Chapter 13 - Research and Data Analysis

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Which two graphs are best for displaying frequency distributions using continuous data?

Histogram and frequency polygon

Patients must be involved in the design of the research study if the researcher is to receive funding from which of the following organizations?

PCORI

Which chart is similar in appearance to a bar chart but the highest ranking value is listed as the first column and the next highest ranking is second, and so on, to the lowest ranking? Pie chart Pareto chart Vilfredo chart Histogram

Pareto chart

A curve or distribution in which the tail is pulled to the right is called which of the following types of distribution?

Positively skewed

Framingham Heart Study

Prospective study

Collect robust types of data

Qualitative research

Kaiser Permanente study to examine the impact of implementation of EHR on outcomes of diabetes patients

Quasi-experimental study

This particular process is important in effectively testing whether the specific intervention actually made a difference in the outcome of the disease in experimental studies. it is called which of the following? Odds ratio Relative risk Randomization Incidence rate

Randomization

Which measure of variability is the simplest one to compute? Standard deviation Variance Range Mode

Range

Which of the following measures is simple to compute and calculated by taking the difference between the highest and lowest values?

Range

If a researcher was interested in whether the use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) caused colon cancer in postmenopausal women, they would recruit a group of women with colon cancer (cases) and another group of women without colon cancer (controls) as subjects. What is this type of study design called? Prospective cohort Historical perspective Descriptive Retrospective case-control

Retrospective case-control

Case-control study

Retrospective study

A bubble chart is similar to a scatter chart except that it compares three data variables. True False

TRUE

A line graph is a graphical device used to display continuous data and to show changes or trends of the data over time. True False

TRUE

A scatter chart, scatter plot, scatter diagram, or scatter graph is used to demonstrate a relationship between two variables. True False

TRUE

Frequency polygons differ from line graphs in that frequency polygons display the entire frequency distribution (counts) of the continuous variable; a line graph plots only the specific data points over time. True False

TRUE

Once the review category is determined, the researcher must then submit their research protocol to the IARB for their review and approval. T/F

TRUE

PCORI differs from other organizations that conduct evidence-based research because they focus on the patient and include patients in all steps of the research methodology. T/F

TRUE

PCORI provides funding to researchers to perform research that is patient centered and patient engaged. T/F

TRUE

Tables are excellent ways to organize and categorize data and can be useful to examine the detail of a specific concept, category, or response. T/F

TRUE

The 40th percentile is the score below which 40 percent of the other scores in a given group of scores fall. T/F

TRUE

The IRB determines whether research conducted on human subjects is appropriate and protects the participant's rights T/F

TRUE

The major difference between WHO and the CDC and AHRQ is that WHO focuses its efforts across the world whereas the CDC and AHRQ focus on the United States. T/F

TRUE

The total area under the curve of a normal distribution equals 1. T/F

TRUE

When data is collected on the number of healthcare-associated infections, such as a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), in a healthcare facility and then compared to benchmark data across a region or the country, this is referred to as comparative data. T/F

TRUE

The key to building what statistical tool is to make it able to stand alone so anyone reading it can understand the information displayed? Graph Plot Table Measure of central tendency

Table

Coder Status as 1=advanced, 2=intermediate, 3=beginner is an example of a _____ in common data configurations of statistical software. Data list Missing value Output Value label

Value label

Which organization's primary focus is improving healthcare across the world?

WHO

Analysis of big data does not necessarily mean that upper-level statistics have to be used. One can start with _____ levels of statistics and then move to _____ statistics if the problem that needs to be solved requires this higher level of statistics.

descriptive; inferential

What is the mean length of stay for the following data set? 10, 12, 5, 6, 7, 9, 5 7.7 9.7 8.6 7.9

7.7

What is the mode in this array of the following variables? 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,8,9 2 4 7 There is no mode

7

A Z-score of 3.5 represents a score that is how many standard deviations above the mean? 3.5 6.5 68 3.5 below the mean

3.5

Any numerical value that goes from one whole number to the next whole number, such as $30,567.32, 62.596 and 18.65 is called what kind of variable? Discrete Continuous Simple Ordinal

Continuous

Determines if a relationship exists between two variables

Correlational study

Two standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution equals what percent of the area?

95.45 percent

Which organization focuses one of its main priorities on patient-centered outcomes research?

AHRQ

The focus group study previously mentioned is an example of using what type of data structure?

Aggregate

Which of the following is the best type of team to have for a research or analysis project? An interdisciplinary team A team of HIM professionals A team of administrators from the healthcare facility A team of statisticians and epidemiologists

An interdisciplinary team

Which is a simple chart used to describe qualitative, categorical, or discrete variables such as nominal or ordinal data? Line graph Pie chart Frequency polygon Bar chart

Bar chart

Which type of data incorporates multiple sources from not only healthcare data but also financial, geographical, and human resource data? Descriptive data Retrospective data Inferential data Big data

Big data

Which chart is best to compare data for three different variables?

Bubble chart

Which of the following is an example of a value label variable?

Coder status

What type of study design was used to explore how the use of automated coding software (computer-assisted coding (CAC)) could be used to enhance anti-fraud activities? Retrospective Prospective Experimental Descriptive

Descriptive

Exploratory, generates new hypotheses

Descriptive study

Studies a particular culture in great detail

Ethnography

Which type of IRB review category most closely relates to HIM research activities?

Exempt or expedited

Which type of research include those studies that pose only minimal risk to human subjects?

Expedited

A histogram should be used with discrete data that is part of a frequency distribution. True False

FALSE

Aggregate data is data that is individual in nature and not compiled for data analysis. T/F

FALSE

Although the CDC provides a great deal of data and reports, it does not provide funding for researchers to conduct their research. T/F

FALSE

In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are not equal. T/F

FALSE

Informed consent is only required for exempt research studies. T/F

FALSE

Samples of data taken from populations have the same properties as the entire population. T/F

FALSE

The easiest bar chart to build is the two-variable bar chart. T/F

FALSE

The first step in analyzing data is to start with basic types of data analysis such as descriptive statistics. T/F

FALSE

The mean is the best measure of central tendency to use with ordinal data. The median is the best measure to use with ordinal data since the mean should mainly be used with continuous data. T/F

FALSE

Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations above or below the mean, so a Z-score of -1.5 represents a score that is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. T/F

FALSE

Uses multiple methods to determine a new theory

Grounded theory

Healthcare data that is housed within the EHR, or data collected from a case study, a focus group of individuals, or during an interview or survey are all considered what type of data? Aggregate data Comparative data Individual data Big data

Individual data

Which of the following measures examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency?

Measures of variability

Which statistics examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency? Measures of variability Measures of significance The range The variance

Measures of variability

The first step to compute the _____ will include ranking the values from lowest to highest. Mean Median Mode Standard deviation

Median

Uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data

Mixed-methods approach

When a number is assigned to a specific category such as a 1=male and 2= female, this is what type of variable? Ordinal Interval Ratio Nominal

Nominal

In which type of distribution are the mean, median, and mode equal? Bimodal distribution Simple distribution Non-normal distribution Normal distribution

Normal distribution

If a student scores an 82 percent on an ICD-10-CM/PCS coding exam and the class average is 60 percent with a standard deviation of 4, what is the Z-score and what does this tell us about the student's coding exam score?

Z = 5.5; the score of 82 percent is 5.5 standard deviations above the mean

Determining if data follow a normal distribution is important because certain statistics can be computed on data that is normally distributed. Which of the following is one type of these statistics?

Z-score

What is a standardized unit that provides the relative position of any observation in the distribution and is also the number of standard deviations that the observed value lies away from the mean? T-score Z-score F-test Chi test

Z-score

This is a measure used in descriptive statistics that shows the value below which a given percentage of scores in a given group of scores fall. It Is CALLED:

a percentile

Randomization

the best defense against bias, in which each individual is given a fair, random chance of selection


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