CH9: Autonomy

Which of the following typically leads adolescents to be involved in service activities?

Attending school with a community service requirement

Which of the following parenting styles is most beneficial to the development of healthy behavioral autonomy?

Authoritative

Which of the following parenting styles is most effective for supporting emotional autonomy in adolescence?

Authoritative

Sex differences in the extent to which adolescents are granted independence appear to be especially pronounced within ______ households

Black

Which of the following are Asian adolescents more likely to do than White adolescents?

Define themselves in terms of their relationship with their parents

Which of the following are important influences on the political behavior of adolescents?

Discussions with friends Discussions in class Watching the news

Which of the following is most helpful to an adolescent who needs to decide whether someone who is giving advice is credible?

Enhanced role-taking abilities

(Female/Male) adolescents score higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning than (female/male) adolescents.

Female Male

(Boys/Girls) are less susceptible to peer pressure than (girls/boys) .

Girls Boys

Which of the following may influence risky adolescent decision making?

Immature impulse control Heightened reward sensitivity

Recall three shifts that take place with political thinking during adolescence.

Increasing abstraction Decreasing authoritarianism Increasing use of principles

Authoritative parenting fosters which of the following characteristics in adolescents?

Independence Responsibility Self-esteem

Which of the following is an alternative to the classic psychoanalytic perspective on adolescent detachment?

Individuation

Psychological control involves which of the following behaviors?

Intrusiveness Overprotectiveness

Which of the following illustrates the notion that moral behavior and moral reasoning do not always go hand in hand?

Jeff knows that the speed limit is 70 but he drives 80.

In adolescence, young people become (more/less) likely to say that they have the same opinions as their parents.

Less

Political thinking during adolescence becomes (more/less) authoritarian and (more/less) rigid.

Less, Less

Which of the following are characteristics of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?

More likely to engage in political protests Less likely to cheat More likely to volunteer their time

For which of the following would adolescents most likely turn to their parents for advice?

Occupation Religious beliefs Values

Which of the following describe authoritative families who are best suited to the healthy development of emotional autonomy?

Open discussion that takes place between parents and adolescent Flexible standards and guidelines Well-explained rules

Which of the following typically lead adolescents to be involved in service activities?

Parents who are active volunteers in the community Active involvement in religion

For short-term matters, adolescents are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) whereas for long-term issues they are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers).

Peers Parents

(Piaget's/Vygotsky's) theory is the dominant viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning.

Piagets

The dominant theoretical viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning is grounded in ______'s theory.

Pigaet

Which of the following exemplify the decision-making abilities that are characteristic of adolescents?

Sophisticated reasoning Multiple viewpoints Hypothetical thinking

______ is/are a time when many individuals reexamine and reevaluate the beliefs and values they grew up with.

The early college years

Which of the following are indicators of emotional autonomy?

There is a drop in the number of friends that the parents know. Adolescents see their parents' flaws.

In terms of decision-making abilities, which of the following are characteristic of adolescents?

They are less likely than adults to think about the long-term implications of their decisions. They are less able than adults to understand the ways in which other people's positions might bias their interests. They are more likely than adults to focus on the immediate consequences.

Which of the following characterize an autonomous adolescent?

Turning to parents for advice Few conflicts with parents Enjoyment of activities with their parents

Which of the following describe authoritative families who are best suited to the healthy development of emotional autonomy?

Well-explained rules Open discussion that takes place between parents and adolescent Flexible standards and guidelines

What proportion of American adolescents say formal religious participation is an important part of their lives?

50%

What proportion of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group?

85%

In (authoritative/authoritarian)t Unavailable households, rules are rigidly enforced and seldom explained.

authoritarian

What three main categories undergo changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy?

biological social economic

Related to peer pressure, studies of delinquency reveal that antisocial behavior is most often committed by ______.

boys in groups

No longer viewing your parents as perfect individuals is known as _____.

de-idealization

There is strong support among adolescents for fundamental ______, such as representation and majority rule.

democratic principles

Authoritarian parents may inadvertently maintain the (stubbornness/dependence) of childhood by failing to give their children sufficient practice in making decisions and being responsible for their actions.

dependence

Adolescents who do not feel good about themselves and who have very intrusive parents are especially vulnerable to (depression/schizophrenia/diffusion)

depression

The process of adolescents emotionally separating themselves from their parents and instead turning their emotional energy toward their peers is known as _________.

detachment

What is the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures?

detachment

It is ______ parents, rather than ______ peers that is potentially harmful.

detachment from; attachment to

Proponents of mandatory community service for all students argue that service activities help young people to ______.

develop concern for the community

One explanation about young adolescents' susceptibility to peer pressure is that it ______.

doesn't change

Preconventional morality is ______.

dominant in most of childhood

During (early/middle/late) adolescence, individuals are more drawn to the potential benefits of a decision than the potential costs.

early

The establishment of more adultlike and less childish close relationships with family members and peers is an example of ______ autonomy.

emotional

An adolescent who can sympathize when her mother has a bad day at work is demonstrating ______ autonomy.

emotional autonomy

Individuals who score high on moral reasoning are likely to ______.

engage in more prosocial behaviors than their peers have higher levels of sympathy and empathy than their peers engage in service activities

True or false: Emotional autonomy requires adolescents to become detached from their parents.

false

True or false: In authoritative families, decisions about the child's behavior are usually reached after consultation and discussion without the child's input.

false

Puberty drives the adolescent away from exclusive emotional dependence on ______.

family

Some studies show that rates of identity (foreclosure/moratorium/diffusion) are higher among religious adolescents.

foreclosure

Puberty drives the adolescent toward dependence on ______ for emotional support.

friends

Individuals who score high on moral reasoning are likely to ______.

have higher levels of sympathy and empathy than their peers engage in service activities engage in more prosocial behaviors than their peers

One explanation as to why young adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence is because of their ______.

heightened orientation toward social stimuli

Teenagers who are better able to stand up to their friends are better able to control the ______.

impulsive, emotional decision making that often occurs in the peer group

The progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, independent person is known as _________.

individuation

In both ______ and ______ families, youngsters do not acquire adequate standards for behavior.

indulgent indifferent

During (early/middle/late) adolescence, adolescents often develop a roughly coherent and consistent set of attitudes.

late

Adolescents are (less/more) likely than adults to think about the long-term implications of their decisions.

less

Adolescents involved in religious activities are (less/more) likely to engage in premarital sex.

less

In adolescence, young people become (more/less) likely to say that they have the same opinions as their parents.

less

Religious adolescents are ______ compared to their peers.

less depressed better adjusted less likely to have premarital sex

The tendency to justify one's own bad acts is called ______.

moral disengagement

The tendency to rationalize immoral behavior as legitimate is called _______.

moral disengagement

Adolescents from single-parent families would likely be (less/more) susceptible to peer pressure than their peers who live with both parents.

more

With age, adolescents are (more/less) likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the deicions that they make.

more

Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?

more tolerant

The development of cognitive autonomy mainly entails changes in the adolescent's ______.

opinions values beliefs

Permissively reared teenagers often turn to their (parents/peers/siblings) for advice and emotional support.

peers

Following the advice of (parents/peers) instead of (parents/peers) leads to problem behavior.

peers parents

Parenting that attempts to control the adolescent's emotions and opinions is termed_______.

psychological control

Kaden, age 15, has authoritarian parents. Kaden's parents are likely to view his emotional independence as ______.

rebellious

The religious practices one engages in are called ______.

religiosity

A heightened reward sensitivity combined with immature impulse control often leads adolescents to make (risky/mature) decisions.

risky

Across many different cultural contexts, one of the most robust predictors of success in life is strong ______.

self-regulation

Brain research on neural influences on peer pressure indicate that the development of ______ is a key aspect of positive development in adolescence.

self-regulation

Volunteering in community service activities is also called ______ learning.

service

Sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy tend to be very (large/small) .

small

Biological, cognitive, and ____________ changes are the primary types of changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy.

social

The most important influence on the political behavior of young people tends to be the ______ in which they grow up.

social context

One's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life is_____.

spirituality

cognitive autonomy

the establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs

emotional autonomy

the establishment of more adult like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers

Service learning is the act of learning ______.

through volunteering in community service activities

Which of the following best describes the process of gaining emotional autonomy in adolescence?

transformational

True or false: Critics of mandatory community service argue that it may make adolescents even more negative about community service and less likely to volunteer when they are older. True

true

True or false: In both Asian and Western countries, adolescents whose parents impede the individuation process are more likely to show signs of psychological distress.

true

True or false: Some of the heightened "reward sensitivity" seen among adolescents is not even conscious.

true

Marcus is 15 years old. As he moves into late adolescence and early adulthood, he will view lying to his parents as ______.

unacceptable

Adolescents who have ______ score higher on measures of moral reasoning than those who have not.

volunteered considerable amounts of time in service activities

Which of the following ethnic groups has the earliest expectations for adolescent autonomy?

white

Which of the following is developed in adolescence and allows adolescents to see how others' perspectives influence their decision-making?

capacity of intellectual abstraction

Being involved in political and community affairs is an example of ______.

civic engagement

_______ is a broad term for a category of activities that reflect involvement in political and community affairs

civic engagement

The development of religious thinking during late adolescence is best understood as part of the overall development of _____ autonomy.

cognitive

The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs is called ______ autonomy.

cognitive autonomy

(Preconventional/Conventional/Postconventional) moral reasoning focuses on how an individual's behavior will be judged by others.

conventional

Adolescents are most susceptible to peer pressure around age

14

Which of the following are signs of emotional autonomy?

Adolescents are able to interact with their parents as people. Adolescents may be more attached to a girlfriend or boyfriend than their parents. Older adolescents no longer run to their parents when they are upset.

Which of the following is an indicator of emotional autonomy?

Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems.

Which of the following statements about parent-child relationships in adolescence is true?

Adolescents who become emotionally autonomous but feel distant from their parents score poorly on measures of psychological adjustment.

Which of the following is a trend in the development of adolescent cognitive autonomy?

Adolescents' beliefs become centered in their own values.

Which of the following statements illustrates de-idealization in adolescence?

Children place their parents on a pedestal, whereas adolescents knock their parents off of the pedestal.

___________ is a broad term for a category of activities that reflect involvement in political and community affairs.

Civic Engagement

Considering adolescents' decision-making abilities, which typically matures first? Cognitive abilities

Cognitive abilities

What are researchers most likely to cite as the root cause of adolescents seeking emotional autonomy?

Cognitive development

Acts people engage in to help others are termed ______ behaviors.

Prosocial

The two main models of individuation hold that individuation occurs because of which changes?

Puberty or cognitive development

Which of the following is an example of a prosocial behavior?

Raking leaves for a widow

Rebecca's parents are permissive in nature whereas Rhonda's parents are more authoritative. (Rebecca/Rhonda) is more likely to develop a healthy behavioral autonomy.

Rhonda

Which of the following characterizes an autonomous adolescent?

Seeking parents' advice

Which of the following best describes how adolescents' beliefs about their parents' authority over them change during adolescence?

They increasingly identify areas of their lives that they do not believe their parents should regulate.

Which of the following are true of the cognitive changes of adolescence?

They provide the logical foundation for thinking about social problems. They help adolescents develop a personal system of values.

True or false: People with the capacity for moral reasoning can engage in immoral behaviors.

True

During adolescence, political thinking becomes more (concrete/abstract).

abstract

Teenagers who engage in more prosocial behavior are more likely to ______.

be more sympathetic and empathic

The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them is ______ autonomy.

behavioral autonomy