Chapter 12
An employee organization that represents workers in employee-management bargaining over job-related issues is called a ______.
union
The AFL-CIO opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central American Free Trade agreement (CAFTA) because:
unions would lose members; companies would move jobs to nations with lower wages
sexual harassment
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct (verbal or physical) of a sexual nature that creates a hostile work environment
Strikebreakers
workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved
The _____ prohibits unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other unsolicited conduct of a sexual nature for both men and women.
civil rights act of 1991
union shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers do not have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period
closed-shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley ACt in 1947
Under this now illegal practice, workers were required to join the union before being hired. This type of agreement is called a
closed shop agreement because jobs were closed to nonmembers
Issues that have concerned organized labor in the past include:
job security; worker pay and benefits; union recognition
Union leaders from ____ countries have formed the Council of Global Unions to bring various national union movements into one powerful global labor movement.
64
The union leader who founded the CIO to organize both craftspeople and unskilled workers who were in the same industry was:
John L. Lewis
"Workers of the world, unite" is a quote from:
Karl Marx
What was the name of the first successful national labor organization in the Us that also offered membership to employers?
Knights of Labor
Labor and management reach agreements through the process of ________.
collective bargaining
Strikes, such as the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America's Strike, can have all of the following EXCEPT
permanently resolve issues
The Employee Free Choice Act would allow workers to approve union representation by:
signing a card
The Norris-LaGuardia Act banned ______, a union-busting tactic that forced workers to sign contracts banning union affiliation.
yellow-dog contracts
Since 1980, the difference between the average CEO salary and worker salaries has
increased significantly
The goal of the Knights of Labor was to:
establish the first national labor union; gain political power
The majority of labor agreements are of this type. In this type of agreement, the employer can hire anyone, but as a condition of employment, employees hired must join the union to keep their jobs.
Union shop agreement
Lockout
an attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business
The process by which a union is recognized by the NLRB as the bargaining agent for a group of employees is known as ______.
certification
agency shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees are not required to join the union by must pay a union fee
Contract talks between an apparel manufacturer and its union have stalled, and in an effort to increase its leverage against the manufacturer, union members are picketing outside retail stores that carry the manufacturer's apparel. This is called a
secondary boycott
In the future, labor unions are likely to focus on:
two-tiered wage plans
The NLRB is authorized to investigate and remedy _____ _____ practices.
unfair labor
Maximizing productivity and profits for owners are goals of:
Management
certification
Formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees
What were some of the original reasons that labor unions formed?
To protect workers from intolerable conditions; to gain negotiating power; to prevent unfair treatment of laborers by management
Over the past 30 years, nearly every major industry has become _____ in global trade.
active
Overtime rules and job assignments are frequently sources of employee _____ against management.
grievances
Union leaders ____ that labor has reacted slowly to the globalization of the economy.
lament
Right-to-work laws
legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop agreement, to join or not join a union if it is present
Bargaining zone
the range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse
Negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)
Agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time
givebacks
Concessions made by union members to management; gains from labor negotiations are given back to management to help employers remain competitive and thereby save jobs.
The membership of an industrial union includes skilled and unskilled workers who all work in a specific _____
Industry
United Airlines: To prevent a sympathy strike, United Airlines obtained a court order making it illegal for machinists to strike during a strike by the flight attendants.
Injunction
A legal agreement that clarifies the terms and conditions under which labor and management will operate over a period of time is a _____.
Negotiated labor-management agreement; contract
The Taft-Hartley Act led to the merger of the AFL and the CIO because it:
Restricted union power
Major airlines: Although it's illegal, striking workers at a major airline tried to persuade customers to stop buying GE products, since GE supplies a majority of the aircraft engines to the airline.
Secondary Boycott
An example of the membership of the CIO is:
The United Mineworkers
In Europe, although unions have long been an integral part of the economic fabric, overall membership is ___.
down
When employees charge that management is not abiding by the terms of the labor contract, it is called a _____.
grievance
Shop stewards
union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis
primary boycott
when a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute
The workforce has doubled in size, due primarily to additions from ____ and India.
China
The industrial Revolution made the US an economic world power through huge increases in ____ from mass production.
Productivity
The AFL was formed as an umbrella organization of _____ unions; wheras the CIO organized ____ unions.
Craft; indusstrial
This type of agreement stipulates that employers may hire anyone. Employees need not join the union, but are required to pay a union fee. A small percentage of labor agreements are of this type.
Agency shop agreement
Yellow-dog contract
A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in1932
Among the benefits won by organized labor are:
Worker's compensation for disability; child-labor and safety laws; minimum wage laws
Decertification
the process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them
The Industrial Revolution changed the economic structure of the US because:
Mass production brought hug increases in productivity
The five members of the National Labor Relations Board are appointed by the US.
President
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955
Verizon: Workers belonging to two separate unions refused to go to work at Verizon when management asked for fewer days and a pension freeze
Strike
Some of the major goals of labor unions are to:
Provide a unified voice for members; improve working conditions for members; represent its members in negotiations
The emphasis on productivity created problems for workers who:
Receied no pay if sick or injured on the job; worked 60 hours or more at poor wages
Cooling-off period
when workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations
A group of workers that would be part of the CIO would be:
The mine workers; the auto workers
Grievance
a charge by employees that management is not abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor-management agreement
Union membership is voluntary for new and existing employees. Those who don't join the union don't have to pay union dues, but few union contracts are of this type.
Open Shop agreement
Which of the following is a tactic used by labor in a management dispute?
Primary Boycott
The _____ is a situation in which workers who are prohibited from striking display their frustrations by calling in sick.
blue flu
Under the provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, in industries that are considered critical, the US president can prevent a strike by asking for a _____, during which workers return to their jobs while negotiations continue.
cooling-off period
Union
An employee organization whose main goal is representing its members in employee-management negotiation of job-related issues
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
An organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886
Craft Union
An organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft of trade
The organizing force behind formation of the _____ was John L. Lewis of the United Mineworkers Union.
CIO
An Electrical Workers Union is the type of union known as a ____ union.
Craft
The need to continually increase productivity ed to improved working conditions in factories.
F
Detroit Mayor: The mayor of Detroit asked for union employees to accept deep cuts in pension and health care benefits and agree to modify workforce rules related to layoffs and transfers.
Givebacks
A labor organization of both skilled and unskilled workers working in a mass production industry is an ____.
Industrial
National Basketball Association: When contract negotiations broke down, the National Basketball Association cancelled the first games of the season, refusing to allow players to play.
Lockout
Walmart: In the past, members of various unions have mounted campaigns to persuade consumers not to shop at Walmart because Walmart doesn't use union labor.
Primary Boycott
MLB: Several years ago during a baseball players strike, MLB club owners hired replacement players, brining many up from the minor leagues.
Strikebreakers
Labor unions were responsible for legislation creating overtime rules.
T
The law that allowed individual states to pass right-to-work laws is the:
Taft-Hartley Act
Knights of Labor
The first national labor union; formed in 1869
An industrial union includes which of the following?
Unskilled workers; skilled workers; workers in a specific industry
The law that made it possible for labor unions to grow by using tactics such as strikes, picketing, and boycotts and established the National Labor Relations Board to oversee union elections was the:
Wagner Act of 1935
The benefits organized labor has won for workers includes:
Workplace safety laws; minimum wage laws
injunction
a court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something
Under a _____ shop agreement, workers are not required to join the union, but nonunion workers are still required to pay a union fee or regular dues to the union.
agency
If management negotiators are unable to reach an agreement at the bargaining table, they may choose _____, in which an impartial third party meets with both sides and then renders a binding decision.
arbitration
The process whereby the NLRB recognizes a labor union like SAG as the authorized bargaining agent for a group of works is called
certifiaction
The Taft-Hartley Act made this form of agreement illegal. Under this type of labor agreement, employers could hire only current union members for a job.
closed Shop agreement
The reason labor unions opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is because members would lose ______ to workers in other nations.
jobs
The difference between working conditions in factories today and those in the early 1900s is that:
labor unions and the law have improved them
The negotiated _____ agreement outlines the rights of both parties in the negotiating process, including work hours, wages, employee benefits and grievance procedures.
labor-management
The reason the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) started was to:
organized all workers in an industry
The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 paved the way for union growth in the US by
outlawing the use of yellow dog contracts; allowing non-violent union activities
The Wagner Act of 1935 led to the growth of the Congress of Industrial Union (CIO) because it:
prohibited unfair labor practices by employers; allowed unions to strike and picket; established the NLRB to oversee union elections
Union security clause
provisions in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the uinon
The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 made which union practice illegal?
secondary boycotts; closed shop agreements
The goal of the Employee Free Choice Act is to:
simplify the union organizing process
Which of the following is the most potent tactic used by labor in a dispute?
strike
Arbitration
the agreement to bring in an impartial third party (single arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators) to render a binding decision in a labor dispute
All of the following are possible reasons for a decline in union membership EXCEPT
the increase focus of unions on job security as a result of global competition
The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 paved the way for union growth in the US by:
Allowing non-violent union activities; outlawing the use of yellow dog contracts
A _____ shop agreement specified that workers had to be union members before they were hired for a job.
closed
The AFL was the federation of ____ unions led by Samuel Gompers in the 1890s.
craft
The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers seeks to organize all members of the electrical trad; it is a ___ union.
craft
Changes in public opinion have affected labor unions by:
Prohibiting compulsive union membership; the passing of laws to curb corruption in unions; influencing passage of laws to curb the power of management
Change in public opinion have affected labor unions by:
influencing passage of laws to curb the power of management; prohibiting compulsive union membership; the passing of laws to curb corruption in union
Some of the goals of management are to:
produce a profit; balance the demands of stakeholders; maximize productivity
The Industrial Revolution brought problems for workers due to the demand for constant increases in _____.
productivity
Laws allowing labor unions to form and providing for a minimum wage did not exist in:
1900
During Samuel Gompers' tenure as a president of the AFL, an unauthorized group within the organization called the ____ began to organize workers in industrial unions.
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Industrial unions
Labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobiles and mining
The _____ Act was designed to regulate the internal functioning of labor unions and protect the rights of individual workers in a union.
Landrum-Griffin
The CIO started as a committee of the AFL in order to:
Organize the unskilled workers in mass production industries
collective bargaining
The process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers
Strike
a union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining
Yellow Dog Contracts, made illegal by the Norris-LaGuardia Act, required employees to:
agree not to join a labor union
Open shop agreement
agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace
secondary boycott
an attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act
The process by which workers remove a union's right to represent them is:
decertification
Toda, over 80% of major companies require new employees to consent to a
drug test
The clause included in many union contracts that requires those benefiting from the union to pay dues is a union _____ clause.
security
Mediation
the use of a 3rd party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute