Ch 7 & 8 Exam Practice Questions
False
Moral judgment occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance. True False
False
Of the knowledge contained in organizations, 90 percent is explicit knowledge. True False
C
Differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of _____. A. intelligence B. age C. learning D. eagerness E. perseverance
True
Disposition-based trust depends on the trustor's propensity to trust. True False
False
Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. True False
True
Employees with higher levels of expertise may become more highly valued commodities on the job market, thereby reducing their levels of continuance commitment. True False
C
Extinction occurs when a(n): A. unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. B. unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. C. consequence following an unwanted behavior is removed. D. positive outcome follows a desired behavior. E. unwanted outcome follows a wanted behavior.
A
In new relationships, trust depends solely upon A. the trustor's propensity to trust. B. the benevolence of trustors. C. the integrity of the trustee. D. the ability of the trustee. E. feelings for the trustee.
True
Informational justice is fostered when authorities, truthfully and candidly, explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner. True False
False
Justice reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms. True False
False
Learning refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. True False
False
Negative reinforcement occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. True False
D
One model of attribution processes suggests that when people have a level of familiarity with the person being judged, they'll use a more detailed decision framework. According to this model, a person's behavior will be attributed to internal factors if there is: A. high consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency. B. low consensus, high distinctiveness, and high consistency. C. low consensus, low distinctiveness, and low consistency. D. low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency. E. high consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency.
True
The performance-avoid orientation is associated with high levels of anxiety and lower levels of learning. True False
B
Which of the following describes egoism that is used in the principled stage of moral development? A. An act is morally right if it allows the decision maker to lead a "good life" by adhering to virtues. B. An act is morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests. C. An act is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. D. An act is morally right if it fulfills the "categorical imperative." E. An act is morally right if it respects the natural rights of others, such as the right to life, liberty, etc.
E
Which of the following is characteristic of the preconventional stage of moral development? A. Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles. B. Concepts such as doing one's duty and maintaining the social order come to be valued for their own sakes. C. Right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society. D. People seek the approval of friends and family members, conforming to stereotypes about what's right. E. Relationships are based on self-interest, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.
E
Which of the following is true of explicit knowledge? A. It is what employees can learn only through experience. B. Most of the knowledge in a company occurs in this form. C. It cannot be communicated easily from person to person. D. It does not affect the performance of an employee. E. It is a large part of what companies teach in training sessions.
B
Which of the following questions is used to evaluate informational justice? A. Do authorities treat employees with sincerity? B. Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly? C. Are rewards allocated according to the proper norm? D. Do procedures consider the needs of all groups? E. Are procedures neutral and unbiased?
E
Which of the following explains the existence of a positive correlation between trust and organizational commitment? A. Trust results in the formation of relationships based on clearly defined economic exchanges. B. Trust causes relationships to be viewed as contractual agreements. C. Willingness to be vulnerable to authorities increases levels of task performance. D. Willingness to accept vulnerability changes the nature of the employee-employer relationship. E. Trusting an authority increases the likelihood of the development of an emotional bond.
E
Which of the following explains why the moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated? A. Learning seems less relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior. B. Higher levels of job knowledge are associated with slight increases in emotional attachment to the firm. C. Employees with higher levels of expertise become more highly valued commodities on the job market. D. It's difficult to fulfill one's job duties if the employee doesn't possess adequate levels of job knowledge. E. It's difficult to measure tacit knowledge, which is relevant to task performance, because of its unspoken nature.
A
Which of the following is a step in the bounded rationality decision-making process? A. Boil the problem down to something that is easily understood. B. Evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously. C. Pick the alternative that maximizes value. D. Use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. E. Develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.
D
Which of the following is characteristic of disposition-based trust? A) It is based on an authority's ability to be successful. B) It is based on the benevolence of an authority toward the trustor. C) It is based on the adherence of the trustee to values that the trustor finds acceptable. D) It is based on the general propensity of the trustor to trust others. E) It is based on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment.
D
Which of the following is characteristic of economic exchange relationships? A. They are based on vaguely defined obligations. B. They are based on obligations that are open ended. C. They are based on obligations that are long term in their repayment. D. They are based on exchanges resembling contractual agreements. E. They are based on exchanges characterized by mutual agreement.
A
Which of the following is characteristic of the conventional stage of moral development? A. Laws, rules, and orders that govern society are emphasized over time. B. Relationships are self-interested with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness. C. Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles. D. It is the stage where people begin their moral development. E. Right versus wrong is viewed in terms of the consequences of various actions.
E
Which of the following questions is used to evaluate procedural justice? A. Do authorities treat employees with sincerity? B. Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly? C. Are rewards allocated according to the proper norm? D. Do authorities refrain from improper remarks? E. Do authorities adhere to rules of fair process?
D
Which two forms of reinforcement deliver intended results without creating feelings of animosity and conflict? A. Positive reinforcement and punishment B. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement and extinction D. Positive reinforcement and extinction E. Negative reinforcement and punishment
C
_____ is a facet of social pressure that determines the moral intensity of an issue. A. Magnitude of consequences B. Probability of effect C. Proximity to those affected D. Temporal immediacy E. Concentration of effect
D
_____ is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations. A. Availability bias B. A stereotype C. Projection bias D. Selective perception E. Self-serving bias
B
_____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. A. Availability bias B. A stereotype C. Projection bias D. Selective perception E. Self-serving bias
D
_____ schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable interval D. Fixed ratio E. Variable ratio
