Ch. 28 & 29 Mastering Reproduction and Development

The portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the

cervix

The process that divides different portions of the zygote's cytoplasm among blastomeres is called __________.

cleavage

The ________ consists of the follicle cells that cling to the oocyte after ovulation.

corona radiata

If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.

corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin

When the physician strokes Dan's inner left thigh, Dan's left testis does not retract toward his inguinal canal, indicating that his genitofemoral nerve was not functioning. Which structure is responsible for this reflex?

cremaster muscle

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

follicle maturation

The menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle occur during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

follicular

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

four haploid cells

Which layer of the uterus undergoes dramatic changes in thickness and structure during the uterine cycle responding to hormones.

functional layer of the endometrium

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the

functional zone of the endometrium is restored

The glands that produce mucus used as a lubricant during sexual intercourse are ________ glands.

greater vestibular

The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.

head

A blastocyst is a(n)

hollow ball of cells

During prophase I of meiosis,

homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.

The relationship between ______ and FSH represents a negative feedback.

inhibin

The role of FSH in males is to

initiate sperm production in the testes

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

interphase

The doctor noted that Dan's epididymis on the left testis was located anteromedially, near the scrotal raphe, instead of the normal posterior location. Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the epididymis?

it serves as the site of spermatogenesis

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle occurs during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

luteal

Following ovulation, the ________ is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum.

luteal phase

Progesterone levels are highest during which phases of the ovarian and uterine cycles, respectively?

luteal; secretory

If a sperm carrying the "Y" chromosome fertilizes the ovum, the resulting offspring will be

male

The destruction and shedding of the functional zone of the endometrium occurs during the

menstrual phase

Twins that occur when blastomeres separate are called

monozygotic

What is the thickest portion of the uterine wall?

myometrium

Sperm enter the cervical canal through the external

os

The site where fertilization normally occurs is in the

outer one-third of the uterine tube

In the adult male, the gonads are the testes. What are the gonads for the adult female?

ovaries

The process of ________ occurs in response to a surge of LH, thus releasing an oocyte.

ovulation

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation

Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of

oxytocin

What hormones stimulate and increase the excitability of the myometrium?

oxytocin and prostaglandins

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens (vas deferens) by

peristaltic contractions

Which of these general characteristics is/are different between the male and female reproductive systems?

production of mature gametes and production of hormones

The primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum is

progesterone

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

progesterone

During the _________, the functional zone of the endometrium is regenerated.

proliferation phase

During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?

prophase I

The correct order of events during Meiosis is

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

What is the function of uterine tube peg cells?

secrete nutrient-rich fluid

The 23rd set of chromosomes determines

sex

Semen contains all of the following except

spermatogonia

Contraction of the cremaster muscles

tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body cavity

The embryo becomes a fetus at

the end of the eighth week

During amphimixis,

the male and female pronuclei fuse

During the menstrual phase,

the old functional layer is sloughed off

A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.

the secretory phase

During gastrulation,

three germ layers are formed

During implantation, the

trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.

Fraternal twins result from

two different zygotes

Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus in the

umbilical vein

Sperm cannot fertilize an oocyte until they

undergo capacitation

The ________ is the glycoprotein-rich region between the developing oocyte and the granulosa cells.

zona pellicuda

The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)

zygote

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? A. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. B. By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about the majority of their oocytes. C. Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. D. An ovum completes its last meiosis after it is fertilized. E. Oogenesis begins before birth.

A. About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

Which of the following is not a similarity between the testis and ovary? A. Meiosis takes place in both. B. Both respond to follicle-stimulating hormone. C. Both produce progesterone. D. Both respond to luteinizing hormone. E. Both produce gametes.

C. Both produce progesterone.

Which of these processes occurs after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II? A. The nuclear material within the ovum reorganizes into a female pronucleus. B. The head, neck, and middle pieces of the sperm cell break down. C. The nucleus of the sperm cell swells. D. All of the listed processes occur after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II.

D. All of the listed processes occur after oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis II.

_________ is the primary hormone for the development of the female 19s secondary sex characteristics.

Estrogen

Release of the hormone ______ begins the ovarian cycle.

GnRH

The following statements describe events associated with the follicular and luteal phases of the female reproductive cycle.

Start in the brain: -The hypothalamus releases GnRH. -The anterior pituitary gland produces FSHand LH. FSH stimulates secondary follicles to develop into tertiary follicles. -Developing follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin. -Negative feedback due to presence of inhibin leads to a decrease inFSH secretion. -A surge in LH triggers ovulation of a secondary oocyte. -The ruptured follicle turns into the corpus luteum. -The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. -Without fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone secretion declines. End with the disintegration of part of the ovary

Polyspermy results in

a nonfunctional zygote

A normal sperm count ranges from approximately ________ sperm per milliliter.

20-100 million

A typical ejaculation releases approximately ________ sperm.

250 million

Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis

4, 1, 3, 2

If both mother and father are heterozygous for a trait showing simple dominance, what is the probability that one of their future children will show that trait?

75%

Which of the following does not occur during pregnancy? A. Maternal blood volume increases. B. A woman's bladder capacity increases. C. A woman's glomerular filtration rate increases. D. Maternal nutrient requirements increase. E. A woman's respiratory rate and tidal volume increase.

B. A woman's bladder capacity increases.

Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? a. LH suppression is linked to levels of estrogen released from developing follicles. b.As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase, triggering a negative feedback mechanism directly suppressing FSH. c. The release of inhibin from the developing follicles triggers a negative feedback mechanism, which suppresses FSH secretion. d. In the presence of FSH, tertiary follicles grow and develop.

B. As follicles develop, estrogen levels increase, triggering a negative feedback mechanism directly suppressing FSH.

Which of the following answer choices correctly describes the release or effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)? A. The presence of LH causes the corpus luteum to degenerate. B. In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum. C. A surge of LH causes the primary follicle to rupture and to release an oocyte. D. LH is produced and secreted in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen.

B. In the presence of LH, the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum.

The placenta is a source of all of the following hormones, except A. placental lactogen. B. luteinizing hormone. C. hCG. D. progesterone. E. relaxin.

B. luteinizing hormone.

Which of the following statements is false regarding the female reproductive tract? A. Acidity in the vagina kills most sperm. B.The uterus contains large amounts of fructose nutrients. C. The size of breasts is primarily determined by adipose tissue. D. Cervical cancer may be caused by a virus. E. The inner wall layer of the vagina consists of stratified squamous epithelium, like the skin.

B.The uterus contains large amounts of fructose nutrients.

Which of these is NOT a similarity between the male and female reproductive systems? A. Both produce gametes. B. Both contain perineal structures collectively referred to as external genitalia. C. Both contain accessory glands that secrete fluids into the reproductive system. D. Both will produce the same number of gametes over the person's lifetime.

D. Both will produce the same number of gametes over the person's lifetime.

Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females share a number of similarities EXCEPT __________. A. engorgement of erectile tissue B. control by the autonomic nervous system C. rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscles D. Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of the listed aspects.

D. Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of the listed aspects.

The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except A. secrete inhibin. B. maintain the blood testis barrier. C. support spermiogenesis. D. secrete testosterone. E. secrete androgen-binding protein.

D. secrete testosterone.

Which of the following is not part of oocyte activation? A. influx of sodium ion B. discharge of exocytotic vesicles adjacent to the oocyte membrane C. release of calcium ion from smooth ER D. softening of the zona pellucida E. membrane depolarization

D. softening of the zona pellucida

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except A. activating the sperm. B. meeting the nutrient needs of sperm for motility. C. producing buffers. D. propelling sperm and fluids along the reproductive tract. E. production of sperm.

E. production of sperm.

All of the following are functions of ovaries, except A. secretion of hormones. B. secretion of inhibin. C. production of oocytes. D. formation of immature gametes. E. receives the ovum after ovulation.

E. receives the ovum after ovulation.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone is

LH

During development, the placenta secretes several hormones, including progesterone and estrogen. But what would happen if the fetus is male?

Placental secretion of estrogen and progesterone would have no effects on the developing fetus.

The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.

dilation

What are the stages of labor in correct order?

dilation, expulsion, placental

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.

acrosome

What are the hormones secreted by the testes?

androgens

A boy has a genetic mutation such that FSH is not produced, but LH is normal. After the boy grows to maturity, it is likely he will

be sterile

________ are nearly identical cells that are produced by early cleavages.

blastomeres

The segment of the uterine tube where fertilization commonly occurs is the

boundary between the ampulla and isthmus

Uterine contractions that are irregular and brief that occur toward the end of gestation are called

braxton-hicks

The process that results in the formation of different cell types occurring through selective changes in genetic activity that causes some genes to be turned off, while others are turned on is called __________.

differentiation

The rete testis is connected to the epididymis by

efferent ductules

The painful condition that develops because epithelial tissue from the uterus is present in the peritoneal cavity is

endometriosis

The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged sperm, and is the site of sperm maturation is the

epididymis

The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete

estrogens

The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.

expulsion