Ch. 4 Reading

Task involved

An athlete's main purposes are to gain skill, to exhibit effort, to perform at one's best, and to experience personal improvement.

Ego involved

Athletes are preoccupied with the adequacy of their ability and the demonstration of superior competence compared to others.

Identify the basic needs of satisfaction required for engaging in sport in the context of research conducted by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan. (Check all that apply.)

Autonomy; Connectedness; Competency

_____ refers to how able we think we are.

Competence

Kim is a professional lacrosse player who plays the game for external reasons. She plays for the monetary benefits and not on her own free will. What type of motivation does Kim display?

External regulation

True or false: Achievement goal frameworks are independent of goal perspectives.

False

True or false: It is likely that athletes would be able to sustain high levels of motivation and commitment throughout their careers if they did not have high levels of intrinsic motivation for engaging in their sport.

False

According to research, identify an accurate statement about goals for athletes.

Goals should always be set in a realistic manner.

Which of the following are linked to an ego-avoidance perspective on sport achievement? (Check all that apply.)

Greater fear of failure; Stronger beliefs that sport ability is fixed

Which of the following factors has been linked to task avoidance goals?

High level of self-handicapping

Harry is a baseball coach who strives to create an environment in which learning, skill development, and personal growth are emphasized rather than just talent or winning. What are the characteristics this type of environment is likely to have? (Check all that apply.)

Higher levels of moral functioning; Greater levels of perceived competence; More adaptive coaching strategies

Controlling coach

Intimidate their athletes, run their team in an autocratic fashion, and use extrinsic rewards to control the behavior of the players on their team

Identify an accurate statement about an athlete who engages in self-handicapping behavior.

It allows the athlete to save face in front of others.

Identify true statements about the ego-avoidance perspective on sport achievement. (Check all that apply.)

It is linked to greater levels of amotivation.; It is linked to a lower level of intrinsic motivation.

Identified regulation

June is a fitness coach out of free will because the job pays well.

Which of the following have been found to correspond positively to task approach goals? (Check all that apply.)

Life satisfaction; Self-esteem

Which of the following athletes is most likely to question his or her level of competence in sport?

Maria, a tennis player, who is primarily concerned about how she is performing compared to other players

Ego-oriented motivational climate

Michael tells his athletes to focus on winning and favors the high-expectancy players.

External regulation

Rohan plays cricket to satisfy an external demand or need.

Task-oriented motivational climate

Rupert focuses on his athletes' learning the skills and enjoying themselves.

Autonomy supportive coach

Solicit their athletes' input, provide a rationale for their requests, and downplay the potential motivating impact of extrinsic rewards

Identify an accurate statement about high-ego orientation.

When coupled with low task orientation, it will put an athlete at a great risk of feeling incompetent.

When are extrinsic rewards most detrimental to intrinsic motivation?

When they take away an athlete's sense of self-determination

A task (or mastery) _______ goal centers on the avoidance of demonstrating self-referenced incompetence.

avoidance

In the context of research conducted by Deci and Ryan, the term _____ refers to viewing relationships with important individuals as being supportive and respectful.

connected

A difference between an autonomy supportive coach and a controlling coach is that autonomy supportive coaches _____.

display care and respect for their athletes

In a(n) _____ orientation, an athlete would be most concerned about not revealing his or her inferiority.

ego-avoidance

Perceptions of a task-involving coach-involved environment usually corresponds to greater _____.

enjoyment

A difference between task involved goal orientation and ego involved goal orientation is that in an ego involved orientation, high ability is demonstrated by _____.

exceeding the performance of others

If an athlete is training or performing in an ego-involved motivational climate, the athlete will usually have _____ when compared to an athlete in a task-involved motivational climate.

greater performance-related worry

An accurate statement about extrinsic rewards is that they _____.

have a controlling aspect, and are used to control athletes; should be used sparingly so that athletes do not construct a behavior—reward contingency

Individuals who possess a high task orientation and a high ego orientation _____.

have the flexibility of focusing on either task or ego goals at separate times

Valentina is a professional hockey player. When she started playing, she was called "untalented". However, owing to extensive amount of time spent on training over the years and her undying love for the game, Valentina has managed to prove many of her critics wrong and has shown that the right amount of effort can lead to success. In the context of goal orientation, Valentina is likely to _____.

have used adaptive learning strategies

An athlete is said to be in the state of _____ when he or she participates in an activity for its own sake and because he or she personally chooses to do so.

intrinsic motivation

The general assumption is that having a high ego orientation _____.

is necessary for an athlete to succeed in elite level competitions

When an athlete, who believes that ability is an important determinant of success, is questioning his or her ability, the athlete _____.

is usually not committed to long-term training

An accurate statement about intrinsic motivation is that _____.

it is the quintessential state of self determination

An environment that can make it more or less likely that a particular goal state is manifested in training or competition is known as a(n)

motivational climate

In the context of sports, an accurate statement about intrinsic motivation is that athletes who are intrinsically motivated, _____.

play the sport for the continuous learning it offers

Research has found a positive relationship between autonomous motivation and higher levels of _____.

psychological well-being

In an ego-involved motivational climate, athletes are likely to _____.

question their overall worth as human beings

Brian is a mixed martial arts (MMA) competitor. He is motivated by the desire to win, and he believes that success can only be a product of skill. In the context of goal orientation, Brian is likely to _____.

reach his potential only after years of training

An accurate statement about the motivational climate is that it _____.

reinforces the goals of an athlete positively

Research has found that having a task-involved goal orientation is _____.

related to positive motivational outcomes

In the context of the effects of performance based on an athlete's perception of competency, an athlete's expectation of looking incompetent can _____.

result in a lack of trying when failure is imminent

A characteristic of the _____ is that it examines how various types of motivation lead to different outcomes.

self-determination theory

The theory that distinguishes between behaviors that individuals perform freely or autonomously and those that they pursue for more or less extrinsic or controlled reasons is known as the _____.

self-determination theory

When an athlete, who is concerned about not performing well in a particular sport, sets the stage to provide an excuse or scapegoat for failure and attributes the failure to these factors rather than any inadequacy in personal ability, _____ is said to be evident.

self-handicapping behavior

When the motivational focus is on the quality of motivation, it has been found that having a high-task or high-ego orientation is _____.

similar to having a low-task or high-ego orientation

In addition to coaches, interventions designed to enhance motivation of youth players should _____.

target the attitudes and behaviors of the parents

A(n) _____ goal entails a focus on the development of personal competence and realization of task mastery.

task (or mastery) approach

Martinez is a baseball player who considers himself to be phenomenal. He is predominantly concerned with winning, making money, and showcasing his superiority over other players, and he believes that athletic ability is a "gift". When he ends up in a situation where failure is imminent, it is highly likely that _____.

the fear of failure and embarrassment will make him question his level of competence

In a task-involved motivational climate, it is seen that _____.

there is a high degree of cooperation among team members

An athlete who selects an extremely easy sport to participate in due to the fear of appearing incompetent will _____.

usually be unable to develop a variety of sport skills to the maximum

According to Nicholls (1989), the central assumption in the elaboration of the two-goal model of achievement goals is that the ego-avoidance approach _____.

would be coupled with negative motivational outcomes

In the context of sport, it is important to have the belief that one's level of physical ability is changeable because athletes _____.

would not be committed to long-term training if they believed otherwise

Introjected regulation

Vladimir plays hockey because he feels that he is compelled to do so.

Identify an accurate statement about motivation.

The quality of motivation is as important as the quantity of motivation.

True or false: In the context of youth athletes, by making certain types of goals and performance feedback salient, a parent can influence young athletes' views about themselves, perceptions of the sport activity per se, and the criteria they use to evaluate success and failure.

True

Athletes who have no sense of personal control with respect to their sport engagement, and have no extrinsic (or intrinsic) reasons for doing the activity are said to be characterized by _____.

amotivation

Jackson, a basketball player, has no extrinsic or intrinsic reason for playing basketball. He has no idea why he plays the sport. In this scenario, Jackson would be characterized by _____.

amotivation

A characteristic of individuals possessing high levels of ego goal orientation is that they _____.

are more likely to be anxious in nature

A fundamental tenet of self-determination theory is that _____ is quality motivation.

autonomous motivation

Robert is a top-level badminton player. He performs well when he faces another top-level player but tends to perform in a sluggish manner against weaker opposition. In this case, his motivation is derived from variability in _____.

behavioral patterns