Ch 45 study guide

Fracture Healing stages

1Hematoma formation 2Granulation tissue 3callus formation 4osteiblast proliferation 5consolidation and bine remideling

Bilateral long leg hip spica cast

A cast that encases the trunk plus two extremities; used for fractures of the femur, acetabulum, or pelvis

Bodyjacket cast

A cast that encircles the trunk; used for stable spine injuries of thoracic or lumbar spine

Long arm cast

A cast used for breaks in the forearm ,elbow, or humerus

Long leg cast

A cast used for fracture of the distal femur, knee, or lower leg

Traction

A pulling force on a fractured extremity to provide alignment of the bro- ken bone fragments

Crutchfield traction

A type of traction in which tongs are inserted into either side of the skull

Buck traction

A type of traction used for hip and knee contractures, muscle spasms, and alignment of hip fractures

Crutchfield traction

A type of traction used for immobi- lization of fractures of the cervical vertebrae

Bruising (ecchymosis)

Caused by subcutaneous bleeding

Fat embolism

Condition in which fat globules are released from the marrow of the broken bone into the bloodstream, migrate to the lungs, and cause pulmonary edema

Swelling

Edema may appear rapidly from localization of serous fluid at the fracature site and extravasation of bloodinto adjacent tissues

Nonunion

Failure of a fracture to heal

Stress fracture

Fracture caused by either sudden force or prolonged stress

Incomplete fracture

Fracture in which the bone breaks only partially across, leaving some portion of the bone intact

Greenstick

Fracture in which the bone is broken on one side but only bent on the other; most common in children

Commuted fracture

Fracture in which the bone is broken or crushed into small pieces

Complete fracture

Fracture in which the break extends across the entire bone, dividing it into two separate pieces

Open or compound fracture

Fracture in which the fragments of the broken bone break through the skin

Crepitus

Grating sensations or sounds felte heard if the injured part is moved; results from broken bone ends rubbing together

Delayed union

Healing of fracture does not occur in the normally expected time

Muscle spasm

Involuntary muscle contraction near the fracture

Closed reduction or manupilation

Nonsurgical realignment of the bones to their previous anatomic position; be done before using traction, may angulation, rotation, or a combination of these

Tenderness

Occurs over fracture site due to underlying injuries

Fixation

Procedure done during the open reduction surgical procedure to attach the fragments of the broken bone together when reduction alone is not feasible

Bone remodeling

Process in which immature bone cells are gradually replaced by mature bone cells

Reduction

Process of bringing the ends of the broken bone into proper alignment

Hypovolemic shock

Results from blood loss or other inin ries

Impaired sensation (numbness)

Results from nerve damage

Compartment stmdrome

Serious complication of a fracture caused by internal or external pressure on the affected area, resulting in decreased blood flow, pain, and tissue damage

Pain

Severe at the time of injury; following injury, this symptom may result from muscle spasm or damage to adjacent structures

Deformity

Strong muscle pull may cause bone fragments to override

Open reduction

Surgical procedure in which an inci- sion is made at the fracture site, usually on patients with open (com-pound) or comminuted fractures, to clean the area of fragments and debris

Skeleton traction

Traction applied directly to a bone

Malunion

Unsatisfactory alignment of bone; results in external deformity and dysfunction

Short arm cast

Used for fracture of the hand or wrist

Long leg cast

Used for injury to the knee or knee dislocation

12. What are the purposes of traction? Select all that apply.

t. 1. Prevent or correct deformity 2. Decrease muscle spasm 3. Promote rest 4.Maintain the position of the diseased or injured part