Chapter 12

_______ is an emotion evoked by sympathy for another

Empathy

Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

assessing the victim's desire for help

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to

attributions

Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others?

avoiding eye contact

A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

be less likely to help others

In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention, researchers have

been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.

People who live in _______ are least likely to relay a phone message, mail "lost" letters, cooperate with survey interviewers, do small favors, or help a lost child.

big cities

Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to

both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image

Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism

can feed favoritism, injustice, and indifference

Hoffman (1981) reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of

empathy

Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends?

evolutionary psychology

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that

females seek more help

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is

gene survival

Darley and Batson (1973) gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded, and then sent them to the recording studio. Participants who had been _______ were most likely to stop and offer aid to a "victim" they encountered en route to the recording studio.

given extra time to reach the studio

Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel _______ are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help.

guilty

A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she

has been absent due to illness

The network of traits that predisposes a person to be helpful are all of the following EXCEPT

high in awareness

According to the text, individuals who identify as _______ in terms of spiritual commitment are most likely to report working volunteer and give to charities.

highly committed

Solomon and Solomon (1978) found that bystanders who _______ were more likely to offer aid to a person.

identified themselves to one another by name and age

According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are

internal or external.

Sociologist Gouldner (1960) contended that the norm of reciprocity

is as universal as the incest taboo

University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when

it was for someone who had bought them candy

Pedestrians who are more likely to help another pedestrian pick up a dropped envelope are those who

just had their photograph taken.

The idea that altruism toward one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

kin selection

Which one of the following is NOT one of the ways that Myers suggests increase social altruism?

learn about egoism

Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

less likely to walk away

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

men help most.

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that _______ offered more help when the persons in need were females, and _______ offered help equally to males and females.

men; women

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

model prosocial behavior

Omitting certain people from one's circle of moral concern is called

moral exclusion

Regarding people who are within one's circle of moral concern is called

moral inclusion.

Katzev (1978) found that when people were reprimanded at a zoo for feeding unauthorized food to bears, they were _______ to help another person afterwards than if they had not been reprimanded.

more likely

DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _______ when the other person's pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it.

more trusting and more generous

Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that

most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.

According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because they

never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance.

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.

no

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping

promote altruism in the observers

Social-exchange is a _______ theory, while social norms is a _______ theory.

psychological; sociological

According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to help based on

reciprocity

After Mr. Walters' neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

reciprocity norm

The free address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the

reciprocity norm

The notion of egoism maintains that

self-interest motivates all behavior

Keisha is stopped on the street by a panhandler. She is most likely to give money if

she just had her picture taken

Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are _______ us.

similar to

Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either "straight" or "hip" college students and asked for change to make a phone call. Results of this experiment confirmed a _______ bias in helping.

similarity

Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of

situational influences

Researchers have found that with door-to-door solicitation, there is more success with requests for contributions when they are

small

According to the text, the _______ of altruism propose(s) two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional, intrinsic helpfulness.

social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

social-exchange theory.

You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

social-exchange theory.

Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood.

softens; sustains

Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to

teach altruism

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

the bystander effect.

What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism?

the over-justification effect

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that

the person and the situation interact to predict helping.

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.

the presence of other bystanders

Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?

the presence of others who offer help

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as

the social-exchange theory.

In helping situations,

there are gender differences depending on the situation

People are more likely to help another person if

they expect to see them again

Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s reported that

they had warm, close relationships with at least one parent who was a "strong moralist" and committed to humanitarian causes.

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

time pressures

In McMillen and Austin's research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to

volunteer a large amount of time

We tend to help more often when

we have just observed someone else helping

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané's decision tree?

weighing the costs and benefits of helping

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

70 percent

Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature?

Batson

Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______.

another's welfare; one's own welfare

According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles?

Give people what they deserve

There are many ways to increase helping behaviors in people. Which is NOT one of the ways identified in the chapter?

Guilt-laden people don't tend to help others

Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that _______ people are helpful people.

Happy

Batson believes that true altruism does exist in feelings of sympathy and compassion for others. Which is NOT an example of genuine altruism?

Helping others by giving to a charity that supports an issue we think is really important.

Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian?

Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting

Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why

Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger

Who of the following is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital?

Melvin's mother, who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer

_____ were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity.

Members in religious groups

Which of the following techniques should elementary school teachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students?

Show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others

Which statement is TRUE?

Social exchange theory says we react to an emergency by considering what we can get out of it and balance that against risks

Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?

Tam

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

They become cold and uncaring after living in a city

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

altruism.

_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help

Women; men

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?

You must notice the stranger.

Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.

alone; less than five seconds.

When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to

circumstances beyond their control

A major weakness of the reward theory is that it

easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming.

The opposite of altruism is

egoism

According to research cited in the text, which of the following is the correct order?

positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive behavior

When looking at ingroup similarity and helping, researchers noted all of the following EXCEPT

one way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more exclusive than inclusive.

According to the evolutionary theory, it can be predicted that it is more likely that

parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa

The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that

people will help those dependent upon them

According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.

political conservatives

The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is

positive