Chapter 12 Test

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas?

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

they believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?

The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to:

identify their religion with their local state and language.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade?

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans?

Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

It received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

Kinship and clan networks

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

Mesoamerica and the Andes

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

Military technology

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty?

Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land.

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies?

West Africa