Chapter 11

Each year 1.2 billion mobile phones are sold. What percent of old mobile phones are currently recycled? 1% 10% 50% 95%

10%

__________, a commonly mined energy resource, is not a mineral. Petroleum Potash Coal Uranium

Coal

Strip mining, subsurface mining, and solution mining all take place in which "sphere" of the planet? Atmosphere Lithosphere Magnetosphere Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Within which of the following layers of Earth does plate tectonic movement occur? Mantle Core Asthenosphere Lithosphere

Lithosphere

What type of rock results when rock is exposed to great pressure and high temperatures lower than the rock's melting point? Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous Plutonic

Metamorphic

Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides can displace large volumes of water in the ocean and trigger which of the following natural disasters? Tornadoes mass wasting Lahars Tsunamis

Tsunamis

Plate tectonic movement results from ________. unstable surface rock formations molten materials from the core escaping to the surface high surface winds and erosion convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle mass wasting

convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle

Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains? divergent plate boundaries transform plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries tactile plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

Which of the following correctly represents the basic layers of Earth from the innermost to the outermost? core, crust, mantle core, mantle, crust crust, core, mantle crust, mantle, core

core, mantle, crust

sunamis are caused by ________. boiling water entering the oceans from undersea faults abnormally high and sustained winds global climate change abrupt changes in temperature of seawater displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

displacement of sea water by volcanoes, earthquakes or coastal landslides

The newest bonanza for recycling scarce and toxic metals is to recover them from ________. e-wastes compact discs, LPs, and 8-track tapes car batteries construction dump sites landfills from the 1960s

e-wastes

The focus of the 2001 inquiry of the UN General Assembly into coltan mining in Congo was ________. environmental and social justice for the Congolese diverting 30% of the profits from coltan into UN agencies like USESCO and FAO controlling the high price of the ore charged by the Congolese government stopping the mining and sale of coltan to western nations allowing more western nations to benefit from the importation of coltan

environmental and social justice for the Congolese

Smelting of iron ore involves ________. dissolving the ore in hot water to separate iron and aluminum oxidizing iron to ferric oxide and then adding silicon and boron washing the ore with acid to extract iron heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon crushing and heating the ore at its melting point

heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon

Volcanoes are created when lava cools and accumulates over time. What type of rock are volcanoes made of? sedimentary rock igneous rock Granite metamorphic rock

igneous rock

When magma or lava cools, the result is ________. subduction igneous rock weathering and deposition the formation of minerals metamorphic rock

igneous rock

What is the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity? Earthquake Tsunami mass wasting Flooding

mass wasting

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________. sediment horizon rock mineral organic nutrient

mineral

The U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires ________. mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted restoration of the identical ecosystem and biodiversity present before mining began no remediation of water pollution, except in the case of uranium mining all mined minerals to be processed and sold only within the United States 20% of sales revenues to be donated to national park maintenance

mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted

Most metals, such as iron and copper, do not occur in a pure state in Earth's crust, but occur within ________. sediments ores igneous rocks organic materials the O horizon of the soil

ores

The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________. relax environmental requirements for mining scour the earth for new deposits reduce demands for social and economic justice increase demand for the products in which they are used recycle existing supplies

recycle existing supplies

This mining technique is utilized to get at shallow, horizontal deposits of minerals close to the surface. strip mining solution mining placer mining subsurface mining

strip mining

Which type of mining generates "overburden" as a byproduct of the mining process? placer mining subsurface mining strip mining solution mining

strip mining

What sort of far-reaching, even global, environmental impact can result from the eruption of especially large volcanoes? the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunlight the increased warming of the atmosphere due to heated particles in the air widespread flooding due to the release of water vapor warming Earth's oceans on a global scale

the cooling of Earth's surface due to ash and emissions in the atmosphere, which block sunligh

The lithosphere consists of ________. the upper part of the asthenosphere the upper mantle and core the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust soils and vegetation magma and molten metal

the uppermost mantle and the continental and oceanic crust

Placer mining is environmentally damaging because most methods ________. wash large amounts of sediments into streams, making the streams uninhabitable for many forms of aquatic life remove large amounts of surface soil and rock, leading to wide-scale erosion lead to acid drainage that affects nearby streams and rivers inject toxic solutions deep into the ground create large open pits that fill up with groundwater and react with sulfides to form sulfuric acid

wash large amounts of sediments into streams, making the streams uninhabitable for many forms of aquatic life

What is an alloy? the material left behind after a metal has been removed from an ore An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together. It is a mining technique for recovering gold from a river basin. a disease caused by coal mining

An alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal substance that has been melted and fused together.

Heavy landscape damage and water pollution have occurred in ________ as a result of ________. San Francisco; placer mining for gold Mississippi; strip mining for uranium Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal Florida; open pit mining of limestone Canada; subsurface mining for oil sands

Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal

Tantalum is needed for mobile phones, and the Congo is a major supplier of this metal. Which of these is true of how mining for tantalum has occurred in the Congo? Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people. The profits from the mining operations have been used to establish and maintain parks and reserves to protect the Congo's natural heritage. Most tantalum mining is being done by large multinational corporations. The tantalum miners are rapidly becoming wealthy and improving conditions in their country.

Profits from tantalum mining have helped fuel a war that has killed more than 5 million people.

Why have some open pit mines been declared Superfund sites? The sites are considered dangerous because of the fear of collapsing shafts and sinkholes. Chemicals used in the mining process to dissolve the rock have left the site permanently toxic. The size of the pit poses a serious hazard, as someone could fall in. The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

The waters in the pit become highly acidic and contain high levels of toxic metals.

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________. eutrophication suspended limestone particles chlorinated pesticides acid drainage radon gas

acid drainage

Volcanoes are formed ________. in subduction zones or in rift valleys as a result of water seeping into the core from the surface when the earth's core erupts onto the surface where the earth's crust is especially thick after earthquakes have damaged the earth's crust

in subduction zones or in rift valleys

Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________. finding more available substitutes for scarce minerals researching more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques of extraction increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals recycling exploring for new reserves

increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals

What is the mechanism behind the movement of Earth's tectonic plates? intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection intense heat in the lithosphere that generates convection The oceans extend deep into the lithosphere, which allows for the drifting movement of the overlying crust. Earth's outer core is a liquid and generates the convection that allows for tectonic plate movement.

intense heat in the asthenosphere that generates convection

The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed __________. tectonic plates igneous rock formation mineralization lithification

lithification

The effect of rising rates of consumption of metals will ________. have the smallest effect on the price of lead, zinc, and copper, but largest for titanium make prices higher as nations complete for limited resources have no effect on price force prices lower as nations compete for limited resources increase the lifetime of economically recoverable metal deposits

make prices higher as nations complete for limited resources