of breasts is primarily determined by adipose tissue. D. Cervical cancer may be caused by a virus. E. The inner wall layer of the vagina consists of stratified squamous epithelium, like the skin.
B.The uterus contains large amounts of fructose nutrients.
Which of these is NOT a similarity between the male and female reproductive systems? A. Both produce gametes. B. Both contain perineal structures collectively referred to as external genitalia. C. Both contain accessory glands that secrete fluids into the reproductive system. D. Both will produce the same number of gametes over the person's lifetime.
D. Both will produce the same number of gametes over the person's lifetime.
Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females share a number of similarities EXCEPT __________. A. engorgement of erectile tissue B. control by the autonomic nervous system C. rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscles D. Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of the listed aspects.
D. Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of the listed aspects.
The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except A. secrete inhibin. B. maintain the blood testis barrier. C. support spermiogenesis. D. secrete testosterone. E. secrete androgen-binding protein.
D. secrete testosterone.
Which of the following is not part of oocyte activation? A. influx of sodium ion B. discharge of exocytotic vesicles adjacent to the oocyte membrane C. release of calcium ion from smooth ER D. softening of the zona pellucida E. membrane depolarization
D. softening of the zona pellucida
Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except A. activating the sperm. B. meeting the nutrient needs of sperm for motility. C. producing buffers. D. propelling sperm and fluids along the reproductive tract. E. production of sperm.
E. production of sperm.
All of the following are functions of ovaries, except A. secretion of hormones. B. secretion of inhibin. C. production of oocytes. D. formation of immature gametes. E. receives the ovum after ovulation.
E. receives the ovum after ovulation.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone is
LH
During development, the placenta secretes several hormones, including progesterone and estrogen. But what would happen if the fetus is male?
Placental secretion of estrogen and progesterone would have no effects on the developing fetus.
The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.
dilation
What are the stages of labor in correct order?
dilation, expulsion, placental
The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.
acrosome
What are the hormones secreted by the testes?
androgens
A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will
be sterile
________ are nearly identical cells that are produced by early cleavages.
blastomeres
The segment of the uterine tube where fertilization commonly occurs is the
boundary between the ampulla and isthmus
Uterine contractions that are irregular and brief that occur toward the end of gestation are called
braxton-hicks
The process that results in the formation of different cell types occurring through selective changes in genetic activity that causes some genes to be turned off, while others are turned on is called __________.
differentiation
The rete testis is connected to the epididymis by
efferent ductules
The painful condition that develops because epithelial tissue from the uterus is present in the peritoneal cavity is
endometriosis
The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged sperm, and is the site of sperm maturation is the
epididymis
The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete
estrogens
The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.
expulsion