Chapter 13

three criticisms of the humanistic perspective

Its concepts are vague and subjective The individualism can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints It is naive - it fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil

Psychologists have two basic ways to study the effect of personal control:

One: correlate people's feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements Two: experiment, by raising or lowering people's sense of control and noticing the effects

The Big Five

Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness neuroticism

Carl Roger's Person-Centered Perspective's core belief

People are basically good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

Maslow's heirarchy of needs

Physiological needs Personal safety To love, be loved, and love ourselves Self-esteem Self-actualization and self-transcendence

Neo-Freudians veered away from Freud in two important ways:

Placed more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in interpreting experience and coping with the environment Doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations (emphasized loftier motives and social interactions)

genital

Puberty on Maturation of sexual interests

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): created by used to can be compared with how is is keyed?

Starke Hathaway The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening processes Creation can be compared to Binet's intelligence test: both were designed to find problems that could be improved Empirically keyed

Social-cognitive perspective: suggested by views behavior as____ focuses on

Suggested by Albert Bandar Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Focuses on how we interact with our environment

ego

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle

superego

The part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations Developed around age 4 or 5 Focuses on how we ought to behave Gives positive or negative feedback (pride or guilt)

7 things our unconscious actually involves:

The schemas that automatically control our perceptions and interpretations The priming by stimuli to which we have have consciously attended The right-hemisphere activity that enables split-brain patients' left hand to carry out an instruction the patient cannot verbalize Parallel process of vision and thinking Implicit memories that operate without conscious recall, and even among those with amnesia The emotions that activate instantly, before conscious analysis The self-concept and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how we process information about ourselves and others

Psychodynamic perspective (2)

Unconscious is a primary driver of behavior Sex is not the only motive

who began interest in the self?

William James

oral stage

0-18 months Pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

Three specific ways in which individuals and environments interact:

1. Different people choose different environments You choose the environment and it then shapes you 2. Our personalities show how we interpret and react to events For example, anxious people are attuned to especially threatening events. The thus view the world as threatening and react accordingly. 3. Our personalities help create situations to which we react How we view and treat people influences how they in turn treat us

two historically significant perspectives on personality:

1. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality 2.The humanistic approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

anal

18-36 months Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

phallic

3-6 years Pleasure zone is genitals; coping with ancestral sexual feelings

latency

6 to puberty Dormant sexual feelings

Oedious complex

a boy's sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for rival father Some psychoanalysts believe that girls experience a parallel Electra complex

regression

A defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel or act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

fixate

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

a personality test that shows people to be feeling types or thinking types. All are affirmed

projective test

a personality test, such as Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with a true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorable

Empirically derived-

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

name two humanistic psychologists. they offered what kind of perspective?

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers third-force perspective

phallic stage

Boys seek genital stimulation and develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a riva

who developed the psychodynamic perspective?

Carl Jung

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

id

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle

projection

Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others "the thief thinks everyone else is a thief"

denial

Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

reaction formation

Defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

rationalization

Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

displacement

Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

what hormones tend to be higher in extraverts?

Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity

Neo-Freudian perspective (2)

Emphasizes the conscious mind Sex is not the only motive

Types determined for MBTI by standing on what four dimensions?

Extraversion vs. Introversion Sensing vs. Intuition Thinking vs. Feeling Judging vs. perceiving

three pillars of positive psychology

First pillar of positive psychology: positive emotions Second pillar- positive character Third pillar- positive groups, communities, and cultures

humanistic psychologists did what two things?

Focused on how healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization Studied people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings

criticisms of social-cogntive perspective

Focuses too much on situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits Genetic traits do matter

humanistic psychology was a reaction to what two other eras of psychology?

Freud and Skinner's behaviorism

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

heritability for Big Five

Heritability generally runs at about 50%

____ said that childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child's sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security.

Horney

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "Who am I?"

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Freud theorized that the ____ protects itself with defense mechanisms

ego

defensive self-esteem

focuses on sustaining itself, which makes failures and criticism feel threatening. Is fragile. Correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior

Freud believed that our identification with the same sex parent is what gives us our ____

gender identity

according to Carl Roger's a growth-promoting climate includes what three conditions?

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

Humanistic psychologists sometimes assessed personality by____

having people fill our a questionnaire that would evaluate self-concept.

attributional style

how our attribute performance (pessimism attributes it to lack of ability or situations beyond their control)

In Freud's view, human personality arises from a conflict between______. according to Freud, personality is the result of _____

impulses and restraint our efforts to solve this conflict

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing Freud thought it would follow chain of thought to the past where painful unconscious memories from childhood could be retrieved and released

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

possible selves

includes the self you dream of becoming and the self you fear becoming Such possible selves motivate us by laying out specific goals and calling forth the energy to work toward them

All these defense mechanisms function ___(2)

indirectly and unconsciously

Adler believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of _____

inferiority, feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power (inferiority complex)

pleasure principle

instant gratification

British psychologists Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck believed that we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions,including what two?

introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-emotional instability.

secure self-esteem

is less contingent on external evaluations. To feel accepted for who we are, and not for our looks, wealth, or acclaim, relieves pressures to succeed and enable us to focus beyond ourselves.

According to Freud, Dreams' manifest content was a censored version of their ______

latent content

At any point in the oral, anal, or phallic stages, strong conflict could ____

lock, or fixate, the person's pleasure-seeing energies in that stage.

self-trancendence

meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self

Personality traits rival socioeconomic status and cognitive ability as predictors of _____ (3)

of mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment

most serious problem of Freud's theories:

offer after-the-fact explanations of any characteristic yet fails to predict such behaviors and traits.

self-actualization

one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation is to fulfill one's potential

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight is on us)

reality principle

satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

empathetic

sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings

self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay gratification

Barnum effect

the acceptance of stock, positive descriptions as applying to oneself Another technique is to "read" the person based on appearance

repression: definition- underlies___ explains why ____ often ____

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness Underlies all other defense mechanisms Explains why we do not remember our childhood lust for our parent Often incomplete, with repressed urges seeping out in dream symbols and slips of the tongue

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Freud's entire psychoanalytic theory rests on his assumption that____

the human mind often represses offending wishes, banishing them into the unconscious until they resurface, like long-lost books in a dusty attic.

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences on behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective tests, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots Its validity has been questioned "its responsible use" is allowed Computer program now accompanies it to make it better

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

internal lotus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superego

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promotes strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

factor analysis

the statistical procedure described in chapter 10 to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill)

False consensus affect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors (projection)

Terror-management theory

the theory of death related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminder of their impending death

implicit learning

you learn something before you consciously recognize what you are learning