CH. 8 psychology
Krumhansl played students 400-millisecond snippets from popular songs. The students could identify the titles and artists of the songs about _____ percent of the time.
25%
Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked.
55
Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______________ digits
7
During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:
anterograde amnesia.
A deep brain structure involved in movement and the formation of one's procedural memories for skills is the:
basal ganglia.
Two brain areas involved in the formation of implicit memories are the _____ and the _____.
basal ganglia; cerebellum
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.
cerebellum
When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.
essay; recall
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event
Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:
one's first kiss.
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list
Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of
retrieval cues
The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes ______________ interference.
retroactive
When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from
short term memory into long term memory
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____ memory.
short-term
Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.
short-term
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem at once
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
mood congruent
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to DISAGREE about which of the following statements?
we tend to repress extremely upsetting memories
The memory of facts and experiences that people consciously know and can easily recite is known as _____ memory.
explicit
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems(the other is episodic memory)
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory for this event.
flashbulb
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories (facts and events) for storage.
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?
Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.
Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
what are the two basic functions of working memory?
active processing of incoming visual and auditory information; and focusing on our spotlight of attention
anterogade amnesia
an inability to form new memories
When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before," you are experiencing ______________ ______________.
deja vu
The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables BEST illustrates:
effortful processing.
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.
hippocampus
Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortices. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:
memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Memory aids that use visual imagery(such as acronyms) are called
mnemonics
Freud believes that we _______ unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety
repress
Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called
repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.
repression
Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called _____.
repression
explicit memories
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare
implicit memories
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:
retrieval failure.
After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.
retroactive
After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.
retroactive
you will experience less ________ interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will of you learn it before turning to another subject
retroactive
After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:
retroactive interference.
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
sensory memory
One's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the _____ effect.
serial position
One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of
the misinformation effect
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
retrogade amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
long-term potentiation refers to
an increase in a neuron's firing potential
Psychologists' understanding of memory has benefited greatly from the in-depth studies of such individuals as Jill Price (the woman who could not forget) and Henry Molaison (H. M.). These examples highlight the importance of the _____ method in psychological research.
case study
sensory memory may be visual (______ memory) or auditory (________ memory)
iconic; echoic
Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an _______ (explicit/implicit) memory.
implicit
Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired.
implicit
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:
infantile amnesia.
Larry has just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, Larry asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?
The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicants interviewed in the middle of the group.
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
ecohic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if
a neutral person asks non leading questions soon after the event, in words the children can understand
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____ because of the emotional nature of the event.
amygdala
The concept of working memory
clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.
Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.
echoic
Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.
effortful processing
If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.
encoding
Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:
encoding failure
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
the psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are _____, _________, and _________-
encoding, storage and retrieval
When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:
encoding, storing, and retrieving.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.
hippocampus
The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as:
implicit memory.
repress
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.
in the middle
James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:
left hippocampus
Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to
level off
Human capacity for storing long-term memories is:
limitless.
increased efficiency of synapses is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called _____________________
long term potentiation
In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as:
priming.
a psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _________
recall
A test of memory that involves picking the correct answer from a displayed list of options is an example of a retention measure called:
recognition.
multiple choice questions test our _________ and fill in the blank test our ______
recognition; recall
Every time one replays a memory, one replaces the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:
reconsolidation.
We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of ______________ ______________.
source amnesia
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates:
source amnesia.
Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up, as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:
source amnesia.
The hippocampus seems to function as a
temporary processing site for explicit memories
Xui is studying for her chemistry exam. After reviewing the information she learns in lecture and from the textbook, she takes practice tests to test her understanding and memory of what she has learned. Xui is using the distributed practice technique often called the:
testing effect
deja vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
the amygdala
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall
the first items on the list
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system