ch 28 practice quiz

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs

Which of the following statements about the replication of a viral genome is true? The genome is replicated and transcribed during lysogenic growth The genome is replicated and transcribed during both lytic and lysogenic growth The genome is integrated into the host chromosome and transcribed during lytic growth The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth

The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere

Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?

They regnerate after forest fires

Virulence is defined as the _____________.

ability to cause disease

The function of flower petals is to___________.

aid in attracting a pollinator

Name one advantage of seeds over spores.

aid in disperal allow for prolonged dormancy resist desiccation

t/f In bryophytes sperm must have water to swim from the archegonia to the antheridia.

false

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and a sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_________.

ferns

The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called

herd immunity

A plant that has both microspores and megaspores is

heterosporous

Which of the following are characteristics of typcial DNA viruses? Fast evolution Small genome Large genome Rapid reproduction

large genome

Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants, but not charophytes (which are green algae)? chlorophyll a cellulose chlorophyll b Lignin Sporopollenin

lignin

Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit?

ovary

The viruses are considered extinct or nearly extinct:

polio and small pox

Which of the following plant adaptations enables sexual reproduction without the requirement for external water? flagellated sperm trachids and phloem endosperm pollen tube cuticle

pollen tube

An angiosperm seed has an endosperm. The endosperm is _______.

3N

Corn, which is also called maize, is pictured below. Its male flowers are found in the tassel at the top of the plant and the female flowers are found the ear. Corn is which of the following type of plant? A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers A dioecious plant with perfect flowers A dioecious plant with imperfect flowers A monoecious plant with perfect flowers

A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers

In bryophytes, which structure produces sperm?

Antheridia

What adaptation reduce the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization?

Pollen grains

True or False: Angiosperm flowers contain an archegonium.

false

True or False: Double fertilization refers to the union of the gametes and spores.

false

A population of viruses with similar characteristics is called a__________.

strain

Which of the following flower structures are considered female? filament Style anther sepal Ovary Stigma Stamen

style stigma ovary

True or False: A plant can have perfect flowers and be monecious.

true

Name one characteristic of a virus.

very very small use other cells for energy (ATP) use other cells to replicate have multiple origins

In the lysogenic cycle_________.

viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA

Which virus lineage is most diverse (i.e. contains the largest number of putative species or strains)?

Double-stranded RNA viruses

Name a disease that evolves quickly and therefore it is difficult to develop a vaccine for.

common cold OR HIV

You find a green organism in a pond near your house. This mystery organism is most likely a plant, and not an alga, if it______.

is surrounded by a cuticle

True or False: All seed plants are heterosporous

true

True or False: Chicken pox is a DNA virus

true

True or False: Ebola, which resides in wild animals but reemerges in humans periodically, is considered a zoonotic disease.

true

True or False: Plant gametangia are multicellular.

true

True or False: Plants consume sugar to carryout life's processes and, therefore, respire CO2 into the air

true

True or False: The DNA in viruses can be single-stranded or double-stranded.

true

Xylem transports materials __________ and phloem transports materials ________.

up, down

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Archegonia may contain ______________ ____________.

sporophyte embryos

In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________.

sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Which of these are spore-producing structures? antheridium of a moss or fern archegonium of a moss or fern gametophyte of a moss sporophyte of a fern

sporophyte of a fern

Which of the following structures in a flower are considered male? Ovary Stigma Stamen Filament Sepal Anther

stamen filament anther

The virus genome and viral proteins are assembled in virions (virus particles) during ________.

the lytic cycle only

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests____________.

there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

The small pox vaccination effort was helped by the fact that

there was only one strain of small pox

Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation?

through the air

List one way viruses transfer between hosts.

through the air sexual contact via a vector (mosquito) oral to fecal transfer

The following are advantages of a multicellular diploid generation EXCEPT: Many genetically variable haploid spores Dependence on water Wide dispersal More spores, therefore more gametophytes Increase in fitness

Dependence on water

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?

A large number of phages are released at a time

Which of the following is a trend in the history of land plants? Reduced dependence on pollinators Increasing reliance on water to bring the sperm and egg together A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle A decrease in diversity of flowering plants Reduction in the size of the sporophyte phase

A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle

Name one challenge plants faced when moving onto land from their original habitat in water.

Dessication Spatial separation from mineral resources No support for body Reproduction without water

Place these groups of plants in order of species diversity from most diverse to least diverse Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants Angiosperms Seedless non-vascular plants

Angiosperms Seedless non-vascular plants Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms

____________ are the closest protist relative of land plants.

Charophyceans

Of the groups listed, which is the closest relative to land plants? Rhodophyta, because both have cellulose cell walls Archaea, because both are autotrophic Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade Euglenozoa, because both have green chloroplasts Oomycetes because both have cellulose in their cell walls

Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade

Which of the following is TRUE of the pine life cycle? Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants The pine tree is a gametophyte Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

RNA and DNA viruses differ in several ways. Which of the following choices accurately compares these two types of viruses? DNA viruses have more metabolic capacity than RNA viruses RNA viruses lack a plasma membrane, but DNA viruses have a plasma membrane DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses RNA viruses can carry out transcription independently RNA and DNA viruses have similar genome sizes

DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses

Which of the following statements about emerging viruses is true? Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement Emerging viruses do not lead to new diseases Emerging viruses arise only by switching host species The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) do not track emerging disease because they are more concerned with individual patient recovery.

Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement

How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?

Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not

Name one advantage to colonizing land.

Few pathogens (at least at first) sunlight not filtered by water abundant CO2 (not dissolved in water) Access to mineral soil

Which of the following best describes why there is currently no vaccine for HIV? Not enough researchers are studying HIV HIV contains no antigenic proteins in its envelope so no antibodies can be produced to attack them HIV evolves very rapidly HIV is a retrovirus

HIV evolves very rapidly

Which of the following is one of the two most urgent tasks that public officials first undertake to prevent an outbreak from becoming an epidemic? Determine a medical treatment Identify the causative agent Determine the number of individuals who will most likely be infected before the outbreak subsides Devise a way to halt transmission of the disease

Identify the causative agent

What is TRUE about the genus Sphagnum? It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide It accumulates to form coal that is burned as fuel It is used by gardeners as fertilizer It is an economically important liverwort It grows extensive mats in grasslands

It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? It undergoes alternation of generations It lacks gametangia It produces seeds It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium It produces gametes by mitosis rather than meiosis

It lacks gametangia

Describe one aspect of gymnosperm ecology.

Many species tolerate cold and dry conditions Some species need wildfire to reproduce Live in large areas of low diversity

Plants faced challenges moving onto land, name one

Movement of nutrients from soil to tissues Loss of water to atmosphere Support for areal tissues Reproduction in a dry environment

Name one characteristic that viral classification is based on

Nature of genetic material (DNA, RNA, single-stranded, double-stranded) symptoms morphology host

Plants get what resource from the soil?

Nutrients

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Ovule

Plants use what type of metabolism?

Photoautotrophy

What essential ecosystem service is provided by land plants?

Plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Name the hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?

RNA world

All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. Which of the following statements is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush?

Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes

Which one of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses? Slow evolution Large genome Slow replication Small genome

Small genome

Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structures found in modern plant circumvent this problem?

Stomata

Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are NON-living? They have RNA rather than DNA They are not cellular They do not evolve They lack genetic material Their DNA does not encode proteins

They are not cellular

Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements support this hypothesis? The wind speed was much greater at that time than it is now, restricting the height of the first land plants. The low, sprawling growth increased the surface area of the first land plants, providing them with additional light for photosynthesis Low, sprawling growth protected the first land plants from herbivores To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil

To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil

Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines? A vaccine is given once an individual has been infected, which causes competition with the infecting virus. Vaccines are always made from attenuated viruses A vaccine boosts the overall activity of the immune system, making it better able to fight off all pathogens Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus

Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus

Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true? Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells Viruses always enter cells through mechanical disruption, such as that caused by a sucking insect Viruses always recognize particular cell surface molecules that allow them to enter cells. Viruses always release an enzyme called a lysozyme that degrades the cell wall

Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells

Put these vascular tissues into order based on their appearance in evolutionary time. Vessel elements Tracheids Water conducting cells lined with cellulose Water conducting cells lined with lignin

Water conducting cells lined with cellulose Water conducting cells lined with lignin Tracheids Vessel elements

In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from ______________________.

a spore

In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from ______________________. a gamete an egg the sporophyte a zygote a sperm a spore

a spore

In alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from __________________.

a zygote

Name an advantage for Alternation of Generations in plants

allows for more outcrossing because both spores and gametes can move

A plant's stem cells occur in which tissue?

apical meristem

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of the seed is primarily an adaption for dispersal rather than an adaption for infecting host plant tissues? It should________.

be nutritious to the dispersing organism

If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it____________.

belongs to a species that is homosporous

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating the dispersal of seeds

Name the hypothesis of viral origin where a organelle escapes a cell to become a virus?

degeneration

In alternation of generations the sporophyte is

diploid

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? free-living gametophytes carpels that contain microsporangia ovules that do not contain ovaries double internal fertilization complete reliance on the wind as a pollinating agent

double internal fertilization

Which of the following should have gene sequences most similar to the charophaceans? early lycophyte early bryophytes early gymnosperms early pterophytes early angiosperms

early bryophytes

True or False: A fruit is a mature ovule

false

True or False: Angiosperm means "naked seed".

false

True or False: Bryophytes are heterosporus

false

True or False: Chicken pox is a RNA virus.

false

True or False: Gymnosperms have seeds and fruits.

false

True or False: In eukaryotes, gametes are always produced by meiosis.

false

True or False: The common cold is a DNA virus.

false

True or False: Viruses are thought to have a single evolutionary origin

false

True or False: Zoonotic disease are restricted to a single species of animals

false

True or false: Pollination is the same as fertilization.

false

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? sperm cells without flagella dominant gametophytes fruits enclosing the seeds wind pollination embryos enclosed in seed coats

fruits enclosing the seeds

This small, green, heart-shaped structure is a member of the phylum Pteridophyta and it produces

gametes by mitosis

The viral ____________ can be DNA or RNA.

genome

Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of a viral infection in humans? drinking lots of orange juice taking vitamins taking antibiotics taking drugs that inhibit transcription getting vaccinated

getting vaccinated

Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae?

growing independently on dry rock in meadows

In alternation of generations the spore is

haploid

in plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? diploid spores haploid spores haploid gametes haploid sporophytes diploid gametes

haploid spores

The following organisms are bryophytes, EXCEPT mosses hornworts lycopyta liverworts

lycopyta

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does this generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

The phrase "Alternation of Generations" refers to sexual life cycles that alternate between haploid (N) and diploid (2N) conditions, but only when both stages are_________.

multicellular

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). pollen cone microspores sporophyte microsporangia pollen nuclei

sporophyte pollen cone microsporangia microspores pollen nuclei

This is a pac-man type structure that is full of brown round structures. Its back has a structure that allows it to open and snap shut which flings the brown structures away from the plant. This structure is best described as a________ and is found on _______ .

sporangium, fern sporophytes