Ch. 8 history Reforming American Society

Court backs strikers

-1842, Massachusetts Supreme Court supported workers' right to strike in the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt. Chief Justice declared Boston's journeymen bootmakers could act in their own interests. -In 1860 there were barely 5,000 workers who were labor union members, but 20k or more participated in strikes.

Urban slavery (p.250)

-Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves -Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans -slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners -treat of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations

Women and Health reform (p.256)

-Elizabeth Blackwell (1st woman to graduate from medical school), opened NY Infimary for Women & Children. -in 1850s, Catharine Beecher surveyed women's health finding 3:1 sick to healthy women (women rarely bathed or exercised & corsets were so restrictive breathing sometimes difficult!) -Amelia Bloomer designed loose pants for women to wear under their skirts (many men outraged by women wearing pants).

Immigration increases (p.263)

-European immigration rose dramatically in the US between 1830 & 1860 -majority of immigrants were German or Irish -immigrants avoided the south because slavery limited their opportunities & because of bias against immigrants (esp. against Catholics) -German immigrants clustered in the upper Mississippi Valley & Ohio Valley

*Name two methods (William Lloyd) Garrison used to spread his anti-slavery ides (p. 249)

-Garrison, the most radical white abolitionist - started paper "The Liberator" in 1831 calling for immediate emancipation w/no payment to slave holders. -he also founded Anti-Slavery Society -he worked with David Walker, a free black abolishnist & author (which gave whites another reason to hate Garrison) & GARRISON ALSO WORKED WITH WOMEN.

Second Wave of Immigration (p.264)

-Irish immigrants settled in large cities in the East. -the great potato famine in Ireland killed ~ 1 million of the Irish people and drove over 1 million to America -Irish faced bitter prejudice because they were Catholic, poor; resented because they would work for low wages (so would become prey for employer who wanted to break strikes with cheap labor)

*Discuss two achievements made by Dorothea Dix - in regards to prison reform. (p.244)

-She got Massachusetts to improve conditions in reforms & convinced 9 southern states to set up public hospitals for the mentally ill. improve conditions for mentally ill (she had been horrified to discover jails often housed mentally ill people - SHE WANTED TO SEPARATE MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS FROM CRIMINALS. -Improved conditions in prisons by PUSHING REHABILITATION ON PRISONERS, treatment that might reform the sick or imprisoned person to a useful position in society.

Southern & Northern Free Blacks (p. 249)

-Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans -Northern free blacks given only lowest-paying jobs

*what was the Second Great Awakening (p.240) & how did the 2nd Great Awakening affect enslaved Africans in southern states?

-The 2nd Great Awakening was a 19th century RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT, which emphasized individual responsibility for seeking salvation & that persons could improve themselves & society. This religious movement INSPIRED REFORM MOVEMENTS, including women's rights, school reform, abolition (the movement to outlaw slavery) -it brought Christianity to enslaved African Americans. They worshiped in the same new Baptist & Methodist churches whites did. Though slaves in the South were segregated in the pews, they worshiped in the same churches, heard the same sermons,& sang the same hymns as slave owners (the slaves, however, interpreted the Christian message as a PROMISE OF FREEDOM).

*Who was Sojourner Truth & why was she historically significant? (p.258)

-WROTE AIN'T I A WOMAN (and narrative in Sojourner Truth: A Norther Slave) -her name was originally Isabella Baumfree, a slave for 30 years, until she escaped, took the name Sojourner Truth when she decided to sojourn (travel) throughout the country preaching, and later, arguing for abolition. She called for abolition and women's rights & suffrage (right to vote)

Virginia debate re slavery (p.252)

-after Turner's rebellion, some felt emancipation was necessary to prevent future rebellions - 1832, the State legislature was debating VA Governor Floyd's wish for a VA state law that would gradually abolish slavery in VA. Motion for abolition lost (73 to 58) in legislature. That loss ended slavery debate in antebellum (pre-Civil War) South.

*Judge how Nat Turner's revolt in 1831 affected southern white attitudes about the emancipation of slaves

-after Turner's rebellion, some felt emancipation was necessary to prevent future rebellions -but MOST slave owners believed that education & privilege inspired revolts and that state legislatures needed to further tight controls on African Americans (aka SLAVE CODES - STRICT STATE LAWS.)

Frederick Douglass (p.249)

-born a slave 1817, taught to read/write by owner's wife -escaped from slavery and goes to NY -William Lloyd Garrison sponsors Douglass as a lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society -starts his own anti-slavery newspaper, The North Star, as Douglass strived for abolition through political action.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (p.252)

-born a slave in 1800, a gifted preacher -leads slave rebellion; about 60 whites killed (4 plantations) -Turner eventually captured, tried & hanged. In retaliation, whites killed ~ 200 blacks, many of them innocent of any connection to uprising. -Turner's rebellions strengthened resolve of Southern whites to defend slavery/control their slaves.

Resettlement of African Americans (p.248)

-by 1820s more than 100 antislavery societies were advocating for resettlement of lacks in Africa. Yet most blacks considered America their home, & only about 1,400 blacks emigrated to Africa between 1820 - 1830.

How did the rapid spread of factory production revolutionize industry? (p.260)

-cost of making household items & clothing dramatically dropped. -new machines allowed unskilled workers to replace artisans. -unskilled artisans shifted from farm work to boring & repetitive factory work & to the tight restrictions imposed by factory managers.

*Provide two examples how women addressed the issue of gender inequality during the 1800s

-despite limited rights, women actively participated in all the important reform movements of the 19th century, ensuring their voices were heard (the abolitionist cause became a powerful spur to other reform causes, as well as to the women's rights movement) -they spoke out about and wrote about the inequalities (like lower wages) to spread awareness (e.g., Letters on the Equality of the Sexes & the Condition of Women, by Sarah Grimkè, 1838) -they advanced education for girls by opening rigorous schools in higher education.

*How did factory production change American manufacturing? (P.260)

-machines allowed unskilled workers to perform tasks that once had employed trained artisans. -unskilled artisans shifted from farm work to boring & repetitive factory work & to tight restrictions imposed by factory managers.

Women abolitionists (p.255)

-middle class white women inspired by religion (the Second Great Awakening) to join reform movements -Sarah & Angelina Grimkè, daughters of South Carolina slaveholder, worked for abolition. Angelina published "An Appeal to Christian women of the South" to call upon women to overthrow slavery. -some men supported women reformers' efforts (William Lloyd Garrison), other men denounced the female abolitionists.

The Lowell Mill (p.262)

-most mill workers are unmarried Farm girls, under strict control of a supervisor -females hired because they could be paid lower wages than men. -women take the mill jobs because the pay is better than available alternatives (teaching, sewing, domestic work) -most girls stay at Lowell for a few years, then carry new ideas (new fashions, books, ideas) back to their homes

Rural Slavery (p.250)

-most slaves lived rurally -on plantations, men, women & children work in fields & not as well fed & clothed as slaves who were hired out to work in southern cities. -treated poorly/whipped

Slave population (p.250)

-nearly doubles between 1810 (1.2 mil) and 1830 (2 mil) -slavery changed since 18th century when slaves who could not speak English, worked on small farms. By 1830, majority of slaves were American born & spoke enough English to communicate w/other slaves, and worked on large farms (plantations)

*Who was Lucretia Mott & why was she significant (p.255)

-she was a Quaker ABOLITIONIST & suffragist, & with Elizabeth Stanton, helped organize the Senaca Falls Convention, at which she delivered opening & closing addresses. -SHE WENT TO THE WORLD'S ANTI-SLAVERY CONVENTION AND WASN'T ALLOWED IN BECAUSE SHE WAS A WOMAN. -Mott & her husband later took in runaway slaves escalating on the Underground Railroad.

*who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton and why was she significant (p.254)

-she was an ABOLITIONIST, suffragist & a leader in the Women's rights movement. -WENT TO THE WORLD'S ANTI-SLAVERY CONVENTION AND WAS NOT ALLOWED IN BECAUSE SHE WAS A WOMAN -she, along with Lucretia Mott, organized and oversaw the first women's convention to discuss the social, civil & religious conditions & rights of women, at Senaca Falls in 1848.

*Who were Sarah & Angelina Grimke and why are they historically significant? (P.255)

-they were daughters of a SOUTHERNER SLAVEHOLDER, speaking for abolition. -they called on Christian women of the South to overthrow slavery -they also were educators, running a school for women and argued for women's rights.

*Identify the goals of the temperance movement (p.255)

-to prohibit the drinking of alcohol (there was a lot of alcohol use in the early 19th century) -to educate on harms of alcohol through American Temperance society & other temperance groups (6k by 1833) & rallies and pamphlets.

Proslavery Defenses (p.253)

-used bible, citing passages that counseled servant to obey masters. -argued slavery benefited blacks making them part of prosperous & Christian civilization (even southern white Christian ministers started accepting slavery agreeing it could coexist w/Christianity) -slave owners invented myth of happy slave as a cherished addition to the plantation family vs. northern wage slave, wage-earning immigrant or free black who worked for pennies in factories under oppressive conditions. And that slave owners cared for slave for lifetime vs. northern free blacks who are fired when old or sick.

Women's legal rights in early 1800s (p.255)

-women could not vote nor sit on juries, even if they were taxpayers -typically, when a woman married, her property & any money she earned became her husband's - often, married women lacked guardianship rights over their own children.

Workers seek better conditions (p.263)

-workers unionize -artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with unskilled workers -1830s-1840s, 1-2% of workers organized, dozens of strikes -employers won most of these strikes because they could easily replace unskilled workers with strikebreakers who would toil long hours for low wages - many were immigrants who had fled even worse poverty in Europe.

David Walker (p.249)

A free black, who wrote Appeal to the colored Citizens of the World (1829), advising blacks to fight for freedom rather than to wait for slave owners to end slavery.

Slave Codes (p.252)

In response to slave revolts -- NOTE many restrictions on slaves ALSO applied to FREE African Americans! -1833- Alabama forbade free & enslaved blacks from preaching the gospel unless "respectable" slaveholders were present. (Also GA) -1835-NC became last Southern state to deny the vote to free blacks. -in some states, free blacks lost right to own guns, purchase alcohol, assemble in public & testify in court. -in some southern cities, African Americans could no longer own property, learn to read & write, or work independently as carpenters or blacksmiths.

*What efforts were made to improve education in the 1830s (p.244)

-1834, PA was first state to establish tax-supported public school system, by 1850, every state had publicly funded elementary schools -Horace Mann became 1st secretary of the MA Board of Ed - established teacher-training programs & curriculum reforms.

*National Trades' Union (p.265)

-1830, unions for same trade unite to standardize wages, conditions NATIONAL TRADES' UNION - largest union formed in 1834 by journeymen' organizations from 6 industries (lasted until 1837). -trade union movement fiercely opposed by bankers & owners, who threatened the unions by forming associations of their own. -Court decisions declared strikes illegal initially

Strikes at Lowell (p.262 - 263)

- 1834 strike over pay cut; 1836 strike over higher board charges that amounted to a pay cut. -company prevailed both times and fired the leaders of the strikes -1845 Lowell Female Labor Reform Association was formed to petition the Massachusetts state legislature for a ten-hour workday. The legislation failed, but the association helped defeat a local legislator who opposed the bill for a 10-hr. Workday.

Conditions at Lowell (p.262)

-12 hour work day in heat, dark poor ventilation....causes discomfort & illness -conditions continue to deteriorate - more work, longer hours, lower wages; 800 mill girls conduct a strike

*what did the McGuffey's Reader accomplish?

A standard of education... -taught reading, writing, & arithmetic -taught democratic cultural values of hard work, honesty & love of country. -contained moral lessons to live by, such as "Idleness is the nest in which mischief lays its eggs." -sold more than 60 million copies by 1879

*Apprentice (p.260)

A young worker learning a craft.

Religious activism (p.240)

Also called evangelism - was part of an overall era of reform that started in the 1830s. Reforms of the period included women's rights, school reform and abolition, the movement to outlaw slavery.

The changing workplace

As industry grew, work force faced problems from manufacturing in a factory system

weaving factories (p.260)

Entrepreneurs like Francis Lowell opened weaving factories - their power looms replaced the cottage industries. -mechanizing the process & keeping the tools in the same place, slashed the production time & cost of textile manufacture. -by 1830s, Lowell & partners have 8 factories & over 6k employees

*based on the results, do you think the decision to strike at Lowell was a good one? (P.263)

Even though the result was not what the women strikers wanted, I think it was a good decision to strike because it was a beginning of worker's organizing & unifying. Worker's efforts continued & led to further worker/labor organization & activism on behalf of workers including influencing politics.

*why was the National Trades' Union (p.265)

Because it included journeymen's organizations from 6 industries & was the largest union. Even tho the union faced fierce opposition its efforts were further advocacy for reform/better conditions for workers including through court cases (e.g., right to strike held in Supreme Court case in Commonwealth v. Hunt.

*What was radical at the time about William Lloyd Garrison's & David Walker's approach to abolition? (P.249)

Both Garrison & Walker believed in immediate emancipation. GARRISON DIDN'T WANT TO COMPROMISE ON THE ISSUE; EVEN IF IT MEANT WAR -- THIS WAS SIMILAR TO WALKER.

Women in workplace (p.254-255)

By 1850, ~ 1/5 white women had worked for wages before they were married. ~ 1/10 single white women worked outside the home, earning about half of men's pay for the same job.

*In areas where the textile industry was strong, what other industry was also prominent? (See p.261 map)

Clothing and footwear

*Discuss two effects of the Seneca Falls Convention

DECLARATION OF STENTIMENTS - DOCUMENT THAT OUTLINED THEIR AIMS FOR GENDER EQUALITY INCREASES PARTICIPATION FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS. STARTS A SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT MARKS WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIAL CHANGE

Unitarianism (p.243)

Emphasized reason (instead of emotions), appeals to conscience as paths to perfections. Unitarians believed conversion was a gradual process (prominent Unitarian leader, William Channing, said Christianity's purpose was "the perfection of human nature, the elevation of men into nobler beings.").

Backlash from slave revolts (p.252)

In addition to forcing VA debate re: abolition (which failed), most slave owners believed that education & privilege inspired revolt. - Slave owners pushed state legislatures to further tighten controls on African Americans -- became known as slave codes

*How did Garrison and Frederick Douglass differ on the mans/views about accomplishing the end of slavery? (P.249)

Garrison wanted to abolish slavery through immediate emancipation (the freeing of slaves, with no payment to slaveholders) WITHOUT COMPROMISE. Douglass believed the abolition of slavery could best be achieved through political actions.

Skilled artisans (p.260)

In the early 19th century, skilled artisans had typically produced items that a family could not make for itself - furniture & goods, for example. As in cottage industries, the artisans usually worked in shops attached to their own homes. -master artisans & their assistants traditionally handcrafted their products until the 1820s, when manufa turers began using production processes that depended on the use of interchangeable parts.

*What were the main beliefs of transcendentalism? (p.242-243)

It was a philosophical & literary movement that emphasized living a simple life & that celebrated the truth found in nature & in personal emotion & imagination. It was a REJECTION OF INDUSTRIALISM.

*Describe Charles Finney's methods for preaching religious views - how did he gain the interest of his followers? (p.240)

Known as the "the father of revivalism," Charles Finney used a speaking style of high drama, focusing on converting persons. He inspired emotional religious faith. The convert's duty then was to spread the word about personal salvation to others (religious activism or evangelism)

Revival (p.241)

Large gathering that were a forum for preachers where audiences could be 20k or more at outdoor camps. These revivals could last 4 or 5 days. They were emotional meetings designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching & prayer.

*what factors contributed to the worsening conditions workers endured @ Lowell beginning in the 1830s? (P.262)

Long hours, heat, darkness, poor ventilation/bad air quality, forcing workers to increase pace, reduced wages -- there was increasing focus on profits and not the wellbeing of workers.

*What other American or world leaders have you learned about - that also used the method of civil disobedience to protest their belief?

Mahatma Gandhi & Dr. Martin Luther King

*Master (p.260)

Most experienced artisan

*What gains did women make in education - by the 1830s (p.256)

OBERLIN COLLEGE BEGAN TO ADMIT WOMEN 1. 1821 Emma Willard opened the Troy Female Seminary - one of the nation's first academically rigorous schools for girls & became a model for a new type of women's school 2. 1837, Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (then college) 3. 1837, Oberlin College, Ohio, admitted 4 women to get degrees (FIRST full Co-educational college) -African-American women faced greater obstacles to getting an education. Quaker Prudence Crandall tried to provide called for A-A students but was forced to close the school & leave town because of overwhelming opposition. (Took until after Civil War for there to be more opportunities). *there is also a reference in the book to a school for women ran by Sarah and Angelina Grimkè and "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes & the Condition of Woman" written in 1838 by Sarah Grimkè

*Explain how the African American Church, led by Richard Allen became a voice for free African Americans in northern states (p.241)

Richard Allen's church, which became the African Methodist Episcopal Church, inspired his congregation to strengthen its faith & fight against slavery.This church became a political, cultural, & social center for African Americans, providing schools & other services whites denied them & it developed a political voice (including that it organized the first black convention - 1830). The church gave members a deep inner faith, strong sense of community, & spiritual support to oppose slavery.

*Explain the purpose & goals of the Seneca Falls Convention (p.257)

SOCIAL EQUALITY & SUFFRAGE.... To hold a convention and to form a society to advocate the rights of women and create a detailed statement of grievances, modeling this "Declaration of Sentiments" on the Declaration of Independence. "....all men and women are created equal" & to vote on and pass resolutions to encourage women to participate in all public issues on an equal basis with men.

Antebellum (p. 252)

Pre Civil War (as in antebellum South = pre-civil war South)

Effect of reform movements of the mid-19th century on the growth of the women's rights movement (p.257)

Provided women with increased opportunities to act outside the home.

*Name two key transcendental authors (p.242-243)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (led a group practicing transcendentalism) & Henry David Thoreau (wrote the classic book, Walden in 1854 based on his living on Walden Pond by himself for 2 years - encouraging the idea of self-reliance)

*How did revivalism, during the 2nd Great Awakening, reinvigorate religious values among Americans? (P.241)

Revivalism reinvigorated religious values through its intensive emotional meetings of preaching & prayer, studying the Bible and examining their souls. Camp meeting brought many westerners/southerners to church. There were creation of new churches

*Cottage industry (p.260)

System in which manufacturers provided the materials for goods to be produced at home. The participants in this industry brought the finished articles to the manufacturer, who paid them by the piece & gave them new materials for the next batch of work.

What did the preachers of the Second Great Awakening believe about salvation? (P.241)

That whether a person went to heaven or hell depended on individual responsibility for seeking salvation. They believed and preached that people could improve themselves and society & they rejected the 18th century Calvinistic belief that God predetermined one's salvation or damnation (whether a person went to heaven or hell).

African-American Church (p.241)

The Second Great Awakening led to a strong democratic impulse in the new churches and belief that all people - black & white - belong to the same God. Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches were open to both blacks & whites.

On what belief was the idea of resettlement based? (P.248)

The belief that African Americans were an inferior race & could not coexist with white society.

Abolition (p.249)

The call to outlaw slavery. African Americans & increasingly whites, publicly criticized slaver. Preachers, like Charles G. Finney, termed slavery "a great national sin."

What "Ideal Communities" did Americans strive to form? (P.243)

Utopian communities & Shaker Communities UTOPIAN - experimental groups that tried to create a "utopia," or perfect place. They varied in philosophies but shared a common goals like self sufficiencies. George Riley established Brook Farm to "prepare a society of liberal, intelligent & cultivated persons...." Brook Farm disbanded after a fire. Most utopia communities only lasted a few years. SHAKER COMMUNITIES - followed teachings of Ann Lee, they shared goods w/each other, believed men & women are equal & refused to fight. They did not marry or have children and therefore had to depend on converts and adoption to keep communities going.

Emancipation (p.249)

The freeing of slaves with no payment to slaveholders

*Discuss the effects of the gag rule (p.253)

The gag rule limited or prevented debate on an issue (in this case, slavery). The effect was that citizens submitting petitions being deprived of the right to be heard. Rule was originally put in place in response to abolitionist campaigning for emancipation by swamping Congress w/petitions to end slavery in DC. This rule was repealed in 1844.

What did the reform movements emerge in response to (in other words, what what was happening in America just preceding the religious movement inspiring reforms)? (P.240)

The reform movements emerged as responses to rapid changes in American society such as early industrial growth, increasing migration & immigration, and new means of communication.

Revivalism (p.241)

The trend of revivals that swept across the US in the early part of the 19th century. Charles Finney was one of the most famous preachers at these revivals and he was known as "the father of modern revivalism". Revivalism impacted the public, increasing churchgoers from 1 in 15 Americans to 1 in 6.

*how did the NYC, Philadelphia & Cincinnati encourage their growth as industrial towns? (See p.261 map)

They had transportation means -- canals in all 3 cities, & railroad too in NYC & Philadelphia

*Do you think the positive effects of mechanizing the manufacturing process outweigh the negative effects? Why or why not? Think about: -changes in job opportunities for artisans, women & unskilled male laborers -changes in employer-employee relationships -working conditions in factories -the cost of manufactured goods (P.265)

Tho there were many negative effects of mechanizing the manufacturing process....(or the reverse)...pick a side and argue it..... Note: more opportunities for everyone, but lost art of artisans -costs of manufactured goods went down since many more could be made -- more efficiently -working conditions in facatories were often horrendous, and many people died or were very ill as a result Eventually though, workers unionized and fought for rights/better conditions, and the Supreme Court supported the right for workers to strike; and eventually there were labor laws put in place to protect workers -employer-employee relationships likely worsened under the factory industry since employees were easily replaceable.

*How did (Henry David) Thoreau apply the belief of civil disobedience to his issues with slavery (p.243)

Thoreau peacefully refused to pay taxes to protest the US government allowing slavery and also the War with Mexico (that was funded by taxes). Thoreau encouraged others to follow their inner voices and to protest unjust laws through civil disobedience.

Cult of domesticity (p.254)

Tradition in the early 19th century in which housework & child care were considered the only proper activities for married women

What did unitarians and revivalists agree on? (P.243)

Unitarians & revivalists agreed that individual & social reform were both possible & important

*in what ways were women excluded from the abolitionist movement? (P.254-255)

Women were often shut out of meetings on reform (Elizabeth Stanton & Lecretia Mott were both excluded from the World's Anti-Slavery Convention). They were also often restricted to "only proper activities" (cult of domesticity) which would have kept many women from participating in the abolitionist movement. THEY WERE KEPT FROM SPEAKING, PUBLISHING WORKS & VOTING ON ISSUES. WOMEN WERE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST IN THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT.

*Journeyman (p.260)

skilled worker employed by a master