Chapter 12

Biological Theories

- Instinct - Drive Reduction - Arousal

Biopsychosocial Theory

- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

McCelland's Need Theory

- Need for Achievement; desire for realistic and challenging goals - Need for Affiliation; social interaction - Need for Power; need to control others

Need for Achievement

Characteristics of a high need for achievement: -moderately difficult tasks -competitive -prefer responsibility -persistant -LEARNED Behavior

Behavioral (emotion)

Facial expressions, gestures, and body positions also influence type and intensity of emotions.

Disordered Eating

In-between heathy eating, and eating disorders: Frequent dieting, restrictive eating, and emotional eating.

Intrinsic Motivation

Act/Behavior itself is motivating or internally rewarding. (self interest) ex. "i play the guitar because i like too"

ERG "Mini" Maslow

-Existence: Psychological/safety needs -Relatedness: belongingness -Growth: self esteem, self actualization needs Unlike Maslow's Hierarchy, a person does not have to go through the levels in order, and can go back to earlier level.

Psychological Theories

-Incentive -Cognitive

Need for Affiliation

-Need personal interaction with others -Need friendly relationships with others -Need to be liked, popular -Need to be accepted -Tend to Conform to group norms

Need for Power

-Need to be influential (Need their ideas to be accepted) -Need to lead and control others' behaviors -Need to increase personal status -Need for prestige -Competitive if situation allows for dominance

Levels of Arousal

1. Deep Sleep (low level)- No behavior 2. Optimal Alertness (moderate level)- Maximizes performance 3. High Anxiety (high level)- Errors in Behavior

6 Major Theories of Motivation

1. Instinct 2. Drive Reduction 3. Arousal 4. Incentive 5. Cognitive 6. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The Female Athlete Triad

1. Irregular Period, Eating Disorders, and Osteoporosis (fragile bones, easy to fracture)

Components of Emotion

1. Psychological 2. Cognitive 3. Behavior

Bulimia Nervosa

A lot of consumption, however the person purges either by vomiting or use of laxatives.

Lazarus's Cognitive Mediational Theory

A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g. "snarling dog is not behind a fence, so this is dangerous"). Cognitive appraisal first, then emotional response, then the appropriate bodily response.

Facial FeedbackTheory of Emotion

A stimulus causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression provides feedback to brain about the emotion. Brain interprets emotion and may also intensify it.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads first to bodily arousal which is then interpreted as emotion. (ex. "I feel sad because i'm crying")

Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory

A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and labeling of that Arousal, which then leads to labeling and experience of the emotional reaction.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A stimulus signals to the brain to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time. (ex. "I'm crying and feeling sad at the same time")

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Lower biological motives (such as hunger and thirst) must be satisfied before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self actualization).

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation begins with (1.) biological need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits (2.) Drive towards (3.) Behavior that will satisfy the original need and restore (4.) Homeostasis.

Cognitive Theory

Motivation is affected by expectations and attributions, or how we interpret or think about our own or others' actions.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation is separate from person and behavior.

Incentive Theory

Motivation results from external stimuli that "pulls" the organism in certain directions.

Instinct Theory

Motivation results from innate, biological instincts, which are unlearned responses found in almost all members of a species.

Arousal Theory

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Binge Eating

Overeating without purging. Can cause heart failure or obesity. Excessive weight gain.

Eating Disorders

Psychological Problems; - Anorexia Nervosa -Bulimia Nervosa -Binge Eating

Motivation

Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal.

Sensation Seeker

Someone who needs more arousal than average person.

Emotion

Subjective feeling that use arousal (heart pounding), cognition (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and running).

Psychological (emotion)

The arousal (heart pounding)

Cognitive (emotion)

Thought, values, and expectations influence types and industry of emotions (interpretation of events)

Anorexia Nervosa

Very little consumption of food, fear of weight gain becomes severely underweight.