Chapter 11 Psychology
What does factor analysis do
It measures variables that correlate highly with one another (in this case, personality traits) and the assumption is that single factors influences all of the traits.
According to Albert Bandura, what shapes and determines the human personality? Environmental forces alone? Cognitive processes alone?
internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. A mix of environmental and cognitive processes. BOTH environmental and cognitive processes do.
An example of Striving for superiority
A child may feel weak or helpless compared to his older siblings and thus must develop new skills and talents.
Regression
A reversion to immature patterns of behavior. EXAMPLE: An adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn't get his way.
What is the Hierarchy of needs
A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic need must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
What is Behaviorism
It is the theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
Striving for superiority
It is the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.
What is Observation learning
It is when learning occurs which an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others.
What are examples of a personality trait
Adjectives such as honest, dependable, moody, impulsive, suspicious, domineering, and friendly describe dispositions that represent personality traits.
inferiority complex
An exaggerated feelings of weakness and inadequacy. ADLER thought that either parental pampering or parental neglect could cause an inferiority complex.
Projection
Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. EXAMPLE: A woman who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss but feels that the boss doesn't like her.
Basic Humanistic Principles: THE humanistic perspective evolved out of many psychologists' growing dissatisfaction with the behaviorist and psychoanalytic theories. Humanistic theorists began to criticize behaviorists as being too focused on animals on observable behavior and criticized the Freudians for being too focused on the unconscious mind and mentally disturbed persons. HUMANISTIC perspective asserts that psychology should focus on both behavior and mental processes, not just one or the other. THE goal of the humanistic psychology is to understand the human potential for growth and development. HUMANISTIC theorists view each human being as having unlimited potential for growth and development. HUMANISTIC theorists stress that human beings are complex and unique organisms and that they cannot be understood by simple, one dimensional analysis. WHILE humanistic theorists do not necessarily deny the existence of an unconscious mind, they tend to stress that humans are, by nature, rational beings and therefore place more emphasis on conscious thought. THE adult personality constantly changes and develops across the entire human life-span. Change is always possible. Motivational Theory: THE humanistic motivational theory is based on the idea of self actualization. The self actualization notion is that all humans (with normal mental capabilities) possess an inborn tendency to grow and develop in a positive direction. Therefore, humans are motivated to educate themselves, marry and raise children, and develop careers primarily due to this life-long, natural desire to improve ourselves and our lives. Humanistic theorists see this tendency toward constant self-improvement as being a uniquely human characteristic. View on Control of Human Behavior: THE humanistic theory stresses that humans are ultimately free to choose their behaviors and their emotional responses to events around them. That is, humanistic theorists reject the ideas that humans are controlled by unconscious drives or by environmental forces. IN ADDITION, they see humans as rational beings who are free to choose and therefore we are ultimately responsible for our actions and for our emotional responses to life events. View of Human Nature: BECAUSE of their belief in self-actualization, humanistic theorists tend to view humans as being good by nature. They are not suggesting that humans only do good things, but rather that, overall, humans have a tendency to want to improve themselves and their surroundings, and therefore are 'good' by nature. Significant Names: Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Viktor Frankl
Basic Humanistic Principles: THE humanistic perspective evolved out of many psychologists' growing dissatisfaction with the behaviorist and psychoanalytic theories. Humanistic theorists began to criticize behaviorists as being too focused on animals on observable behavior and criticized the Freudians for being too focused on the unconscious mind and mentally disturbed persons. HUMANISTIC perspective asserts that psychology should focus on both behavior and mental processes, not just one or the other. THE goal of the humanistic psychology is to understand the human potential for growth and development. HUMANISTIC theorists view each human being as having unlimited potential for growth and development. HUMANISTIC theorists stress that human beings are complex and unique organisms and that they cannot be understood by simple, one dimensional analysis. WHILE humanistic theorists do not necessarily deny the existence of an unconscious mind, they tend to stress that humans are, by nature, rational beings and therefore place more emphasis on conscious thought. THE adult personality constantly changes and develops across the entire human life-span. Change is always possible. Motivational Theory: THE humanistic motivational theory is based on the idea of self actualization. The self actualization notion is that all humans (with normal mental capabilities) possess an inborn tendency to grow and develop in a positive direction. Therefore, humans are motivated to educate themselves, marry and raise children, and develop careers primarily due to this life-long, natural desire to improve ourselves and our lives. Humanistic theorists see this tendency toward constant self-improvement as being a uniquely human characteristic. View on Control of Human Behavior: THE humanistic theory stresses that humans are ultimately free to choose their behaviors and their emotional responses to events around them. That is, humanistic theorists reject the ideas that humans are controlled by unconscious drives or by environmental forces. IN ADDITION, they see humans as rational beings who are free to choose and therefore we are ultimately responsible for our actions and for our emotional responses to life events. View of Human Nature: BECAUSE of their belief in self-actualization, humanistic theorists tend to view humans as being good by nature. They are not suggesting that humans only do good things, but rather that, overall, humans have a tendency to want to improve themselves and their surroundings, and therefore are 'good' by nature. Significant Names: Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Viktor Frankl
Reaction formation
Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite one's true feelings. EXAMPLE: A parent who unconsciously resents a child spoils the child with outlandish gifts.
Identification
Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group. EXAMPLE: An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost his self-esteem.
What are some characteristics of Self actualizing people
Clear efficient perception of reality and comfortable relation with it, Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness, problem centering, Detachment and need for privacy, autonomy, independence of culture and environment, continued freshness of appreciation, Mystical and peak experiences, strong friend ships, and balance between polarities in personality.
What is Conscientiousness
Conscientious people tend to be diligent, well-organized, punctual, and dependable. Conscientious is associated with strong self-discipline and the ability to regulate oneself effectively.
Factor analysis
Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables. If the measurements of a number of variables (in this case, personality traits) correlate highly with one another, the assumption is that a single factor is influencing all of them. Factor analysis is used to identify these hidden factors. In factor analyses of personality traits, these hidden factors are viewed as basic, higher-order traits that determine less basic, more specific traits. In recent decades, the most influential model of personality structure has been the five-factor model of personality.
Rationalism
Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. EXAMPLE: A student watches TV instead of studying, saying that "additional study wouldn't do any good anyway."
Displacement
Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target. EXAMPLE: After a parental scolding, a young girl takes her anger out on her little brother.
What are examples of Id
Freud referred to the id as the reservoir of psychic energy. By this he meant that the id houses raw biological urges (to eat, sleep, defecate, copulate, and so on) that energize human behavior.
HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. HUMANISM- It is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. Carl Rogers was the father of the human potential movement.
HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORY OF CARL ROGERS is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. HUMANISM- It is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. Carl Rogers was the father of the human potential movement.
What did Skinner contribute to Behaviorism
He developed operant conditioning, Asserted that behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli, He viewed an individual's personality as a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations.
Who is Albert Bandura
He is a behaviorist and believed that observation learning is one of the key elements of behaviorism.
Who is B.F. Skinner
He is a behaviorist.
Who is Carl Jung
He is a psychiatrist that worked closely with Freud but left to work on his own because of differences in opinions.
Alfred Adler
He was a member of Freud's inner circle. He developed Individual psychology study. Both Freud and Adler believe in the importance of early childhood experiences.
Who was Carl Rogers
He was the father of human potential movement.
Which structure energizes and drives most human behaviors?
Id is responsible for drive and energy in human behaviors.
What does each do for us, and how do these three related to each other?
Id takes care of our basic needs, Ego controls the Id and decides how to behave and superego dictates what is right and wrong.
Id
It is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.
Oedipal complex
In the Oedipal Complex, children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.
What is the difference between congruence (or a 'congruent person') and incongruence (or an 'incongruent person')?
Incongruence is the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience, and congruence is the opposite.
What is Psychoanalytic theory of personality
It attempts to explain personality by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, unconscious conflicts, and sexual urges.
What can factor analysis determine
It can determine which traits are essential core traits that powerfully influence personalities, and which traits are simple superficial traits related to one of the core traits.
From which structure does guilt come?
It comes from superego's morality
Compensation
It involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's ability. ADLER believed that compensation is entirely normal.
Self-concept
It is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. YOUR self-concept is your own mental picture of yourself. IT'S a collection of self-perceptions. FOR example, a self concept might include beliefs such as "I'm easygoing" or "I'm sly and crafty" or "I'm pretty" or "I'm hardworking."
trait
It is a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
Personality trait
It is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
Humanism
It is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. ROGERS AND MASLOW assume that people (1) can rise above their primitive animal heritage; (2) are largely conscious and rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational conflicts; and (3) are not helpless pawns of deterministic forces.
Ego
It is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
Incongruence
It is the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. IN contrast, if a person's self concept is reasonably accurate, it's said to be congruent with reality. Everyone experiences a certain amount of incongruence. The crucial issue is how much.
Fixation
It is the failure to move forward from one stage to another, as expected. THIS can be caused by excessive gratification of needs at a particular stage or by excessive frustration of those needs.
Reciprocal Determinism
It is the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another.
What is the need for Self-actualization
It is the need to fulfill one's potential.
Jung called his new approach ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY to differentiate it from Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Like Freud, Jung emphasized the unconscious determinants of personality. However, he proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers. The first layer, called the PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS, is essentially the same as Freud's version of the unconscious. The personal unconscious houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. In addition, Jung theorized the existence of a deeper layer that he called the collective unconscious. The COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. According to Jung, each person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human race. Jung called these ancestral memories archetypes. They are not memories of actual, personal experiences. Instead, ARCHETYPES are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. These archetypal images and ideas show up frequently in dreams and are often manifested in a culture's use of symbols in art, literature, and religion. According to Jung, symbols from very different cultures often show striking similarities because they emerge from archetypes that are shared by the entire human race.
Jung called his new approach ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY to differentiate it from Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Like Freud, Jung emphasized the unconscious determinants of personality. However, he proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers. The first layer, called the PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS, is essentially the same as Freud's version of the unconscious. The personal unconscious houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. In addition, Jung theorized the existence of a deeper layer that he called the collective unconscious. The COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. According to Jung, each person shares the collective unconscious with the entire human race. Jung called these ancestral memories archetypes. They are not memories of actual, personal experiences. Instead, ARCHETYPES are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. These archetypal images and ideas show up frequently in dreams and are often manifested in a culture's use of symbols in art, literature, and religion. According to Jung, symbols from very different cultures often show striking similarities because they emerge from archetypes that are shared by the entire human race.
Repression
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. EXAMPLE: A traumatized soldier has no recollection of the details of a close brush with death.
Objective Personality tests- they are personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviors. THE MMPI is intended to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of psychological disorders. It measures 10 personality traits that, when manifested to an extreme degree, are thought to be symptoms of disorders Examples include traits such as paranoia, depression, and hysteria. THE NEO PERSONALITY INVENTORY is used for measuring the Big Five traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. This test is used in research and clinical work. STRENGTHS FOR OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS are: it can provide a more objective and more precise estimate of the person's assertiveness. Self-report inventories are used for many purposes in a broad range of settings, and they have well-documented value in providing useful information about individuals. WEAKNESSES FOR OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS are: Deliberate deception, social desirability bias, and response sets (people who say yes or no to everything.)
Objective Personality tests- they are personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviors. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS intended use is for making clinical diagnoses of psychological disorders, vocational counseling, personal selection of business and industry and measuring personality traits for research purposes. THE MMPI is intended to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of psychological disorders. It measures 10 personality traits. THE NEO PERSONALITY INVENTORY is used for measuring 5 different personality traits and is used in research and clinical work. STRENGTHS FOR OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS are: it can provide a more objective and more precise estimate of the person's assertiveness. Self-report inventories are used for many purposes in a broad range of settings, and they have well-documented value in providing useful information about individuals. WEAKNESSES FOR OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS are: Deliberate deception, social desirability bias, and response sets (people who say yes or no to everything.)
What is Openness to Experience
Openness is associated with curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, intellectual pursuits, interests in new ideas, and unconventional attitudes. People who are high in openness also tend to be tolerant of ambiguity.
What are the Freud's 5 Psychosexual Development stages
Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.
What is Extraversion
People who score high in extraversion are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious. They also have a more positive outlook on life and are motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence.
What is Neuroticism
People who score high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. They also tend to exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability than others.
What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
Physiological needs, Safety and security needs, Belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, and need for self actualization
What are the major criticism and evaluations of psychodynamics theories
Poor testability, unrepresentative samples, overemphasis on case studies, contradictory evidence, and sexism.
Which one contains thoughts we're not currently thinking of, but that can consciously be brought up to a higher level of awareness?
Preconscious
Projective Personality tests- they are personality tests that ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that can reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits. IN THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST, a series of pictures of simple scenes is presented to individuals who are asked to tell stories about what is happening in the scenes and what the characters are feeling. For instance, one TAT card shows a young boy contemplating a violin resting on a table in front of him. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TECHNIQUE- A series of ten inkblots and respondents are asked to describe what they see in the blots. THE STRENGTH OF PROJECTIVE TESTS is that the subject does not know how the test provides information to the tester and it makes subjects sensitive to unconscious latent features of personality. WEAKNESSES OF PROJECTIVE TESTS are Inconsistent scoring, low reliability, inadequate test norms, cultural bias, and poor validity estimates. PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS is that ambiguous materials can serve as a blank screen onto which people project their characteristic concerns, conflicts, and desires on.
Projective Personality tests- they are personality tests that ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that can reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits. IN THE THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST, a series of pictures of simple scenes is presented to individuals who are asked to tell stories about what is happening in the scenes and what the characters are feeling. For instance, one TAT card shows a young boy contemplating a violin resting on a table in front of him. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TECHNIQUE- A series of ten inkblots and respondents are asked to describe what they see in the blots. THE STRENGTH OF PROJECTIVE TESTS is that the subject does not know how the test provides information to the tester and it makes subjects sensitive to unconscious latent features of personality. WEAKNESSES OF PROJECTIVE TESTS are Inconsistent scoring, low reliability, inadequate test norms, cultural bias, and poor validity estimates. PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS is that ambiguous materials can serve as a blank screen onto which people project their characteristic concerns, conflicts, and desires on.
Who is Abraham Maslow
Prominent humanistic theorist.
Self-efficacy
Refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels
Is there a link between genes and personality
Research has provided impressive support for the idea that genetic blueprint shape the contours of an individual's personality. So more than likely, yes.
Rogers believed that unconditional love from parents fosters congruence and that conditional love fosters incongruence. He further theorized that if individuals grow up believing that affection from others is highly conditional, they will go on to distort more and more of their experiences in order to feel worthy of acceptance from a wider and wider array of people.
Rogers believed that unconditional love from parents fosters congruence and that conditional love fosters incongruence. He further theorized that if individuals grow up believing that affection from others is highly conditional, they will go on to distort more and more of their experiences in order to feel worthy of acceptance from a wider and wider array of people.
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Basic Psychoanalytic Principles: PSYCHOLOGY should focus on understanding mental processes, especially the unconscious level of the mind. THERE are three levels of consciousness -- the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels. ONLY the unconscious mind is thought to be of importance. CONSCIOUS thought processes are seen as mostly unimportant. HUMANS are born with powerful sexual and aggressive drives that are housed in the unconscious mind and make basic survival possible both for the individual and species. THE adult personality is unchanging. Deep core personality traits are set by age five or six and virtually impossible to change after that. THE psychoanalytic theory was borne primarily out of Freud's study of individuals with various mental disorders, as well as his own life experiences. Freud essentially created a comprehensive theory, but did no formal experimentation to validate this theory. Motivational Theory: THE psychoanalytic theory stresses that all human behaviors are ultimately motivated by one of two instinctual drives -- the sexual and aggressive drives. Freud's concept of the sexual drive extended beyond sexual to include anything that was pleasurable to an individual. So according to Freud, when you have a daydream, take a bath, eat food, see a movie, smoke a cigarette, chew gum (or anything mentally or physically pleasurable) you are ultimately gratifying a deep, unconscious sexual need. According to Freud, we are born with and yet generally unaware of these innate sexual drives. View on Control of Human Behavior: ACCORDING to the psychoanalytic theory, humans are controlled by their unconscious drives. Psychoanalytic theorists reject ideas of free will and environmental control of behavior. View of Human Nature: ACCORDING to the psychoanalytic theory, humans are born "bad." That is, humans are seen as being selfish, self-centered and egocentric by nature. According to Freud, all behaviors that humans do ultimately have a selfish motive underlying them. Significant Names: Sigmund Freud (the founder / principal creator of the psychoanalytic theory) Carl Jung (a 'neo-Freudian' who broke away from Freud to make his own theory) Alfred Adler (another 'neo-Freudian' who broke away to make his own theory)
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE Basic Psychoanalytic Principles: PSYCHOLOGY should focus on understanding mental processes, especially the unconscious level of the mind. THERE are three levels of consciousness -- the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels. ONLY the unconscious mind is thought to be of importance. CONSCIOUS thought processes are seen as mostly unimportant. HUMANS are born with powerful sexual and aggressive drives that are housed in the unconscious mind and make basic survival possible both for the individual and species. THE adult personality is unchanging. Deep core personality traits are set by age five or six and virtually impossible to change after that. THE psychoanalytic theory was borne primarily out of Freud's study of individuals with various mental disorders, as well as his own life experiences. Freud essentially created a comprehensive theory, but did no formal experimentation to validate this theory. Motivational Theory: THE psychoanalytic theory stresses that all human behaviors are ultimately motivated by one of two instinctual drives -- the sexual and aggressive drives. Freud's concept of the sexual drive extended beyond sexual to include anything that was pleasurable to an individual. So according to Freud, when you have a daydream, take a bath, eat food, see a movie, smoke a cigarette, chew gum (or anything mentally or physically pleasurable) you are ultimately gratifying a deep, unconscious sexual need. According to Freud, we are born with and yet generally unaware of these innate sexual drives. View on Control of Human Behavior: ACCORDING to the psychoanalytic theory, humans are controlled by their unconscious drives. Psychoanalytic theorists reject ideas of free will and environmental control of behavior. View of Human Nature: ACCORDING to the psychoanalytic theory, humans are born "bad." That is, humans are seen as being selfish, self-centered and egocentric by nature. According to Freud, all behaviors that humans do ultimately have a selfish motive underlying them. Significant Names: Sigmund Freud (the founder / principal creator of the psychoanalytic theory) Carl Jung (a 'neo-Freudian' who broke away from Freud to make his own theory) Alfred Adler (another 'neo-Freudian' who broke away to make his own theory)
What is Social cognitive theory
That humans are conscious, thinking, feeling beings who have cognitive processes.
Unconscious
The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. Examples of material that might be found in your unconscious include a forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a parent, and repressed sexual desires.
Conscious
The conscious consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. For example, at this moment, your conscious may include the train of thought in this text and a dim awareness in the back of your mind that your eyes are getting tired and you're beginning to get hungry.
What is ego guided by
The ego is guided by the reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. In short, to stay out of trouble, the ego often works to tame the unbridled desires of the id.
What is An example of Ego
The ego mediates between the id, with its forceful desires for immediate satisfaction, and the external social world, with its expectations and norms regarding suitable behavior. The ego considers social realties--society's norms, etiquette, rules, and customs--in deciding how to behave.
What is the pleasure principle
The id operates according to the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE, which demands immediate gratification of its urges. The id engages in primary-process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented.
Preconscious
The preconscious contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved. Examples might include your middle name, what you had for supper last night, or an argument you had with a friend yesterday.
What did McCrae and Costa research
Their analyses showed that most personality traits are derived from just five higher-order traits that have come to be known as the Big Five. Extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Defense mechanism
They are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions, such as anxiety and guilt.
Psychosexual stages
They are the developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.
Oral
This stage is between ages 0-1 and erotically focuses on the mouth (sucking and biting). Key tasks and Experiences including Weaning (from breast or bottle). According to Freud, fixation at the oral stage could form the basis for obsessive eating or smoking (among many other things) later in life.
Anal
This stage is between ages 2-3 and erotically focuses on the anus (expelling or retaining feces). Key tasks and Experiences include toilet training. SEVERELY punitive toilet training leads to a variety of possible outcomes. For example, excessive punishment might produce a latent feeling of hostility toward the "trainer," usually the mother. This hostility might generalize to women as a class. Another possibility is that heavy reliance on punitive measures could lead to an association between genital concerns and the anxiety that the punishment arouses. This genital anxiety derived from sever toilet training could evolve into anxiety about sexual activities later in life.
Phallic
This stage is between ages 4-5 and erotically focuses on the genitals (masturbating). The key tasks and experiences are identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal crisis. During this pivotal stage, the Oedipal complex emerges. That is, little boys develop an erotically tinged preference for their mother. They also feel hostility toward their father, whom they view as a competitor for mom's affection. Similarly, little girls develop a special attachment to their father. Around the same time, they learn that little boys have different genitals, and they supposedly develop penis envy. According to Freud, young girls feel hostile toward their mother because they blame her for their anatomical "deficiency"
Latency
This stage is between ages 6-12 and has no erotic focus as that is sexually repressed. The key tasks and experiences include expanding social contacts beyond the immediate family.
Genital
This stage is from puberty onward and erotically focuses on the genitals and being sexually intimate. The keys tasks and experiences include establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working. At this point, sexual energy is normally channeled towards peers of the other sex, rather than toward oneself as in the phallic stage.
What is Agreeableness
Those who score high in agreeableness tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward. Agreeableness is also correlated with empathy and helping behavior.
What were Abrahams Maslow's ideas and key terms
To analysis of how motives are organized hierarchically and his description of the healthy personality.
What is the purpose of Overcompensation
To conceal, even from themselves, their feelings of inferiority.
Overcompensation
To go above and beyond compensation; acquiring status, power, and the trappings of success (fancy clothes, impressive cars) to cover up their underlying inferiority complex.
Compared to others, how do test scores for identical twins on the Big Five traits compare?
Twins are found to be much more similar than fraternal twins.
Which one contains primitive, in-born, sexual drives that shape our thinking and behaviors without conscious awareness of this influence?
Unconscious
Which one do we have no consciousness awareness of, and therefore no conscious access to?
Unconscious
conditonal positive regard
When a parent has conditions (behaving well and living up to expectations) on if they will love their child. Love and acceptance with a string attached. (Children often block out of their self-concept those experiences that make them feel unworthy of love because they're worried about parental acceptance).
Unconditional positive regard
When a parent loves their child unconditionally. More open love and when they grow up they will love themselves no matter if they succeed or fail. (Less need to block out unworthy experiences).
Superego
While the ego concerns itself with practical realities, the SUPEREGO is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. Throughout their lives, but especially during childhood, people receive training about what constitutes good and bad behavior, and many social norms regarding morality are eventually internalized.
Is this finding the same if identical twins are reared by different parents in separate homes?
Yes they are still similar.
Your self-concept may not be entirely consistent with your experiences. Most people tend to distort their experiences to some extent to promote a relatively favorable self-concept. For example, you may believe that you're quite bright, but your grade transcript might suggest otherwise, Rogers called the gap between self-concept and reality "incongruence".
Your self-concept may not be entirely consistent with your experiences. Most people tend to distort their experiences to some extent to promote a relatively favorable self-concept. For example, you may believe that you're quite bright, but your grade transcript might suggest otherwise, Rogers called the gap between self-concept and reality "incongruence".
model
a person whose behavior is observed by another
Personality assessment or tests
can be helpful in (1) making clinical diagnoses of psychological disorders, (2) vocational counseling, (3) personnel selection in business and industry, and (4) measuring specific personality traits for research purposes. PERSONALITY test can be divided into two broad categories: self-report inventories and projective tests.
What, according to Rogers, is the difference between treating a child with conditional positive regard and unconditional positive regard?
conditional love causes children to battle the reality of their unfavorable traits, while unconditional love gives children no reason to develop incongruence .
Personality
refers to an individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits. THE concept of personality is used to explain (1) the stability in a person's behavior over time and across situations (consistency) and (2) the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness).