Chapter 12 Neural Tissue

The multipolar are found in ________

CNS

Where are the interneurons found ?

CNS

The Anatomical division of the NS consists of: C--------------and P----------------parts

CNS and PNS

The axoplasm contains _______

CONTEINS NEUROFIBRILS, NEUROTUBULES.

Satelllite cells are a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? (T/F)

True

Sensory neurons form the afferent division of the PNS. (T/F)

True

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter related to emotional states.(t or f)

True

Synapse that release nor epinephrine are adrenergic synapses (t or f)

True

The Autonomic N S provides involuntary control over smooth mm, glandular and cardiac activity (T or F)

True

The Nervous System, includes all the Nervous Tissue of the body (true or false)

True

The afferent portion of the nervous System brings info to the CNS (true or false)

True

The effect that a neurotransmitter has in the post synaptic membrane depends on the characteristics of the receptor (T or F)

True

The efferent or motor division carries motor commands to mm and glands (T or F)

True

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is the multipolar (T/F)

True

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by oligodendrocytes. (T/F)

True

The neurons can not regenerate (T or F)

True

The peripheral cells in the PNS are located in the peripheral ganglia (true or false)

True

The neurotransmitter released by adrenergic synapses is the

Norepinephrine

The unipolar are found in the ________

PNS

The peripheral ganglia contains sensory neurons (true or false)

True

The rabies virus travels to the Central Nervous System via retrograde axoplasmic transport (T/F)

True

The skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic N System (T/F)

True

When a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the effectors membrane, the synapse is chemical (T or F)

True

The sensory division of the CNS brings sensory info to the CNS (true or false) and the efferent portion of the N S brings info from the CNS (true or false)

True, True

The rate of impulse conduction is greater in what type of fibers?

Type A

What type of fibers has the longest axon?

Type A

The Peripheral portion of the NS consists of _________ and the _________ divisions.

afferent, efferent

Classify the neurons according to their function

anaxonic bipolar unipolar multipolar

Classify the neurons according to their structure.

anaxonic bipolar unipolar multipolar

The part of the cell that connects the soma with the axon is called ___________

axon hillock

The cytoplasm of the axon is called __________

axoplasm

Movement of materials between cell bodies and synaptic knobs. Material travels along the NEUROTUBULES

axoplasmic transport

What is the most common type of synapse in the nervous system? Chemical or electrical ?

chemical synapse

SIDE BRANCHES OF THE AXON ALLOW TO COMMUNICATE WITH SEVERAL NEURON

collateral

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of the axon are called ___________

collaterals

myelinated segments of axon, a part or space between two nodes, knots, or joints, as the portion of a plant stem between two nodes.

inter node

What are the activities and sensations monitored by the interoceptors?

internal organs (deep pressure, pain)

The neuron that carry instructions from the CNS to peripheral effectors are _____________

motor neurons

The gap in between adjacent schwan cells are named __________

nodes of Ranvier or nodes

The myelin sheet that surround the axons of the neurons in the CNS are formed by ________

oligodendrocytes

The Somatic nervous system controls

skeletal muscles contractions

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

wallerian

The cell membrane of the neuron is known as _________

...

What type of glial cells contains the ganglia?

...

Other chemicals released by synaptic knobs are neuromodulators.(t or f)

True

What is the basic functional unit of the Nervous System?

neurons

The components of the efferent division are ________

- SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Characteristics of the functional repair in the CNS.

...

Characteristics of the functional repair in the PNS.

...

Classify the neurotransmitters according to their function.

...

Types of axoplasmic transport

ANTEROGRADE TRANSPORT: From cell body to synaptic knob. RETROGRADE: TRANSPORT: Toward the cell body

The peripheral nervous system consist of ________

All nervous tissue outside the CNS

What is grey matter and the components of it?

Areas containing: NEURON CELL BODIES DENDRITES UNMYELINATED AXONS

What is white matter and the components of it?

Areas of CNS containing: MYELINATED AXONS.

Function of every type of glial cells

Astrocyte- THEIR LONG PROCESSES (END FEET) EXTENDS TO BLOOD VESSELS TO INDUCE AND MAINTAIN THE BLOOD BRAIN -BARRIER Schwann cells- participate in repair process after ingury, surround all axons in the PNS. Responsible for myelination of peripheral axons Oligodendeocytes- Myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework Microglia- Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis Satellite cells- Surround neuro cell bodies in ganglia, regulat O2 and CO2,nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia Ependymal cells- Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

What are the largest and must numerous glial cells?

Astrocytes

The anaxonic are found in the __________

Brain

The Central part of the N S consists of the ________ and the _________ (organs)

Brain and spinal cord

- Block growth - produce scar tissue -SECRETE CHEMICALS FOR BLOOD - BRAIN BARRIER

Function of astrocytes

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?: A) phagocytosis B) support C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and maintenance of blood-brain barrier D) regulate composition of interstitial fluid E) memory

E

INITIAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON. ATTACHES THE CELL BODY TO THE AXON

Function of axon hillock

Different types of synapses.

Electrical synapses: direct physical contact between cells Chemical synapses: signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

Name the 4 classes of opioids.

Endorphins Enkephalins Endomorphins Dynorphins

The type of glial cells found lining spinal canal and the ventricles are the ________

Ependymal

Classify the neurotransmitters

Excitatory neurotransmitters: cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes promote action potentials Inhibitory neurotransmitters: cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes

The motor division brings info to the CNS. (T or F)

False?

How the cell obtains ATP ?

From mitochondri

-PHAGOCYTIC CELLS - THE SMALLEST CELLS

Function of Microglia

Myelin is a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell.

Function of myelin

- TO PRODUCE MYELIN IN THAT COVERS MANY CNS AXONS

Function of oligodendrocytes

GLIAL CELLS THAT SURROUND THE NEURONS IN GANGLIA

Function of satellite cells

TO PRODUCE MYELIN SHEATH IN PNS TO FORM THE NEURILEMMA OF AXONS IN PNS

Function of schwan cells

is the elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and transmits the neural signal

Function of the axons.

RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM OTHER NEURONS

Function of the dendrites

What type of neurons contains the ganglia?

GABA and ACh neurons

What are the receptors? Classify the receptors. Function of every type of receptor.

Interoreceptors: Monitor internal organs (deep pressure, pain) Exteroreceptors: Provides information about external environment. (touch, pressure, temperature, sight, smell, hearing) Propioreceptors: Monitor position of our muscles and joints.

What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

It mainly cushions the brain to make knocks to the head have less of an effect. It also helps nourish, support and remove metabolic wastes. Analysing CSF by a spinal tap helps to diagnose some disorders including meningitis and hemorrhage in the central nervous system.

Why is important the ATP for the neuron?

It supplies energy and that keeps the neuron working

Channel that are always open are known as ___________

Leak channels

What is the function of the ependimal cells?

Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

What are the least numerous glial cells?

Microglial

What are the activities and sensations monitored by the propioceptors?

Monitor position of our muscles and joints.

Name the organelles contained in the neuron

NUCLEUS- LARGE & ROUND NUCLEOLUS- PROMINENT PERIKARYON- CYTOPLASM OF THE SOMA. SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS OF A NEURON. NEUROTUBULES: ANTEROGRADE AND RETROGRADE TRANSPORT. NEUROFIBRILS- BUNDLE OF NEUROFILAMENTS THAT PROVIDE INTERNAL SUPPORT MITOCHONDRIAS- ATP FREE & FIXED RIBOSOMES-SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS RER (ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM) NISSL BODIES- CLUSTERS OF RER & FREE RIBOSOME

Aggregations of fixed and free ribosomes are called __________

Nissl bodies

Is memory one function of the neuroglia?

No

What are the activities and sensations monitored by the exteroceptors?

Provides information about external environment. (touch, pressure, temperature, sight, smell, hearing)

Describe unipolar neuron

Pseudounipolar. Dendrites and axons are continuous. Cell bodies lies off to one side.

What is the primary function of the opioids.

Relieve pain

The two types of neuroglia in the PNS are __________ and __________

SCHWANN CELLS SATELLITE CELLS

The components of the efferent division are ________ and _________

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The autonomic nervous System includes two divisions that are ___________

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Give the diff types of glial cells

Satellite, Schwaan, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal

The neurilemma of axons in the PNS are formed by _________ cells

Schwann

The myelin sheets that surround the axon of the neurons in the PNs are formed by __________

Schwann Cells

What types of glial cells are found in the PNS?

Schwann and satellite cells

Give all the functions of the nervous system.

Sensory Input Integration Motor Output

Describe the bipolar neuron

Short, rare.The body is between the axon and branched dendrites

Describe the multipolar neuronLocation: CNS

Single axon, two or more dendrites. The most ABUNDANT in the CNS

Describe the anaxonic neuron

Small. Can not distinguish dendrites from axon.

The bipolar neurons are found in the ________

Special sense organs:(Sight, smell, hearing)

Norepinephrine is found in the brain and portions of the ANS (T or F)

True

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA are important neurotransmitters (T, F).

True

Fine extensions at the end of the axon terminals are called ________

Telodendria

What is all or none principle?

The all-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response.

Opioids are neuromodulators (t or f)

True

Opioids bind to the same receptors as opium or morphine and relieve pain (T or f)

True

All the neuron tissue outside the CNS comprises PNS (T or False)

True

An action potential traveling along the axon is called a nerve impulse (T or f)

True

Demyelination is associated with numbness and paralysis associated with degenerative process (t or f)

True

Dopamine is involve in Parkinson 'disease (true or false)

True

GABA is related to the reduction of anxiety (t or f)

True

Microglia are small phagocytes (t or F)

True

Most neurons lack centrioles (T or F )

True

Neuroglia account for half of the volume of the NS (T or F)

True

Characteristics of type A, B and C fibers.

Type A: Type B Type C 4- 20 um 2-4 um 2 um myelinated myelinated unmyelinated 140 meter/sec 18 meter/sec 1 meter/sec (A Urgent information) ( B, C less urgent information )

The Autonomic N S controls

VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF - SMOOTH MUSCLE -CARDIAC MUSCLE - GLANDULAR SECRETIONS

Association neurons. Between sensory and motor neurons. Coordinate the activities of Sensory and Motor neuron

What are interneurons

where neurotransimitters are released from, synaptic vesicles release a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsyanptic membrane"

What is synaptic knob?

axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

What is telodendria?

Are motor and efferent divisions the same?

Yes

Where are the neurotransmitters?

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

What is a ganglion?

a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

The neurotransmitter released by cholinergic synapse is the

acetycholine

What types of glial cells are found in the CNS?

astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia cell, ependymal

The cranial nerves are connected to the _______

brain

takes place in unmyelinated axons, the nerve is bare of myelin, moves in continuous waves and the signal is slower.

continuous conduction

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the ____________

formation of cerebrospinal fluid

Neurotransmitter for release is stored in synaptic ________

knobs

The rate of impulse conduction is greater in myelinated or unmyelinated fibers?

myelinated

The bundle of axons in the PNS is known as _________ and the bundle of axons in the Spinal cord are called __________

nerves, nerves

formed by schwann cells, covers axolemma, the thin sheath around a nerve axon

neurilemma

SUPPORTING CELLS PRODUCE MYELIN SEPARATE & PROTECTS THE NEURONS SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK FOR NEURAL TISSUE ACTS AS PHAGOCYTES MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PRODUCE CSF REGULATE THE COMPOSITION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID

neuroglia

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of the neuron is called _________

perykaryon

a neuron to the cell body or dendrite of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.

post synaptic neuron

a neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft to the cell body or one or more dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter.

pre synaptic neuron

the transmembrane potential of resting cell.

resting potential

the signal leaps or hops from node of Ranvier to another. It uses less energy and it faster.

saltatory conduction

The myelin sheet of axons in the PNS are formed by _________

schwann cells

The neuron that deliver info to the CNS are ___________

sensory neurons

The spinal nerves are connected to the ______

spinal cord

How is named the site of intercellular communication between neurons ?

synapse

The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the __________

synapse

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

synapse

Occurs when neurotransmitter can't recycle fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli Synapse inactive until ACh is replenished

synapse fatigue

A _______ of 0.2-0.5 msec occurs between: arrival of action potential at synaptic knob and effect on postsynaptic membrane

synaptic delay