Chapter 13 - Research and Data Analysis
Which two graphs are best for displaying frequency distributions using continuous data?
Histogram and frequency polygon
Patients must be involved in the design of the research study if the researcher is to receive funding from which of the following organizations?
PCORI
Which chart is similar in appearance to a bar chart but the highest ranking value is listed as the first column and the next highest ranking is second, and so on, to the lowest ranking? Pie chart Pareto chart Vilfredo chart Histogram
Pareto chart
A curve or distribution in which the tail is pulled to the right is called which of the following types of distribution?
Positively skewed
Framingham Heart Study
Prospective study
Collect robust types of data
Qualitative research
Kaiser Permanente study to examine the impact of implementation of EHR on outcomes of diabetes patients
Quasi-experimental study
This particular process is important in effectively testing whether the specific intervention actually made a difference in the outcome of the disease in experimental studies. it is called which of the following? Odds ratio Relative risk Randomization Incidence rate
Randomization
Which measure of variability is the simplest one to compute? Standard deviation Variance Range Mode
Range
Which of the following measures is simple to compute and calculated by taking the difference between the highest and lowest values?
Range
If a researcher was interested in whether the use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) caused colon cancer in postmenopausal women, they would recruit a group of women with colon cancer (cases) and another group of women without colon cancer (controls) as subjects. What is this type of study design called? Prospective cohort Historical perspective Descriptive Retrospective case-control
Retrospective case-control
Case-control study
Retrospective study
A bubble chart is similar to a scatter chart except that it compares three data variables. True False
TRUE
A line graph is a graphical device used to display continuous data and to show changes or trends of the data over time. True False
TRUE
A scatter chart, scatter plot, scatter diagram, or scatter graph is used to demonstrate a relationship between two variables. True False
TRUE
Frequency polygons differ from line graphs in that frequency polygons display the entire frequency distribution (counts) of the continuous variable; a line graph plots only the specific data points over time. True False
TRUE
Once the review category is determined, the researcher must then submit their research protocol to the IARB for their review and approval. T/F
TRUE
PCORI differs from other organizations that conduct evidence-based research because they focus on the patient and include patients in all steps of the research methodology. T/F
TRUE
PCORI provides funding to researchers to perform research that is patient centered and patient engaged. T/F
TRUE
Tables are excellent ways to organize and categorize data and can be useful to examine the detail of a specific concept, category, or response. T/F
TRUE
The 40th percentile is the score below which 40 percent of the other scores in a given group of scores fall. T/F
TRUE
The IRB determines whether research conducted on human subjects is appropriate and protects the participant's rights T/F
TRUE
The major difference between WHO and the CDC and AHRQ is that WHO focuses its efforts across the world whereas the CDC and AHRQ focus on the United States. T/F
TRUE
The total area under the curve of a normal distribution equals 1. T/F
TRUE
When data is collected on the number of healthcare-associated infections, such as a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), in a healthcare facility and then compared to benchmark data across a region or the country, this is referred to as comparative data. T/F
TRUE
The key to building what statistical tool is to make it able to stand alone so anyone reading it can understand the information displayed? Graph Plot Table Measure of central tendency
Table
Coder Status as 1=advanced, 2=intermediate, 3=beginner is an example of a _____ in common data configurations of statistical software. Data list Missing value Output Value label
Value label
Which organization's primary focus is improving healthcare across the world?
WHO
Analysis of big data does not necessarily mean that upper-level statistics have to be used. One can start with _____ levels of statistics and then move to _____ statistics if the problem that needs to be solved requires this higher level of statistics.
descriptive; inferential
What is the mean length of stay for the following data set? 10, 12, 5, 6, 7, 9, 5 7.7 9.7 8.6 7.9
7.7
What is the mode in this array of the following variables? 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,8,9 2 4 7 There is no mode
7
A Z-score of 3.5 represents a score that is how many standard deviations above the mean? 3.5 6.5 68 3.5 below the mean
3.5
Any numerical value that goes from one whole number to the next whole number, such as $30,567.32, 62.596 and 18.65 is called what kind of variable? Discrete Continuous Simple Ordinal
Continuous
Determines if a relationship exists between two variables
Correlational study
Two standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution equals what percent of the area?
95.45 percent
Which organization focuses one of its main priorities on patient-centered outcomes research?
AHRQ
The focus group study previously mentioned is an example of using what type of data structure?
Aggregate
Which of the following is the best type of team to have for a research or analysis project? An interdisciplinary team A team of HIM professionals A team of administrators from the healthcare facility A team of statisticians and epidemiologists
An interdisciplinary team
Which is a simple chart used to describe qualitative, categorical, or discrete variables such as nominal or ordinal data? Line graph Pie chart Frequency polygon Bar chart
Bar chart
Which type of data incorporates multiple sources from not only healthcare data but also financial, geographical, and human resource data? Descriptive data Retrospective data Inferential data Big data
Big data
Which chart is best to compare data for three different variables?
Bubble chart
Which of the following is an example of a value label variable?
Coder status
What type of study design was used to explore how the use of automated coding software (computer-assisted coding (CAC)) could be used to enhance anti-fraud activities? Retrospective Prospective Experimental Descriptive
Descriptive
Exploratory, generates new hypotheses
Descriptive study
Studies a particular culture in great detail
Ethnography
Which type of IRB review category most closely relates to HIM research activities?
Exempt or expedited
Which type of research include those studies that pose only minimal risk to human subjects?
Expedited
A histogram should be used with discrete data that is part of a frequency distribution. True False
FALSE
Aggregate data is data that is individual in nature and not compiled for data analysis. T/F
FALSE
Although the CDC provides a great deal of data and reports, it does not provide funding for researchers to conduct their research. T/F
FALSE
In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are not equal. T/F
FALSE
Informed consent is only required for exempt research studies. T/F
FALSE
Samples of data taken from populations have the same properties as the entire population. T/F
FALSE
The easiest bar chart to build is the two-variable bar chart. T/F
FALSE
The first step in analyzing data is to start with basic types of data analysis such as descriptive statistics. T/F
FALSE
The mean is the best measure of central tendency to use with ordinal data. The median is the best measure to use with ordinal data since the mean should mainly be used with continuous data. T/F
FALSE
Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations above or below the mean, so a Z-score of -1.5 represents a score that is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. T/F
FALSE
Uses multiple methods to determine a new theory
Grounded theory
Healthcare data that is housed within the EHR, or data collected from a case study, a focus group of individuals, or during an interview or survey are all considered what type of data? Aggregate data Comparative data Individual data Big data
Individual data
Which of the following measures examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency?
Measures of variability
Which statistics examine the spread of different values around the measures of central tendency? Measures of variability Measures of significance The range The variance
Measures of variability
The first step to compute the _____ will include ranking the values from lowest to highest. Mean Median Mode Standard deviation
Median
Uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative data
Mixed-methods approach
When a number is assigned to a specific category such as a 1=male and 2= female, this is what type of variable? Ordinal Interval Ratio Nominal
Nominal
In which type of distribution are the mean, median, and mode equal? Bimodal distribution Simple distribution Non-normal distribution Normal distribution
Normal distribution
If a student scores an 82 percent on an ICD-10-CM/PCS coding exam and the class average is 60 percent with a standard deviation of 4, what is the Z-score and what does this tell us about the student's coding exam score?
Z = 5.5; the score of 82 percent is 5.5 standard deviations above the mean
Determining if data follow a normal distribution is important because certain statistics can be computed on data that is normally distributed. Which of the following is one type of these statistics?
Z-score
What is a standardized unit that provides the relative position of any observation in the distribution and is also the number of standard deviations that the observed value lies away from the mean? T-score Z-score F-test Chi test
Z-score
This is a measure used in descriptive statistics that shows the value below which a given percentage of scores in a given group of scores fall. It Is CALLED:
a percentile
Randomization
the best defense against bias, in which each individual is given a fair, random chance of selection