Chapter 13

About ________ percent of the television programs that children watch depict at least some violence.

90

In what month might you expect that major league baseball pitchers would be more likely to hit batters?

August

Charlie frequently plays violent video games. Based on the research documented by Craig Anderson and his colleagues, which of the following is NOT likely to be true for Charlie?

Charlie is likely to behave in a more prosocial manner.

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as one of the common outcomes of group conflict?

Group members are quick to view conflicts in practical terms (e.g., a territorial dispute)

Clara, a French citizen, is deciding whether to take a job in Ireland, a country with relatively low income inequality, or the United States, a country with relatively high income inequality. Clara feels strongly that she wants to live in a place where her children are less likely to be bullied. Which country might be a better choice for her in that regard?

Ireland

Marcie is feeling as if her friends do not really like her, and she is imagining what her future would be like without any of her current friends. According to research on social rejection, how is Marcie likely to respond to someone who tries to cut in front of her in line at the cafeteria?

Marcie is more likely to be hostile toward the person who cuts in front of her.

How do approaches focused on restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice approaches?

Offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their crimes, make reparations, and engage in a respectful dialogue with victims.

How does research on attributional processes help to explain the link between hot weather and aggression?

People are physiologically aroused by the heat, and they misattribute this arousal to other more obvious triggers, such as an irritating romantic partner.

Which of the following is NOT among the explanations for income equality given in the textbook?

Powerful feelings of social rejection among those at the bottom in unequal societies may trigger violence.

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of rape-prone cultures, as described in research by Peggy Reeves Sanday?

Rape is part of a ritual act, such as a rite of passage to adulthood.

Which of the following statements about forgiveness and reconciliation is most accurate, based on the research described in the textbook?

Reconciliation behaviors such as confessions, apologies, and signs of remorse often trigger forgiveness.

________ is more common among women compared with men.

Relational aggression

Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?

States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression.

Tara is enraged after finding out that her boyfriend cheated on her. Based on research described in the textbook, which of the following strategies could help Tara reason calmly about the situation?

Tara could reflect on how her boyfriend lacks human nature, likening him to a computer or robot.

Peggy Reeves Sanday investigated the connection between sexual attitudes and the prevalence of rape in the cultures that she studied. Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings?

There was no connection between sexual repression and the prevalence of rape.

Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen believe that a culture of honor developed in the southern United States because the North was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, but the South was founded by ________ settlers, who were ________, and thus had to become tough and willing to protect their property from raids.

b. English, Dutch, and German; farmers; Scottish and Irish; herders

Research that has examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.

black

Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen studied regional differences in aggression. Their research indicates that

compared with northern men, southern men are more sensitive to insults.

Research conducted by David Phillips (1986) found that suicide rates often rose substantially following media reports of someone committing suicide. When people imitate acts that they hear about in the media, this is a form of aggression called

copycat violence.

Research suggests that parents are more likely to talk about emotions with girls than with boys, which may cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the ________ theory that men are ________ into being more physically aggressive.

cultural; socialized

During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States likening the enemies of America to rats and other animals. This is an example of

dehumanization.

Two processes that tend to increase conflict between groups are ________ and ________.

dehumanization; reactive devaluation

Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ________ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.

evolutionary

One explanation for gender differences in aggression, held by ________ theorists, is that throughout history, men were more likely to be hunters and protectors and had to be physically aggressive. In contrast, the idea that men are socialized into roles that prioritize physical aggression is held by ________ theorists.

evolutionary; cultural

Research has found that social rejection activates the same brain regions as those activated when people are

experiencing physical pain.

Kendrick is angry after being insulted by a classmate. Which of the following behaviors is LEAST likely to reduce the chances that Kendrick will later behave aggressively toward his classmate?

hitting a punching bag while keeping the image of the insulting classmate in mind

Aggression that is motivated by feelings of anger and hostility is called ________ aggression, whereas aggression that is motivated by a desire to gain status or to acquire wealth is called ________ aggression.

hostile; instrumental

In the United States, stepchildren who are less than two years of age are one hundred times more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents. Evolutionary psychologists evoke the principle of ________ to explain this disturbing statistic.

inclusive fitness

The idea that we primarily look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives to ensure that our genes will be passed on is referred to as

inclusive fitness.

Doug Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, stated, "There is absolutely no evidence, none, that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior." Research by Anderson and Bushman and their colleagues suggests that Lowenstein is

incorrect because many studies show that violent video games increase aggression.

Anytown, U.S.A., is experiencing one of its hottest summers ever. For several weeks, the temperature has not dropped below ninety degrees Fahrenheit. These conditions should lead to a(n) ________ in ________ crimes.

increase; violent

Ralph killed his wife in order to collect on a large life insurance policy. This scenario is an example of ________ aggression.

instrumental

Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy with which she wants to play. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ________ aggression.

instrumental; hostile

Jeff is standing in line at a movie theater when someone cuts in front of him. Research indicates that Jeff is more likely to show signs of aggression toward the "cutter" if he

lives in a southern geographic region as opposed to a northern geographic region.

In one longitudinal study of children living in the Chicago area, children who watched more violent television were

more aggressive as adults, even when controlling for how aggressive they were as children.

Lee Ross and his colleagues found that people tended to ________ the extremity of attitudes held by people on the opposing side of an issue about which they felt strongly.

overestimate

Recall that Leonard Berkowitz and his colleagues asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performances needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. Results showed that

participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

Jacob is a member of a student group on campus that is angry with university administrators for raising tuition for students. Jacob first thinks that freezing tuition for a year would be a reasonable solution, but when the administration makes this same suggestion, Jacob is upset and wants them to reduce tuition by 2 percent. This is an example of

reactive devaluation.

In a study conducted in the 1980s during the height of student protests against apartheid in South Africa, students rated highly a plan to divest university funds from South African companies when the plan was presented in the abstract. However, when the same plan was actually proposed by the university administration, students rated it lower because they saw the university administration as "the other side." This is an example of

reactive devaluation. .

When groups in conflict are able to communicate, they are more likely to

reconcile and return to more peaceful relations.

Gossip, forming alliances, and excluding others are all examples of ________ aggression.

relational

Kyle, an American citizen, is watching a news story about non-U.S. citizens who are being detained for security reasons. Research suggests that Kyle may be more likely to dehumanize the detainees if he is

sitting next to a friend.

The ________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.

southern

Jason and Patrick both participated in an experiment where they were insulted, and their responses were recorded. After being insulted, Jason was more likely to be angry and upset, whereas Patrick was more likely to be amused. According to research on cultures of honor, Jason is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state, and Patrick is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S. state.

southern; northern

The evolutionary perspective holds that stepchildren are more likely to suffer abuse at the hands of stepparents than of biological parents because

stepchildren do not enhance stepparents' inclusive fitness.

Peggy Reeves Sanday's research indicates that rape-prone cultures

tend to exhibit high levels of many types of violence.

According to Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen, cultures of honor are defined by concerns over one's reputation for

toughness and machismo.

It is ninety-five degrees outside and Sheila is sweating profusely and out of breath. When she arrives home from work and sees that her husband has not taken out the trash, she becomes frustrated and angry—more so than she usually would in this situation. Sheila is likely to behave more aggressively toward her husband if she ________ the influence of the heat on her feelings of arousal and ________ the influence of her husband's behavior on her feelings of arousal.

underestimates; oversestimates

Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan (2014) have distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, whereas denial of human ________occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.

uniqueness; nature

Hai is more likely to become aggressive as a result of watching violent television shows that depict

violence against "bad" people.

Which of the following hypotheses was proposed to help explain the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School?

violent video games and social rejection

Tim is a child with attention deficit disorder. According to research conducted by Frances Kuo, which of the following activities would be most helpful in helping Tim feel calmer and concentrate better?

walking around a green park

Clayton grew up in a so-called culture of honor. Research conducted by Richard Nisbett, Dov Cohen, and their colleagues suggests that, relative to someone who did not grow up in this kind of culture, Clayton is more likely to act aggressively

when someone calls his girlfriend ugly.