ch 28 practice quiz
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
Which of the following statements about the replication of a viral genome is true? The genome is replicated and transcribed during lysogenic growth The genome is replicated and transcribed during both lytic and lysogenic growth The genome is integrated into the host chromosome and transcribed during lytic growth The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth
The genome is integrated into the host chromosome during lysogenic growth
Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atomosphere
Gymnosperms tend to live in even-aged stands. Why?
They regnerate after forest fires
Virulence is defined as the _____________.
ability to cause disease
The function of flower petals is to___________.
aid in attracting a pollinator
Name one advantage of seeds over spores.
aid in disperal allow for prolonged dormancy resist desiccation
t/f In bryophytes sperm must have water to swim from the archegonia to the antheridia.
false
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and a sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_________.
ferns
The resistance of a population to an attack by a disease because most members are immune (because of vaccination or exposure) is called
herd immunity
A plant that has both microspores and megaspores is
heterosporous
Which of the following are characteristics of typcial DNA viruses? Fast evolution Small genome Large genome Rapid reproduction
large genome
Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants, but not charophytes (which are green algae)? chlorophyll a cellulose chlorophyll b Lignin Sporopollenin
lignin
Which of the following flower parts develops into a fruit?
ovary
The viruses are considered extinct or nearly extinct:
polio and small pox
Which of the following plant adaptations enables sexual reproduction without the requirement for external water? flagellated sperm trachids and phloem endosperm pollen tube cuticle
pollen tube
An angiosperm seed has an endosperm. The endosperm is _______.
3N
Corn, which is also called maize, is pictured below. Its male flowers are found in the tassel at the top of the plant and the female flowers are found the ear. Corn is which of the following type of plant? A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers A dioecious plant with perfect flowers A dioecious plant with imperfect flowers A monoecious plant with perfect flowers
A monoecious plant with imperfect flowers
In bryophytes, which structure produces sperm?
Antheridia
What adaptation reduce the dependence of seed plants on water for fertilization?
Pollen grains
True or False: Angiosperm flowers contain an archegonium.
false
True or False: Double fertilization refers to the union of the gametes and spores.
false
A population of viruses with similar characteristics is called a__________.
strain
Which of the following flower structures are considered female? filament Style anther sepal Ovary Stigma Stamen
style stigma ovary
True or False: A plant can have perfect flowers and be monecious.
true
Name one characteristic of a virus.
very very small use other cells for energy (ATP) use other cells to replicate have multiple origins
In the lysogenic cycle_________.
viral DNA is replicated along with the host's DNA
Which virus lineage is most diverse (i.e. contains the largest number of putative species or strains)?
Double-stranded RNA viruses
Name a disease that evolves quickly and therefore it is difficult to develop a vaccine for.
common cold OR HIV
You find a green organism in a pond near your house. This mystery organism is most likely a plant, and not an alga, if it______.
is surrounded by a cuticle
True or False: All seed plants are heterosporous
true
True or False: Chicken pox is a DNA virus
true
True or False: Ebola, which resides in wild animals but reemerges in humans periodically, is considered a zoonotic disease.
true
True or False: Plant gametangia are multicellular.
true
True or False: Plants consume sugar to carryout life's processes and, therefore, respire CO2 into the air
true
True or False: The DNA in viruses can be single-stranded or double-stranded.
true
Xylem transports materials __________ and phloem transports materials ________.
up, down
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
Archegonia may contain ______________ ____________.
sporophyte embryos
In the process of alternation of generations, the ___________.
sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
Which of these are spore-producing structures? antheridium of a moss or fern archegonium of a moss or fern gametophyte of a moss sporophyte of a fern
sporophyte of a fern
Which of the following structures in a flower are considered male? Ovary Stigma Stamen Filament Sepal Anther
stamen filament anther
The virus genome and viral proteins are assembled in virions (virus particles) during ________.
the lytic cycle only
Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests____________.
there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats
The small pox vaccination effort was helped by the fact that
there was only one strain of small pox
Which of the following means of viral transfer requires a virus to be adapted to desiccation?
through the air
List one way viruses transfer between hosts.
through the air sexual contact via a vector (mosquito) oral to fecal transfer
The following are advantages of a multicellular diploid generation EXCEPT: Many genetically variable haploid spores Dependence on water Wide dispersal More spores, therefore more gametophytes Increase in fitness
Dependence on water
Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?
A large number of phages are released at a time
Which of the following is a trend in the history of land plants? Reduced dependence on pollinators Increasing reliance on water to bring the sperm and egg together A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle A decrease in diversity of flowering plants Reduction in the size of the sporophyte phase
A reduction in the size of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle
Name one challenge plants faced when moving onto land from their original habitat in water.
Dessication Spatial separation from mineral resources No support for body Reproduction without water
Place these groups of plants in order of species diversity from most diverse to least diverse Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants Angiosperms Seedless non-vascular plants
Angiosperms Seedless non-vascular plants Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms
____________ are the closest protist relative of land plants.
Charophyceans
Of the groups listed, which is the closest relative to land plants? Rhodophyta, because both have cellulose cell walls Archaea, because both are autotrophic Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade Euglenozoa, because both have green chloroplasts Oomycetes because both have cellulose in their cell walls
Charophyceans, because phylogentic analysis of DNA sequences supports this clade
Which of the following is TRUE of the pine life cycle? Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants The pine tree is a gametophyte Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes
RNA and DNA viruses differ in several ways. Which of the following choices accurately compares these two types of viruses? DNA viruses have more metabolic capacity than RNA viruses RNA viruses lack a plasma membrane, but DNA viruses have a plasma membrane DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses RNA viruses can carry out transcription independently RNA and DNA viruses have similar genome sizes
DNA viruses tend to evolve more slowly than RNA viruses
Which of the following statements about emerging viruses is true? Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement Emerging viruses do not lead to new diseases Emerging viruses arise only by switching host species The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) do not track emerging disease because they are more concerned with individual patient recovery.
Emerging viruses can arise by switching host species or by genome arrangement
How do enveloped viruses differ from non-enveloped viruses?
Enveloped viruses have a membrane-like outer covering, whereas non-enveloped viruses do not
Name one advantage to colonizing land.
Few pathogens (at least at first) sunlight not filtered by water abundant CO2 (not dissolved in water) Access to mineral soil
Which of the following best describes why there is currently no vaccine for HIV? Not enough researchers are studying HIV HIV contains no antigenic proteins in its envelope so no antibodies can be produced to attack them HIV evolves very rapidly HIV is a retrovirus
HIV evolves very rapidly
Which of the following is one of the two most urgent tasks that public officials first undertake to prevent an outbreak from becoming an epidemic? Determine a medical treatment Identify the causative agent Determine the number of individuals who will most likely be infected before the outbreak subsides Devise a way to halt transmission of the disease
Identify the causative agent
What is TRUE about the genus Sphagnum? It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide It accumulates to form coal that is burned as fuel It is used by gardeners as fertilizer It is an economically important liverwort It grows extensive mats in grasslands
It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide
Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? It undergoes alternation of generations It lacks gametangia It produces seeds It retains its fertilized egg within its archaegonium It produces gametes by mitosis rather than meiosis
It lacks gametangia
Describe one aspect of gymnosperm ecology.
Many species tolerate cold and dry conditions Some species need wildfire to reproduce Live in large areas of low diversity
Plants faced challenges moving onto land, name one
Movement of nutrients from soil to tissues Loss of water to atmosphere Support for areal tissues Reproduction in a dry environment
Name one characteristic that viral classification is based on
Nature of genetic material (DNA, RNA, single-stranded, double-stranded) symptoms morphology host
Plants get what resource from the soil?
Nutrients
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Ovule
Plants use what type of metabolism?
Photoautotrophy
What essential ecosystem service is provided by land plants?
Plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis
Name the hypothesis of viral origin where a virus assembles from organic molecules in the primordial soup?
RNA world
All land plants have a life cycle featuring alternation of generations. Which of the following statements is true regarding the similarities or differences in roles played by the following life-cycle stages, all of which are visible to the naked eye and commonly seen in nature: pine trees, leafy ferns, beds of mosses, and a flowering rose bush?
Rose bushes, ferns and pine trees produce spores. The commonly visible stage of mosses releases gametes
Which one of the following is a characteristic of RNA viruses? Slow evolution Large genome Slow replication Small genome
Small genome
Plants must take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, but the waxy substance that covers the plant to prevent water loss also prevents the exchange of gases. What structures found in modern plant circumvent this problem?
Stomata
Which of the following supports the argument that viruses are NON-living? They have RNA rather than DNA They are not cellular They do not evolve They lack genetic material Their DNA does not encode proteins
They are not cellular
Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements support this hypothesis? The wind speed was much greater at that time than it is now, restricting the height of the first land plants. The low, sprawling growth increased the surface area of the first land plants, providing them with additional light for photosynthesis Low, sprawling growth protected the first land plants from herbivores To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil
To obtain water, the first land plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil
Which of the following statements best describes the action of vaccines? A vaccine is given once an individual has been infected, which causes competition with the infecting virus. Vaccines are always made from attenuated viruses A vaccine boosts the overall activity of the immune system, making it better able to fight off all pathogens Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus
Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system cells and "prime" the immune system for a subsequent infection with a particular virus
Which of the following statements concerning virus entry into all cells is true? Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells Viruses always enter cells through mechanical disruption, such as that caused by a sucking insect Viruses always recognize particular cell surface molecules that allow them to enter cells. Viruses always release an enzyme called a lysozyme that degrades the cell wall
Viruses must always bypass both the cell membrane and cell wall (if present) that allow them to enter the cells
Put these vascular tissues into order based on their appearance in evolutionary time. Vessel elements Tracheids Water conducting cells lined with cellulose Water conducting cells lined with lignin
Water conducting cells lined with cellulose Water conducting cells lined with lignin Tracheids Vessel elements
In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from ______________________.
a spore
In alternation of generations the gametophyte arises from ______________________. a gamete an egg the sporophyte a zygote a sperm a spore
a spore
In alternation of generations the sporophyte arises from __________________.
a zygote
Name an advantage for Alternation of Generations in plants
allows for more outcrossing because both spores and gametes can move
A plant's stem cells occur in which tissue?
apical meristem
The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of the seed is primarily an adaption for dispersal rather than an adaption for infecting host plant tissues? It should________.
be nutritious to the dispersing organism
If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it____________.
belongs to a species that is homosporous
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
by facilitating the dispersal of seeds
Name the hypothesis of viral origin where a organelle escapes a cell to become a virus?
degeneration
In alternation of generations the sporophyte is
diploid
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? free-living gametophytes carpels that contain microsporangia ovules that do not contain ovaries double internal fertilization complete reliance on the wind as a pollinating agent
double internal fertilization
Which of the following should have gene sequences most similar to the charophaceans? early lycophyte early bryophytes early gymnosperms early pterophytes early angiosperms
early bryophytes
True or False: A fruit is a mature ovule
false
True or False: Angiosperm means "naked seed".
false
True or False: Bryophytes are heterosporus
false
True or False: Chicken pox is a RNA virus.
false
True or False: Gymnosperms have seeds and fruits.
false
True or False: In eukaryotes, gametes are always produced by meiosis.
false
True or False: The common cold is a DNA virus.
false
True or False: Viruses are thought to have a single evolutionary origin
false
True or False: Zoonotic disease are restricted to a single species of animals
false
True or false: Pollination is the same as fertilization.
false
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? sperm cells without flagella dominant gametophytes fruits enclosing the seeds wind pollination embryos enclosed in seed coats
fruits enclosing the seeds
This small, green, heart-shaped structure is a member of the phylum Pteridophyta and it produces
gametes by mitosis
The viral ____________ can be DNA or RNA.
genome
Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of a viral infection in humans? drinking lots of orange juice taking vitamins taking antibiotics taking drugs that inhibit transcription getting vaccinated
getting vaccinated
Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae?
growing independently on dry rock in meadows
In alternation of generations the spore is
haploid
in plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? diploid spores haploid spores haploid gametes haploid sporophytes diploid gametes
haploid spores
The following organisms are bryophytes, EXCEPT mosses hornworts lycopyta liverworts
lycopyta
The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does this generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
mitosis
The phrase "Alternation of Generations" refers to sexual life cycles that alternate between haploid (N) and diploid (2N) conditions, but only when both stages are_________.
multicellular
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). pollen cone microspores sporophyte microsporangia pollen nuclei
sporophyte pollen cone microsporangia microspores pollen nuclei
This is a pac-man type structure that is full of brown round structures. Its back has a structure that allows it to open and snap shut which flings the brown structures away from the plant. This structure is best described as a________ and is found on _______ .
sporangium, fern sporophytes