ch 5 psych launchpad questions

Habitual coffee drinkers, such as Don and Sandy, often acquire a classically conditioned response (CR) to the smell, sight, or taste of coffee. Even after drinking a cup or two of decaffeinated coffee, which is missing the active ingredient caffeine, they experience increased arousal and alertness. In this example, the smell, taste, and sight of the decaffeinated coffee is the _____ and the response to the decaffeinated coffee is called _____.

.conditioned stimulus; a placebo response

Which is NOT an example of learning?

A baby reflexively pulls back her hand when it is exposed to a hot burner.

Which scenario is NOT an example of positive punishment?

A child's mother places him in "time out" every time he calls his brother "stupid."

While his exhausted mother was taking a nap, four-year-old Dennis decided to help her out by doing the laundry. He dragged a stool over to the washing machine, stuffed clothes into it, turned it on, and dumped a box of detergent on top of the clothes as he has seen his mother wash the clothes before. Which psychologist and which learning theory could BEST explain Dennis's behavior?

Albert Bandura; observational learning

Which example is consistent with Albert Bandura's observational learning theory that predicts that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors?

George's mother eats salad almost every day, so George begins asking to eat salad.

Harvey, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

According to operant conditioning principles, which would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Her parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

Nichole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nichole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nichole's behavior?

She would act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite.

A group of kindergarten students were in class listening to their teacher when suddenly they saw a snake on the floor. Immediately, all of the students ran to the opposite side of the classroom away from the snake. All the students seemed to have a fear of snakes, despite never having encountered one before. What concept discussed in this chapter might account for these responses?

biological preparedness

Shannon hears a strange rustling noise when she walks in a forest and then sees a black bear in the clearing. She feels terror but escapes without injury. Now when she walks in the woods, when she hears a rustling noise she instantly feels fear. This BEST illustrates:

classical conditioning.

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

classical; John B. Watson

Rosetta is conducting an experiment in which the conditioned stimulus is serving as a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus. Rosetta's use of this classically conditioned technique is consistent with the _____ perspective.

cognitive

Dinah always wears her sunglasses on her head so that she can put them on anytime the sun gets in her eyes. This example illustrates _____ behavior and _____ reinforcement.

escape; negative

GerI puts up her umbrella soon after it starts to rain to prevent her clothes from getting any wetter. This example illustrates _____ behavior and _____ reinforcement.

escape; negative

Dr. Michael supports the notion that an animal's natural behavioral patterns and unique characteristics can influence what it is capable of learning. Dr. Michael's views conform to the _____ perspective.

evolutionary

In Jen's experiment, a rat must push a lever to get a reward. If the rat is successful, it gets a piece of chocolate every 2 minutes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

The recipe says sugar cookies must bake for 12 minutes. Following this direction to determine when to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. You read on further to find that the card may not be such a great offer after all. You can earn a $500 airline ticket only after you acquire 25,000 air miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every ten pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after ten minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

Your friend Pedro has trained his dog to salivate every time he rings a bell because the dog associates getting to eat with hearing the bell. Pedro then decides to pair a light with the bell, eventually removing the bell, and now his dog salivates when he sees only the light. Pedro has just succeeded at a procedure known as:

higher order conditioning.

Jody has begun to see a counselor for anger problems that are interrupting his ability to have healthy relationships. He believes that his anger problems are inherited because both his father and grandfather had the same type of anger problems. If John B. Watson were Jody's counselor, he would likely tell him that:

his anger is the result of conditioning and learning.

Chey is taking a psychology class that involves classically conditioning two groups of rats, using a tone (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 1, and using a taste (CS) followed by a shock (UCS) for group 2. When asked what she is examining, she answers that she's looking at:

how biological preparedness affects learning through classical conditioning.

As part of an experiment Lamarr is doing in behavioral psychology class, he is instructed to allow rats to explore a maze for a number of trials with no food or other type of reinforcement. When he then introduces food into the goal boxes, he finds that the rats are quickly able to find the food with few, if any, errors. Lamarr has just demonstrated proof of the phenomenon known as:

latent learning.

A wellness program is being instituted at the local community center, and this week it is focusing on people who struggle with depression. According to Seligman's work on _____, depression is often connected to the idea that adverse events are inescapable and uncontrollable.

learned helplessness

Henrietta is a sophomore who has barely maintained a C average in college. Henrietta finds herself panicking when she sits down to take an exam because, after so many defeats on exams, she is always convinced she is going to fail one more time. Fearing failure, she tends to take a passive attitude toward the exam rather than avail herself of the knowledge and resources she has acquired. Henrietta is exhibiting a type of:

learned helplessness.

Mr. Kalsi's new portable air conditioner came with an instructional video showing the step-by-step procedure for installation and operation of the unit. After carefully watching the video, Mr. Kalsi was successful in setting up and operating the unit. This example illustrates the type of learning called:

observational learning.

James receives a grade of "A," and his teacher verbally praises him for his performance on this assignment. James begins to increase the time he studies math. This example illustrates:

positive reinforcement.

After studying very hard last semester, Sasha got very good grades in all her courses. She felt proud of herself, a very good feeling. This semester, Sasha is once again studying very hard. It appears that good grades are _____ for Sasha's studying behavior.

positive reinforcers

At dinner one night, Amanda created a disturbance by using her spoon as a drumstick on her plate. Her mother told her that she would get no dessert if she persisted with her unruly behavior. Amanda soon stopped the banging. This example illustrates:

punishment by removal.

Based on Bandura's observational learning paradigm, the nonprofit group Population Communications International has developed "entertainment-education programs" designed to model better attitudes and behavior for youngsters. These highly popular dramas are NOT designed to help the viewer:

reduce the likelihood of carrying out the behavior being modeled.

Four-year-old Cameron notices that every time his baby brother cries, his mother picks the baby up and holds him. Cameron quickly learns that if he also cries he will get his mother to pay attention to him. Cameron's behavior resembles the choices made in the Bobo doll experiments, in that his brother's behavior is _____, and therefore Cameron is more likely to _____ it.

reinforced; imitate

About five hours after Dr. Sheckenov had successfully extinguished a dog's classically conditioned response of salivating to the sound of a bell, she discovered that the dog once again salivated in the presence of the bell. This example illustrates the phenomenon of:

spontaneous recovery.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Darcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness illustrates:

spontaneous recovery.

Nathan had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. After the chemotherapy, he associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he has to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he becomes nauseous while in the waiting room with her. Nathan's nausea BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery.

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs. However, he will pet cats. Walter petting cats illustrates:

stimulus discrimination.

Sally has come to associate her parents with discipline and thus responds to her parents approaching her to talk in a negative way. Soon, she comes to respond to all adults in this way, even those she does not know. What learning principle may fit this phenomenon?

stimulus generalization

When Anna was 3 years old, her aunt's pet parakeet landed on her head and pecked at her scalp, hurting her. Following this incident, Anna was afraid of the parakeet. Over time, Anna has become afraid of anything that flies, including butterflies, large flying insects, and wild birds. This example illustrates the phenomenon of:

stimulus generalization

Marlee was assaulted by a man wearing a strong cologne. Several months afterwards, she is in a department store and begins to feel very anxious but has no idea why. Later, she realizes she was near the men's cologne section. Based on her knowledge of classical conditioning, she can now understand her reaction and she feels less upset by it. Marlee realized she had experienced:

stimulus generalization.

After a hard day at work, Juliette decided to treat herself to a nice warm cup of hot chocolate. Immediately after taking her first sip, she realized that the milk was spoiled and threw her hot chocolate out. She became nauseous as a result and could not eat for the rest of the night. Based on the phenomenon of classical conditioning, Juliette is apt to develop:

taste aversion.

Misha met her first boyfriend when she was working a summer job as a lifeguard. Years later, when she smells the distinctive smell of saltwater, sand, and the sunscreen he used to wear, she still feels a twinge of excitement, even butterflies, remembering their romance. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell of the ocean and sunscreen; excitement

To keep her young daughter from touching a hot stove, Mrs. Franklin loudly claps her hands every time her daughter Claire gets near the stove, frightening the child. Now, every time Claire gets too close to the stove, she feels afraid and moves away from it. According to the classical conditioning paradigm, the neutral stimulus in this scenario is _____, the unconditioned stimulus is _____, and the unconditioned response is _____.

the stove; the loud hand clap; fear

Which scenario BEST illustrates classical conditioning?

Rodin feels ill at the sight or smell of peanut butter because it once made him sick.

Bernice had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. During the year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her feel nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

an unconditioned stimulus.

Each time Casey's dog begs at the family dinner table, Casey sneaks her a piece of food. Whenever his father sees him do this he yells, "No Casey! If you occasionally feed her, she will come back more often." If B. F. Skinner overheard this conversation, he would _____ with Casey's father, based on the partial reinforcement effect, which states that partially reinforced behavior is _____ likely to persist.

agree; more

Every time Maggie's dog begs at the family dinner table, Maggie sneaks her a piece of food. Whenever her mother sees her do this, she yells, "No Maggie! If you occasionally feed her, she will come back more often." If B. F. Skinner were sitting at the table, he would _____ with Maggie's mother, based on the partial reinforcement effect, which states that partially reinforced behavior is _____ likely to persist.

agree; more

Three-year-old Owen has noticed that, every time his father hugs or kisses his mother, his mother smiles. Owen has started to hug his mother when he gets up in the morning and is pleased that he is able to generate such a big smile from her. Owen is exhibiting, in order, each of the four cognitive processes that Bandura suggests are necessary for imitation to occur, namely:

attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation.

Professor Aviv believes that the general principles of learning apply to mostly all learning situations and across all species. Professor Aviv likely supports the traditional _____ perspective.

behavioral

During a severe thunderstorm, Christopher was talking on a landline phone with his girlfriend when lightning struck the house and the electrical shock traveled through the telephone wire. Christopher received a strong shock and the fright of his life. Although he wasn't severely injured, he developed an intense fear of lightning and thunderstorms. However, Christopher did NOT develop a fear of telephones or his girlfriend. Which concept helps explain this fact?

biological preparedness

When standing at a crosswalk, people frequently start crossing the street in response to stimuli that reliably precede the walk sign. (In this case, cars stopping.) This is very similar to what process of learning?

classical conditioning

Georgia likes to make tuna fish sandwiches for lunch. She uses her electric can-opener and then usually gives the can with a few bits of tuna left inside to the cat as a treat. Georgia recently noticed that the cat comes running into the kitchen every time she uses her can opener to open anything, not just tuna fish. The cat's behavior when it hears the sound of the can opener is a result of:

classical conditioning.

Jonette is holding her 6-month old niece, Mischa, who is hungry and fussy. When Mischa's mother walks through the door, Jonette notices that Mischa begins to drool at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning uncovered by Pavlov's work with his dog subjects, Mischa's drool is a(n):

conditioned response.

Kaylin had morning sickness during her pregnancy and each time she entered the lobby of her building, the potpourri near the elevator added to her nausea. Now the baby is 3 months old, but when Kaylin stands by the elevator with the baby, she feels a wave of nausea. The nausea from the lobby is the:

conditioned response.

Dr. Ritz classically conditioned a dog to flex his hind leg at the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of a bell with a mild electric shock to the dog's leg. In this example, the ringing bell is the:

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Agnes has been unable to drive a motorcycle since being involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Every time she sees a motorcycle, her heart races and she begins to sweat. A person with knowledge of classical conditioning would be correct in saying that, for Agnes, the motorcycle is now a(n) _____, and the heart racing and sweating is the _____.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Each time Dr. Miller gets his paycheck, he uses a portion of the money to buy a nice dinner for his family. The money is a _____ reinforcer, and the dinner is a _____ reinforcer.

conditioned; primary

When Juanita gets paid, she uses her money to buy food to feed her family. For Juanita, money is a _____ reinforcer and food is a _____ reinforcer.

conditioned; primary

Baby Kate has learned that every time she cries her mother picks her up. Although only 6 months old, Kate has already successfully applied a basic learning principle called:

conditioning.

Toby's dog, Izzie, gets very excited when she sees her leash because she knows they are going for a walk. Today, Toby replaces Izzie's leash with a new one and brings it over to her to get ready to go outside. Toby is surprised because Izzie doesn't seem as excited as usual. This is MOST likely because Izzie has:

discriminated between the two leashes, noticing that they are different.

Keisha's husband comes home from a busy day at work with a tired and unhappy expression. Keisha then decides to delay mentioning some good news. The look from her spouse functioned in this situation as a:

discriminative stimulus.

Insights derived from the study of taste aversion have been used as a way to manipulate coyotes NOT to kill lambs on sheep ranches. The way in which taste aversion is conditioned in coyotes involves creating an association between:

eating the lambs and becoming severely nauseous.

Ivan conditioned his pet bloodhound, Karios, to drool every time the doorbell rang. After a few weeks, he got tired of mopping up the puddle of drool by his front door so he repeatedly rang the doorbell without pairing the sound with food. Eventually, the process of _____ occurred, and Karios stopped drooling every time the doorbell rang.

extinction

While swimming in a river near his home, Zack was attacked by an alligator. Now he has a classically conditioned fear of rivers and lakes. A behavioral psychologist is likely to suggest that his conditioned response can be weakened and may eventually disappear through a process called:

extinction.

Raj was vaccinated against tetanus by a nurse who was wearing a white lab coat. The shot hurt and frightened him. Later that day, his mother took him to a bakery where a lady in a white smock tried to hand him a cookie. Raj cried and hid behind his mother. When they got home, his mother took the same kind of cookie from a bag and offered it to him. To her surprise, Raj just cried and backed away. What had happened?

higher order conditioning

Michael is busy with a project. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes. However, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right away. In operant conditioning terms, what has Michael just done?

increased the likelihood his son will whine in the future

Zeno tried to train his potbellied pig to pick up the newspaper on the doorstep and bring it into the house. However, the pig pushed the paper with his snout into the garden, even though this behavior would NOT be rewarded. It appears that Zeno's attempt to operantly condition his pig has been subject to:

instinctive drift.

David routinely forgets the password to his computer. He posts a sticky note on his computer with a password clue so he can remember it. Eventually, David remembers his password by simply thinking of his clue and no longer needs his sticky note. This is an example of _____ behavior.

learned

Every time 13-year-old Joseph disobeys his mother, she withholds a portion of his allowance. Joseph's mother is utilizing the operant conditioning technique known as:

negative punishment.

Nannette's daughter Rachel threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her a 20-minute time-out during which Rachel could not play. This is an example of:

negative punishment.

Jake can make his sister Joy give him her toys or candy by whistling. Because she hates the sound so much, Joy will give Jake whatever he wants to make him stop. When Jake stops whistling, it is _____ for Joy.

negative reinforcement

After they had been watching Superman cartoons all morning, 5-year-old Kim and 6-year-old John, each using a beach towel as a cape, climbed on top of the garage roof and got ready to fly. Their startled mother stopped them in time and realized the powerful influence of _____ on behavior.

observational learning

Michaela decided to adopt a healthier set of eating habits and to start exercising as soon as she got married. Her decision was based on her knowledge that _____ will influence her spouse's habits as well.

observational learning

Charlotte is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse towards her mother. In her room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

Nate has come to learn that every time he does what his mother asks him to do, he will NOT have certain privileges taken from him. Nate's behavior is influenced by the expectation that he will not be punished if he listens to his mother. This means that Nate's mother has successfully instituted a form of _____ conditioning.

operant

Every time 3-year-old Franklin hits his younger brother, Franklin's mother picks up Franklin and firmly says, "No," giving him the attention that he wants. What Franklin's mother doesn't realize is that she is conforming to a fundamental behavioral principle of _____ by reinforcing her son's behavior when he hits his brother.

operant conditioning

Monica is a junior in high school. In order to increase the likelihood that she will get good grades, Monica's parents institute an incentive program in which they give her $25 for every "A" she receives on her report card. According to the principles of operant conditioning, Monica's increase in studying is called the _____, and the $75 she will eventually receive for 3 "A" grades is the _____.

operant response; positive reinforcer

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of a child, a therapist might squirt water in the child's face whenever he bites himself. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment.

Every time Andrew goofs off in class, his peers laugh. As a result, Andrew goofs off more and has developed a reputation as the "class clown." The laughing by Andrew's peers is considered to be a _____ stimulus.

positively reinforcing

Ricardo receives attention from his teacher in the form of a scolding every time he misbehaves. As a result, Ricardo misbehaves quite frequently. In this instance, it would appear that the teacher's scolding is a:

positively reinforcing stimulus.

Gabe got stuck in an elevator in a high-rise office building one morning. Now he refuses to enter an elevator. If "entering an elevator" is the operant, what type of consequence has altered Gabe's behavior?

punishment by application

Janet is trying to teach her 3-year-old how to dress himself. First she has him put on his pants by himself, and she gives him some M & Ms. The next day, she has him put on his pants and his shirt, and she gives him some M & Ms. By the end of the week, her son is dressing himself completely. Janet is making use of the principle of:

shaping.

If an animal can be trained to respond to one stimulus and not the other, you can conclude that:

stimulus discrimination is occurring.

Zane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. During the year of treatment, the waiting room started to make him feel nauseous. The waiting room became:

the conditioned stimulus.

Rachel is training her dog, Duke, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Duke bark automatically. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Duke to bark. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

the squeaking mouse

Jamal was in a car accident in the spring. There was a row of trees in bloom at the accident site. Now every spring when he sees those trees in bloom, he feels nauseous and anxious. This reaction is an example of the:

unconditioned response.

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US).

Since she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Service completion times are unpredictable, so she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.

variable-interval

Ever since Lacy got her new iPhone, she is often on the Internet and does not answer her phone. It is difficult for her sister to know when to call her, so she tries at random times. It appears that her phoning Lacy is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

variable-interval (VI)

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because both are based on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking that the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio