CH. 8 psychology

Krumhansl played students 400-millisecond snippets from popular songs. The students could identify the titles and artists of the songs about _____ percent of the time.

25%

Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked.

55

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______________ digits

7

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

anterograde amnesia.

A deep brain structure involved in movement and the formation of one's procedural memories for skills is the:

basal ganglia.

Two brain areas involved in the formation of implicit memories are the _____ and the _____.

basal ganglia; cerebellum

Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.

cerebellum

When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.

essay; recall

misinformation effect

occurs when misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

one's first kiss.

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of

retrieval cues

The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes ______________ interference.

retroactive

When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from

short term memory into long term memory

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____ memory.

short-term

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem at once

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

mood congruent

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to DISAGREE about which of the following statements?

we tend to repress extremely upsetting memories

The memory of facts and experiences that people consciously know and can easily recite is known as _____ memory.

explicit

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems(the other is episodic memory)

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory for this event.

flashbulb

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories (facts and events) for storage.

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?

Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.

Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

what are the two basic functions of working memory?

active processing of incoming visual and auditory information; and focusing on our spotlight of attention

anterogade amnesia

an inability to form new memories

When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before," you are experiencing ______________ ______________.

deja vu

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables BEST illustrates:

effortful processing.

Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

hippocampus

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortices. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Memory aids that use visual imagery(such as acronyms) are called

mnemonics

Freud believes that we _______ unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety

repress

Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called

repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.

repression

Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called _____.

repression

explicit memories

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare

implicit memories

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.

retroactive

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.

retroactive

you will experience less ________ interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will of you learn it before turning to another subject

retroactive

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

retroactive interference.

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

sensory memory

One's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the _____ effect.

serial position

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of

the misinformation effect

memory consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

retrogade amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

long-term potentiation refers to

an increase in a neuron's firing potential

Psychologists' understanding of memory has benefited greatly from the in-depth studies of such individuals as Jill Price (the woman who could not forget) and Henry Molaison (H. M.). These examples highlight the importance of the _____ method in psychological research.

case study

sensory memory may be visual (______ memory) or auditory (________ memory)

iconic; echoic

Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an _______ (explicit/implicit) memory.

implicit

Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired.

implicit

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

infantile amnesia.

Larry has just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, Larry asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicants interviewed in the middle of the group.

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

ecohic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if

a neutral person asks non leading questions soon after the event, in words the children can understand

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____ because of the emotional nature of the event.

amygdala

The concept of working memory

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.

Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.

echoic

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

encoding

Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:

encoding failure

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

the psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are _____, _________, and _________-

encoding, storage and retrieval

When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:

encoding, storing, and retrieving.

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have MOST likely suffered damage to the brain's _____.

hippocampus

The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as:

implicit memory.

repress

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.

in the middle

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

left hippocampus

Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to

level off

Human capacity for storing long-term memories is:

limitless.

increased efficiency of synapses is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called _____________________

long term potentiation

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This is known as:

priming.

a psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _________

recall

A test of memory that involves picking the correct answer from a displayed list of options is an example of a retention measure called:

recognition.

multiple choice questions test our _________ and fill in the blank test our ______

recognition; recall

Every time one replays a memory, one replaces the original memory with a slightly modified version. Researchers call this:

reconsolidation.

We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of ______________ ______________.

source amnesia

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates:

source amnesia.

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up, as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:

source amnesia.

The hippocampus seems to function as a

temporary processing site for explicit memories

Xui is studying for her chemistry exam. After reviewing the information she learns in lecture and from the textbook, she takes practice tests to test her understanding and memory of what she has learned. Xui is using the distributed practice technique often called the:

testing effect

deja vu

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?

the amygdala

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall

the first items on the list

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system