Chapter 10 Part 2

This researcher, Paul , provided evidence that emotions are universal and do not differ significantly from one culture to another.

Ekman

is a feeling or affect that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

Emotion

Which of the following is true regarding the evolution and purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

It evolved to improve humans' likelihood for survival.

;) :-) :D and :( are all considered

emoticons

Which of the following emotions represents a negative affect?

guilt

is the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

self-actualization

True or false: According to the two-factor theory of emotion, once aroused, we look for cues in the environment to help us label what we are feeling.

true

During the weeks following the 9/11 crisis, researchers found that resilient individuals

were less likely than non-resilient individuals to feel depressed remained more aware of the positive aspects of life demonstrated the capacity to experience positive emotions alongside negative ones

You hear a suspicious noise as you are walking to your car late at night. Your heart begins to pound. According to James-Lange theory, you are afraid because

your heart begins to pound.

Which of the following represent experiences that may lead to negative affect?

Getting in a traffic collision on the way to work Realizing the family pet is missing

Self-determination theory asserts that

all individuals have the capacity for growth and fulfillment there are three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness psychological needs are innate

Which of the following physiological changes is not associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

an increase in respiration

Compared to non-resilient individuals, resilient individuals

are less likely to respond to negative events with depression are better at regulating their emotional response to stressors tend to buffer themselves from distress by using positive emotions

Positive and negative emotions can be high or low in ______ level.

arousal

The degree to which an emotion is reflected in an individual's activity and engagement versus their calmness or passivity is

arousal level.

Self-determination theory differs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs because it:

asserts that organismic needs do not arise from deficits

According to self-determination theory, ______ refers to the need to feel in control of one's own life.

autonomy

In self-determination theory, the need of refers to our desire to have control over our own life.

autonomy

In some cultures, the needs for competence, relatedness, and are crucial aspects of the self-determination theory.

autonomy

Which of the following can interfere with the polygraph's accuracy?

body movements

An Olympic level athlete is an example of an individual that may be motivated by

both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Emotion and motivation are

closely linked

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that our experience of emotion is determined by

cognitive labels physiological arousal

In self-determination theory, refers to the need to be effective and master the skills needed to produce desired outcomes.

competence

In self-determination theory, the need of ______ involves self-efficacy and mastery.

competence

The first organismic need described by self-determination theory is and is met when when we feel that we are able to bring about desired outcomes.

competence

When we feel that we can bring about desired outcomes in our life, we have achieved ______ according to the self-determination theory.

competence

Which of the following represents a positive affect?

confidence

The parasympathetic nervous system improves the human species likelihood for survival and promotes ______ and ______.

healing relaxation

The polygraph machine measures arousal by monitoring changes in

heart rate skin conductance level breathing

Failing to reach our goals should be considered a momentary set-back but resetting our frame of mind and pursing new goals keeps life interesting. This is one reason why goal setting is less vulnerable to the

hedonic treadmill

One challenge to maintaining happiness is the , which describes how life changing events enhance our feelings of happiness only for a short time because we soon adapt to that change.

hedonic treadmill

Goals change and are often changed by life experiences. For this reason, goal pursuit may be less susceptible to the

hedonic treadmill.

Maslow based his theory of motivation on the assumption that we must satisfy lower needs before we can satisfy higher ones. In other words, humans operate on a ______ of needs.

hierarchy

Maslow's ______ theory holds that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

hierarchy of needs

The subjects in Ekman's facial feedback experiments experienced which of the following when professional actors made angry facial expressions?

increased body temperature increased heart rate

Serena loves working with children, so she volunteers at a day care center. Her work at the day care center most closely resembles what kind of motivation?

intrinsic

Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun is known as

intrinsic motivation.

The amygdala in the brain

is linked with emotional memories plays a central role in the emotion of fear is activated when we experience negative emotions

Fears are so difficult to change because the amygdala

is well connected to the cerebral cortex.

In a study by Schachter & Singer (1962), participants who were aroused as a result of receiving an injection of epinephrine

rated themselves as angry when they were with an angry person were not influenced by the emotions of others if they had been told the injection would make them feel jittery rated themselves as happy when they were with a happy person

In self-determination theory, refers to the need to belong and feel close to others.

relatedness

In self-determination theory, the need of ______ is reflected in our desire for nurturing and intimate interactions with others.

relatedness

The second organismic need described by self-determination theory is , the need to engage in warm relations with other people.

relatedness

Individuals who can bounce back from difficult or stressful situations quickly are considered

resilient

People who are recover more quickly from negative experiences and are better able to regulate their physiological response to stress.

resilient

The sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in

respiration heart rate blood pressure

In Maslow's theory, the concept of ______ refers to the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.

self-actualization

theory asserts that there are three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

self-determination

Research has found that happiness may be influenced through some genetic factors. A person's base level of happiness when they are not intentionally trying to increase their happiness is called the

set point

In the autonomic nervous system, the _____ nervous system prepares the body for action.

sympathetic

The nervous system prepares the body for action; whereas, the nervous system calms the body.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

The Cannon-Bard theory differs from the James-Lange theory in that

the body plays a less central role in reacting to stimuli.

Twari is a naturally cheerful person. She always seems rather happy and fulfilled. However, her friend Cheyanne seems to have to work harder at being as bubbly and happy as Twari. The difference between each person's natural level of happiness may be attributed to

their own set point of happiness.

According to the James-Lange theory, emotion occurs (before/after) physiological arousal?

after

Which of the following real-life behaviors echo the idea that motivations underlie everyday human behavior?

A young lady attends college in the same town that her boyfriend lives in. A poor man buys a lottery ticket with his remaining savings. A scrawny boy grows up to become an Olympic weightlifter.

theory is the proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Cannon Bard

You walk into a room and are greeted with a hearty "Surprise!" from your co-workers. According to ______, your rapid heart beat and smile would occur simultaneously.

Cannon-Bard theory

In self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy

rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Display

motivation involves incentives such as rewards and punishments.

Extrinsic

True or false: Most psychologists agree that the polygraph is an effective method of lie detection.

False

True or false: The goals that individuals set for themselves play no role in motivation.

False

motivation is based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.

Intrinsic

Which are suggested approaches to enhancing happiness?

Keep a gratitude journal Set meaningful goals

Which statement is not true about the influence of emotion on motivation?

Motivation has been classified into two categories based on emotional expression (intrinsic and extrinsic).

For which of the following reasons is the polygraph considered an inaccurate method for determining whether or not an individual is lying?

No one has found a unique physiological response to telling lies.

______ individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings.

Resilient

Which of the following facts best shows why New Guinea's Fore tribe helped Ekman's research on the universality of emotion?

The Fore tribe had never seen a Caucasian face before Ekman arrived

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, which of these steps does not occur during an emotional response?

The aroused body sends sensory messages to the brain.

Recently, the use of emoticons in computer-mediated communication has become an interest to psychologists. What are some reasons emoticons are used in text messages or email?

The emoticon helps to clarify the meaning of the communication The emoticon may substitute for vocal tone or facial expression

A few months ago Aramus won over a million dollars from the lottery. He was so excited that he vowed never to return to his daily routine of work and bills. Today, Aramus isn't so excited anymore about the money and decided to find a job just to keep himself busy. Aramus has adapted to this life changing lottery winning and his happiness seems to have vanished. Which term below best describes what happened to Aramus?

The hedonic treadmill

Which of the following occurred when participants in Schachter and Singer's experiment were informed that the drug they received would increase their heart rate and make them jittery?

They credited the drug for their arousal.

When people are socially excluded they tend to engage in which kind of behaviors?

They practice self-defeating behaviors.

Which of the following exemplify experiences that lead to positive affect?

Watching your favorite sports team win a game Going on a second date with someone that you like

Which of the following will likely be the cause of a positive affect?

Winning the lottery

Beatrice wants to be happier! What are some things you could recommend that would enhance her happiness?

Work on seeing herself as a positive, good person Engage in physical activity Volunteer at a shelter Set meaningful goals

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are

a perception of one's own changing physiological states.

Happiness is a universally expressed emotion, but when, where, and how it is exhibited may vary from one culture to another. This is an example of the cultural-specificity of rules.

display

Your text message reads: "c u later :)" The , :) shows that you are happy to see your friend later.

emoticons

According to the Schachter-Singer theory, individuals interpret and label the emotion.

external cues

Motivation that involves incentives such as rewards and punishments is known as

extrinsic motivation.

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the ______ hypothesis.

facial feedback

Anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness are referred to as affect.

negative

After several attempts to change your cell phone service, you give up. Frustration is an example of

negative affect.

You are walking alone in a forest at night with a flashlight. You drop and break your flashlight, and your hands begin to tremble. According to the James-Lange theory you are afraid because you

notice your hands begin to tremble.

In many cases, (older/younger) Americans feel more autonomous than (older/younger) Americans when paying taxes, voting, and tipping.

older, younger

The nervous system calms the body, whereas the nervous system prepares the individual for fighting or running away.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Which of the following are needs included in Maslow's hierarchy?

physiological safety esteem

According to Maslow's theory, ______ needs must be satisfied first and ______ needs can be satisfied last.

physiological; self-actualization

Joy, happiness, love, and interest are referred to as affect.

positive

After several attempts to change your cell phone service, you are finally successful. Perseverance is an example of

positive affect.

The experience of emotions has been linked to lower levels of pain and disease, while the experience of emotions has been associated with heart attacks, disease and pain.

positive, negative

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system

provides a rapid reaction to a stressor. prepares the individual for fighting or running away.