chapter 13-15 AAH
Identify a feature of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
A permanent organization in 1910, it had only one black officer at the time—W. E. B. Du Bois.
Identify a true statement about black Young Women's Christian Associations (YWCAs) of the twentieth century.
A strong movement of Y-work developed among black women only after the outbreak of World War I.
Which of the following is true of the cultural experiences of black soldiers in France during World War I?
After the armistice, song leader J. E. Blanton and concert pianist Helen Hagan staged programs for white and black troops in France.
Why was W. E. B. Du Bois's "Close Ranks article" controversial?
Because it advocated that blacks put the race struggle on a backseat to their patriotic duty to their country during wartime
Why did hundreds of thousands of African American men and women migrate out of the South and into northern cities during World War I? (Check all that apply.)
Because the wartime demand for labor skyrocketed in the North Because of the labor shortage in the North caused by the abrupt end of European immigration
Identify a true statement about the efforts made by southern leaders to stop the leaderless migration of blacks to the North in the 1910s.
Black church leaders, although initially in opposition to the migration, ultimately left the South to follow their flock.
Identify an accurate statement about black education in the South in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.
Black families spent huge sums of money to maintain black schools due to their own sense of racial self-help.
Which of the following is true of the condition in the United States during the First World War?
Black leaders were targeted for surveillance by the War Department if they spoke out against President Wilson.
Identify a characteristic of the black press in the United States during the Great War.
Black newspapers encouraged African Americans to move to industrial centers in search of work.
Which of the following is true of the Great Migration that occurred in the United States during the Great War?
Black professionals moved north to continue serving their migrating clientele.
Which group was primarily responsible for the fundraising and community mobilization that made it possible for individual churches and black denominational organizations at the local, state, and national levels to establish and maintain a host of social welfare services in the late nineteenth century?
Black women
How did the larger American society treat black women in the aftermath of the Civil War?
Black women were not placed on womanhood's pedestal to be supported and protected.
How did the economic revolution of the last two decades of the nineteenth century influence African Americans in the South?
Blacks generally held the least attractive jobs.
Which of the following is true of the contributions of African Americans toward the domestic war effort during World War I?
Blacks generously supported the fund-raising campaigns of the YMCA, YWCA, and the American Red Cross.
Identify a true statement regarding the economic revolution that enveloped the South in the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
Blacks in southern towns experienced great difficulty in securing some of the benefits of the new economic growth.
Identify the true statements about the contributions that African Americans made toward the domestic war effort during World War I. (Check all that apply.)
Blacks purchased more than $250 million worth of bonds and stamps in various government-sponsored bond drives. Blacks were relied upon heavily by the government to produce and conserve food because of the large number of black farmers and cooks.
Which of the following is true of black participation in World War I?
Blacks were disproportionately represented in the final draft.
In 1919, the most serious racial outbreak occurred in _____ in late July.
Chicago
Corporal Freddie Stowers of Sandy Spring of the 371st United States Infantry was the only black member of America's World War I military forces to be recommended for the _____.
Congressional Medal of Honor
Identify a true statement about the racial conditions in the United States Army during the years leading to World War I.
Discrimination permeated the United States Army and the civilian agencies that served it.
Which of the following is true of W. E. B. Du Bois's criticism of Booker T. Washington's views on education?
Du Bois rejected Washington's conciliatory demeanor toward the white South's virtual destruction of the political and civil status of blacks.
Identify a true statement about W. E. B. Du Bois's criticism of Booker T. Washington's views on education.
Du Bois viewed Washington's educational program as too narrow.
True or false: Black leaders such as Henry Adams of Louisiana and "Pap" Singleton of Tennessee discouraged blacks from leaving the rural South in the nineteenth century.
False
True or false: The Division of Negro Economics, which was created by the Department of Labor, only supplied the secretary of labor with plans and policies for improving black workers' conditions.
False
True or false: When American whites freely suggested that foreign influences—especially exposure to the French tradition of equality during the war and Bolshevik propaganda after the 1917 Russian Revolution—had caused blacks to become more assertive, black leaders accepted the claims.
False
What happened during the enlistment of American soldiers for World War I?
Fewer blacks received the marriage exemption than whites.
Which of the following is true of black feminism?
For most black women, a truly interracial feminism languished to die on the cross of racism.
Identify an accurate statement about the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
He achieved his progressive-reform agenda through tariff and banking reforms.
Which of the following is true of Thomas T. Fortune?
He admonished blacks to agitate for their rights, to sue in the courts, and to vote where possible.
Identify a true statement about the views of W. E. B. Du Bois.
He believed that the counsel of silent submission to racial inequality promised no good consequences for black people.
In the context of black nationalism, identify a true statement about Hubert Harrison.Please note the following acronym:NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
He insisted that there was a need for a more radical policy than that of the NAACP.
Identify a feature of W. E. B. Du Bois's views on the issues that affected blacks in Jim Crow society.
He offered an explicitly critical analysis of Booker T. Washington's philosophy in his book Souls of Black Folk.
How did African American Elijah McCoy contribute to the period of unprecedented industrial innovation in the South?
He patented fifty different inventions relating principally to automatic lubricators for machines.
It was only after the publication of his/her book of essays Souls of Black Folk in April 1903 that _____ came to be recognized as the overarching symbol of opposition to Booker T. Washington.
He patented fifty different inventions relating principally to automatic lubricators for machines.
How did W. E. B. Du Bois react to the views, policies, and methods of Booker T. Washington?
He questioned the type of industrial education that Washington's institute emphasized as some of those industrial trades were fast becoming obsolete.
After becoming President of the United States, how did Woodrow Wilson respond to the African American issue?
He refused to endorse the NAACP's request to form a national commission on the Negro problem.
In the context of black nationalism, which of the following statements are true of Marcus Garvey? (Check all that apply.)
He said that the only hope for African Americans was to redeem Africa from European colonialism. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. His wide popularity rested on his appeal to race pride.
Identify an accurate statement about Booker T. Washington.
He secretly funded court cases that challenged Jim Crow rules in transportation.
How did Booker T. Washington react to the criticisms made by W. E. B. Du Bois on his views on education and politics?
He used his influence among powerful whites to significantly reduce donations to Atlanta University, where Du Bois taught.
Identify a true statement about Booker T. Washington's beliefs on the issues that plagued blacks during the Jim Crow era.
He viewed the demand for equality as a matter of timing.
What did Booker T. Washington want for African Americans?
He wanted blacks to live as comfortably and independently as possible, given southern racial realities.
Identify the features of Marcus Garvey's civil rights movement. (Check all that apply.)
He was considered to be the true leader of the black race by working-class people. His movement was by far the largest black movement in American history at that time.
How did Booker T. Washington contribute to the education of the black community?
He was the proponent of a form of industrial education that would not antagonize the white South.
How did Thomas T. Fortune influence the lives of African Americans during the Jim Crow years?
He wrote extensively against the loss of blacks' civil and political rights in his position as editor of the widely circulated New York Age.
Which of the following is true of W. E. B. Du Bois?
He wrote scathing articles against colonialism and white privilege.
The concept of the "Talented Tenth" was coined by _____.
Henry Morehouse
The iconic painting, The Banjo Lesson, that countered the ubiquitous image of foolishly grinning black men with banjos with an intimate, dignified glimpse of African American family life in a humble home, where one generation teaches another, was painted by _____.
Henry O. Tanner
Which of the following statements are true of Booker T. Washington? (Check all that apply.)
His doctrine of industrial education for blacks did not contradict the dominant scientific and popular ideas at the time. White southerners particularly admired the tact and diplomacy with which he conciliated all groups, North and South.
How did Henry O. Tanner influence the lives of African Americans during the Jim Crow years?
His paintings of African American life served as a powerful refutation of racist, stereotypical caricatures.
In the context of black nationalism, identify the true statements about Hubert Harrison. (Check all that apply.)Please note the following acronym:NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
His periodicals drew attention to the role of race in relation to class politics. He analyzed the race question from a socialist perspective.
Identify true statements about the Moore v. Dempsey case that was a result of the Elaine, Arkansas race riot of 1919. (Check all that apply.)
In 1923 the Supreme Court ordered a new trial in the Arkansas courts for the black farmers who had been convicted of murder. NAACP lawyers had argued that the Arkansas men had not received a fair trial, because blacks were excluded from the jury.
What did the Selective Service Act of May 1917 do?
It allowed blacks to enlist in the nation's armed forces.
Which of the following is true of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1910s and 1920s?
It assumed the responsibility for punishing people whom it considered dangerous, the foreign-born in general.
What did the 369th Regiment of American Infantry accomplish in World War I?
It became the first and longest serving of all American regiments assigned to support a foreign army.
Which of the following is true of the Social Gospel?
It linked the traditional Christian theology of individual salvation to wider ethical concerns.
How did Madame C. J. Walker's beauty culture influence the lives of African Americans? (Check all that apply.)
It sent the message that a black woman's appearance was directly related to her self-esteem and social mobility. It provided employment, and it linked as well to uplift ideology's attention to hygiene and physical appearance.
Identify a feature of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation.
It set up several ten-day schools for whites and blacks to train leaders in promoting interracial work.
What did the Commission on Interracial Cooperation do in the years immediately following World War I?
It spoke out against lynching, mob violence, debt peonage, and disfranchisement.
How did the race riot that took place in Elaine, Arkansas, in 1919 start?
It started when a deputy sheriff was killed in a melee between his posse and black farmers.
Which of the following are true of the 369th Regiment of American Infantry in the First World War? (Check all that apply.)
It was the black regiment that won the most popular acclaim and celebration during the war. It was the first Allied unit to reach the Rhine and never have a man captured and never give up a trench or a foot of ground.
How would the NAACP normally react when an African American was lynched?
It would display a banner outside its New York City offices solemnly announcing, "A man was lynched yesterday."
Identify a true statement about the 372nd United States Infantry.
Its colors were decorated with the Croix de Guerre and Palm just before the men sailed for America.
Identify a feature of the American Negro Academy.
Its members' self-perceptions were shaped by their understanding of the role of the intellectual in the work of racial help.
Identify a feature of the Amenia Conference.
Its participants agreed to work quietly and earnestly for enfranchisement and the abolition of lynching.
What did the NAACP do in its initial years as a civil rights organization?
Its publications adopted fact-gathering and social-scientific methods to gain broad support for antilynching legislation.
Identify a feature of the NAACP in its initial years.
Its publications drew public attention to the heinous abuses associated with racial violence.
Which of the following statements is true of the accomplishments of the 370th United States Infantry during the Great War?
Its troops became the first American troops to enter the French fortress of Laon that was under German occupation.
Who was the black bandmaster and officer of the "Harlem Hellfighters" who was identified as the musician primarily responsible for bringing jazz to France?
James Reese Europe
Who was the African American who invented the shoe-lasting machine that effectively reduced the cost of manufacturing shoes by more than 50 percent?
Jan E. Matzeliger
What happened in the United States during World War I?
Long-existing racism against African Americans became conflated with the nationalistic zeal of wartime intolerance.
Identify a true statement about the condition in the United States during the Great War.
Many whites and blacks hesitated to articulate nonconformist ideas in public.
How were African American troops of the 370th United States Infantry received by the public in Chicago after their return from World War I?
Much of the business of the city was suspended to welcome the veterans.
No organization fought lynching and mob violence as systematically and persistently as the _____ did in the 1910s and 1920s.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
In 1901 Booker T. Washington convened in Boston a group of African American businesspeople, thereby establishing the _____ to help African Americans set up new business enterprises.
National Negro Business League
Identify an accurate statement about the concept of the "Talented Tenth."
Northern Baptist leaders used the concept to argue for a quality of black education that approximated the finest white schools in the North.
How did the African American soldiers of the Ninety-Second Division of the United States react to the German offer of surrender and friendship?
Not one black soldier took this bait and deserted.
According to A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, who was a "New Style Negro"?
One who unmistakably defends himself by shooting his attackers
Which of the following is true of the conditions in the United States during World War I?
Persons of German ancestry were called "Huns" and vilified with negative stereotyping.
In 1888 in Richmond, Rev. W. W. Browne organized the first bank to be administered solely by blacks, the _____.
Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain United Order of True Reformers
Identify a true statement about Maggie Lena Walker.
She became the nation's first female bank president in 1903.
How did Madame C. J. Walker develop her business of growing hair?
She started by selling her products from door to door in Denver.
Which of the following are true of the black crusader Ida B. Wells? (Check all that apply.)
She was run out of Memphis, Tennessee due to her brash talk in her column in the Memphis Free Speech. She attacked lynching in general and dared to call into question the honor of white women.
Which of the following statements is true of the great migration of the 1910s and 1920s?
Southern community leaders attempted to stem the flow by arguing that adaptation to the North would be difficult for the "uncultured Negro."
Which of the following is true of the Afro-Caribbean migration of the early decades of the twentieth century?
The Afro-Caribbean migration reached a high point in the middle of the 1920s.
The famous magazine that helped boost the success of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is _____.
The Crisis
Which notorious white supremacist group resurfaced in the southern states in 1915?
The Ku Klux Klan
Which organization stood out prominently as the leading voice of civil rights activism in the United States in the period leading to World War I?
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Which of the following is true of the 1915 Guinn v. United States case?
The Supreme Court declared in favor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Which of the following is true of black Young Men's Christian Associations (YMCAs) of the nineteenth century?
The black YMCA movement was only connected with the white YMCA movement after the Civil War.
Why did blacks from Caribbean islands migrate to the United States in great numbers in the early decades of the twentieth century?
The collapse of the sugar economy in the Caribbean and a series of land disasters convinced the blacks to migrate.
How did the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University influence the African American community?
The group raised huge amounts of money that was used to construct school buildings.
What was a unique feature of the Great Migration of blacks to the North in the early twentieth century?
The migration or movement had no visible leader.
Which of the following are true of the Chicago race riot of 1919? (Check all that apply.)
The riot that began on July 27 had its immediate origin in an altercation at a Lake Michigan beach. The most serious friction arose over the issues of housing and recreation.
According to his research on black soldiers during World War I, what did W. E. B. Du Bois note about the treatment of the soldiers of the Ninety-Second Division by the division's white American officers?
The white officers discredited their valor in the war.
Which of the following is true of the soldiers of the 371st United States Infantry in the context of their accomplishments in World War I?
Their regimental colors were decorated by the French, receiving awards such as the French Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre.
What role did black churches play in the late nineteenth century?
They became an important source of business enterprise in the urban North and South.
How did African American soldiers fare in France during World War I?
They found greater opportunities to move about freely in France than they had in the United States.
What did blacks experience when they migrated to the North and West in great numbers during the early twentieth century?
They had opportunities for industrial employment that they had never enjoyed before.
How did the Germans react to the fact that they were fighting African American soldiers of the Ninety-Second Division of the United States army in World War I?
They launched a propaganda campaign to lure the blacks to their side.
How did black Americans all along the political spectrum react to the whites' suggestion that foreign influences, such as exposure to Bolshevik propaganda and the French tradition of equality, caused blacks to fight back in greater force in the 1910s and 1920s?
They ridiculed the claim that their new assertiveness was the result of "outside agitation."
Identify a true statement about the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University.
They sang spirituals and work songs of African Americans.
Identify a feature of black beneficial and insurance societies of the late nineteenth century.
They served as important training grounds where blacks could secure business experience.
How did the French people react to the presence of African American soldiers in their country during World War I?
They welcomed blacks into their homes and sought to make their black defenders as comfortable as possible.
How were black women treated during the years of the Great War?
They were expected to work outside the home, and it was even forcibly demanded of them.
Identify an accurate statement about the black soldiers of the United States Army who took part in the Great War.
They were faulted for deficient training, for unfamiliarity with the French countryside, and for insufficient combat equipment by whites.
How were African American troops received by the public in the New York area after their return from World War I?
They were greeted by enthusiastic crowds who never seemed to tire of the apparently endless parades of troops.
How were black women perceived by the larger American society in the aftermath of the Civil War?
They were locked into the identity of servant and menial worker.
What did the American Negro Academy seek to do when it was formed?
To ensure the black intellectuals used their knowledge as weaponry in defense of their race
It was only after the publication of his/her book of essays Souls of Black Folk in April 1903 that _____ came to be recognized as the overarching symbol of opposition to Booker T. Washington.
W. E. B. Du Bois
Which of the following is true of the state of the black press during WWI?
While it was generally supportive of the war effort, it did not fail to expose racial injustice.
Which of the following are true of the discriminatory practices suffered by black soldiers during World War I? (Check all that apply.)
White officers frequently forced black soldiers to work under unhealthy and difficult conditions. It was a common practice for blacks to be assigned to labor battalions even when they were qualified for more highly skilled jobs.
By far the most conservative and vilified black figure at the turn of the twentieth century was _____.
William Hannibal Thomas
In the Buchanan v. Warley case, before the Supreme Court, Moorfield Storey, a lawyer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, convinced the Court to declare unconstitutional _____.
a Louisville ordinance requiring blacks to live in certain sections of the city
In the context of black nationalism, Marcus Garvey's movement associated with his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was characterized by _____.
a truly mass following that represented a variety of religious, political, and economic convictions
During the Jim Crow years, one of the most lucrative sources of economic enterprise that appealed to a gender niche—black women consumers—was _____.
beauty culture
An accurate statement about the United States during World War I is that _____.
black protests that echoed through the public often led to federal surveillance
An attribute of the migration movement of blacks to the North in the 1910s and 1920s is that _____.
blacks moved with a sense of collective destiny through the help of friends, family members, and migration clubs
A feature of the Washington D. C. race riot of 1919 is that _____.
blacks retaliated on the third day when hoodlums sought to invade and burn their section of the city
In his book The American Negro: What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become, William Hannibal Thomas argued that _____.
blacks were innately inferior to whites
An accurate statement about the Amenia Conference is that the _____.
conference attendees drew up no impassioned manifesto
During World War I, the patriotic fervor of the United States led to the _____.
curtailment of civil liberties and the stifling of dissent through government surveillance
The fundamental cause of the exodus of hundreds and thousands of blacks from the South to the North was _____.
economic
An accurate statement about Booker T. Washington is that _____.
he looked forward to the complete acceptance and integration of blacks into American life
A feature of Booker T. Washington's views is that _____.
he reserved his highest praise for what he called the "business Negro"
An accurate statement about Booker T. Washington's influence on African Americans is that _____.
he used his loyal lieutenants to discredit those vocal against him and ruin their chances for political or other appointed positions
An accurate statement about Ida B. Wells is that _____.
her writings had the effect of shaming the white South and the American people in the eyes of many of her European readers
In the context of the issues that affected blacks during the Jim Crow years, an accurate statement about Booker T. Washington is that _____.
his mix of practical education and political conciliation to the rule of Jim Crow was attractive to southerners
A true statement about life in the United States during World War I is that _____.
hundreds and thousands of blacks migrated out of the South and into northern cities
A characteristic of the black exodus from the rural South in the nineteenth century is that _____.
it was a result of racial violence and intermittent agricultural depressions
An accurate statement about the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is that _____.
it was founded by William English Walling, who was horrified by the racist Springfield Riot of 1908
A characteristic of the Social Gospel is that _____.
its individual and collective meaning intertwined almost imperceptibly with the ideology of racial self-help
In the years of segregation and disfranchisement, and of lynching and race riots, the ideology of self-help among African Americans developed as a(n) _____.
practical philosophy, informed by the realization that an amount of accommodation to the status quo would be necessary for survival
In 1905 Anna T. Jeanes, a white philanthropist, provided money specifically for black _____.
rural schools in the South
An accurate statement about the race riot that took place in Longview, Texas, in 1919 is that _____.
several white men were shot when they went into the black section of the town in search of a black schoolteacher
In the context of the establishment of an educational institution for blacks in Tuskegee during the 1880s, a true statement about Booker T. Washington is that he believed that _____.
southern whites had to be convinced that the education of blacks was in the true interest of the South
Identify the features of Marcus Garvey's civil rights movement. (Check all that apply.)
the movement had a broad appeal throughout the South, in urban and rural areas
An accurate statement about black beneficial and insurance societies of the late nineteenth century is that _____.
they imposed relatively exorbitant dues on their members
True or false: Madame C. J. Walker's speeches about her rise from a plantation to a mansion were eloquent testimonies to the philosophy of self-help.
true
In their magazine The Messenger, A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen regularly defended the _____.
white left
Throughout the southern states, the unequal distribution of school funds during the 1890s and 1900s made clear that the "educational revival," spurred by Progressive movement reformers in the region, was intended for _____.
whites