Ch 45 study guide
Fracture Healing stages
1Hematoma formation 2Granulation tissue 3callus formation 4osteiblast proliferation 5consolidation and bine remideling
Bilateral long leg hip spica cast
A cast that encases the trunk plus two extremities; used for fractures of the femur, acetabulum, or pelvis
Bodyjacket cast
A cast that encircles the trunk; used for stable spine injuries of thoracic or lumbar spine
Long arm cast
A cast used for breaks in the forearm ,elbow, or humerus
Long leg cast
A cast used for fracture of the distal femur, knee, or lower leg
Traction
A pulling force on a fractured extremity to provide alignment of the bro- ken bone fragments
Crutchfield traction
A type of traction in which tongs are inserted into either side of the skull
Buck traction
A type of traction used for hip and knee contractures, muscle spasms, and alignment of hip fractures
Crutchfield traction
A type of traction used for immobi- lization of fractures of the cervical vertebrae
Bruising (ecchymosis)
Caused by subcutaneous bleeding
Fat embolism
Condition in which fat globules are released from the marrow of the broken bone into the bloodstream, migrate to the lungs, and cause pulmonary edema
Swelling
Edema may appear rapidly from localization of serous fluid at the fracature site and extravasation of bloodinto adjacent tissues
Nonunion
Failure of a fracture to heal
Stress fracture
Fracture caused by either sudden force or prolonged stress
Incomplete fracture
Fracture in which the bone breaks only partially across, leaving some portion of the bone intact
Greenstick
Fracture in which the bone is broken on one side but only bent on the other; most common in children
Commuted fracture
Fracture in which the bone is broken or crushed into small pieces
Complete fracture
Fracture in which the break extends across the entire bone, dividing it into two separate pieces
Open or compound fracture
Fracture in which the fragments of the broken bone break through the skin
Crepitus
Grating sensations or sounds felte heard if the injured part is moved; results from broken bone ends rubbing together
Delayed union
Healing of fracture does not occur in the normally expected time
Muscle spasm
Involuntary muscle contraction near the fracture
Closed reduction or manupilation
Nonsurgical realignment of the bones to their previous anatomic position; be done before using traction, may angulation, rotation, or a combination of these
Tenderness
Occurs over fracture site due to underlying injuries
Fixation
Procedure done during the open reduction surgical procedure to attach the fragments of the broken bone together when reduction alone is not feasible
Bone remodeling
Process in which immature bone cells are gradually replaced by mature bone cells
Reduction
Process of bringing the ends of the broken bone into proper alignment
Hypovolemic shock
Results from blood loss or other inin ries
Impaired sensation (numbness)
Results from nerve damage
Compartment stmdrome
Serious complication of a fracture caused by internal or external pressure on the affected area, resulting in decreased blood flow, pain, and tissue damage
Pain
Severe at the time of injury; following injury, this symptom may result from muscle spasm or damage to adjacent structures
Deformity
Strong muscle pull may cause bone fragments to override
Open reduction
Surgical procedure in which an inci- sion is made at the fracture site, usually on patients with open (com-pound) or comminuted fractures, to clean the area of fragments and debris
Skeleton traction
Traction applied directly to a bone
Malunion
Unsatisfactory alignment of bone; results in external deformity and dysfunction
Short arm cast
Used for fracture of the hand or wrist
Long leg cast
Used for injury to the knee or knee dislocation
12. What are the purposes of traction? Select all that apply.
t. 1. Prevent or correct deformity 2. Decrease muscle spasm 3. Promote rest 4.Maintain the position of the diseased or injured part