Chapter 14 A&P II

The corpus quadrigemina contains 2 nuclei. Which nucleus receives visual inputs and which receives auditory input?

Superior colliculi: visuals o Control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli Inferior colliculi: auditory o Control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

The inner meninx adhering to the tissues of the brain is the __________. dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater denticulate mater

pia mater

A disorder affecting the ability to speak, called __________, results from damage to the __________ area of the brain. apnea; medulla oblongata aphasia; general interpretive dyslexia; Broca's amnesia; general interpretive

aphasia; general interpretive

Define ataxia and name the social drug that can induce it.

- A disturbance in muscular coordination - In severe ataxia, a person cant sit or stand without assistance - alcohol

List the 2 primary functions of the cerebellum

- Adjusting the postural muscles of the body o Coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium o Makes alterations in muscle tone - Programming and Fine-Tuning Movements Controlled at the Conscious and Subconscious Levels o Refines learned movement patterns o Performs functions indirectly by regulating activity along motor pathways at the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and motor centers in the brainstem o Compares the motor commands with proprioceptive information and stimulates any adjustments needed to make the movement smooth

Which 2 hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus

- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin): restricts water loss by kidneys - Oxytocin: stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and mammary glands of females and prostate of males

Describe the importance/function of the reticular formation

- Autonomic processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands - Contains nuclei and centers that regulate vital autonomic functions extends into the pons and midbrain - Plays a role in autonomic (breathing, blood pressure, and thermoregulation) functions, endocrine functions, as well as body posture, skeletomuscular reflex activity, alertness, and sleep

describe the general functions of the thalamus

- Final relay point for sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex - Acts as filter, passing on only a small portion of the arriving sensory information - Coordinates the activities of the basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex by relating information

Describe the general function of the limbic system

- Include the amygdala, hippocampus. Thalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus - Affects emotional states and integrates sensory information - Establishing emotional states; linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brainstem; facilitating memory storage and retrieval

Describe the general function of sensory and motor of cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII.

- Innervate the jaw muscles, the anterior surface of the face, one of the extrinsic eye muscles (the lateral rectus), and the sense organs of the internal (the vestibular and cochlear nuclei)

Describe the general function of the tracts/fibers. [FYI: These are white matter because fibers are myelinated axons]

- Interconnect portions of the CNS - The pons links the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord - Transverse pontine fibers cross the anterior surface of the pons—they are axons that link nuclei of the pons with the cerebellum of the opposite side

The loss of neuronal activity in the substantia nigra is associated with which disease?

- Parkinsons

Describe the general function of the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

- Process information originating in the respiratory rhythmicity centers of the medulla oblongata

describe the general functions of the hypothalamus

- Regulation of body temperature - Control of autonomic function - Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions - Coordination of activities of the nervous and endocrine systems - Regulation of circadian rhythms - Subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions - Production of emotions and behavioral drives

Describe the function of olivary nuclei

- Relay information to the cerebellar cortex about somatic motor commands as they are issued by motor centers at higher levels

What occurs at the decussation of pyramids?

- Tracts leaving areas of the brainstem nuclei will cross to the opposite side of the brain before reaching their destinations (the crossing over is called decussation)

Describe the general function of arbor vitae (which is white matter; use Figure 14-9).

- Tree of life - Connects the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with the tracts of white matter that form the cerebellar peduncles

Describe the general function of Wernicke's area

- language comprehension

describe the general functions of the basal nuclei. Association Areas:

- masses of gray matter that are involved with the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns - provide a general pattern and rhythm, especially movements of the trunk and proximal limb muscles

Stimulation or inhibition of the reticular formation cause which types of responses when certain centers or regions of the hypothalamus are stimulated?

- the stimulation of specific regions can produce either heightened alertness and excitement or lethargy and sleep

Which of the following statements about the limbic system is FALSE? A major part of the limbic system is the reticular formation, composed of the cerebral nuclei and centered in the lower cerebrum. The cingulate gyrus of the limbic system is located just above the corpus callosum. The hippocampus is a folded area of cortex beneath the floor of the lateral ventricle that is important in learning, especially storage and retrieval of long-term memories. The limbic system facilitates memory storage and retrieval.

A major part of the limbic system is the reticular formation, composed of the cerebral nuclei and centered in the lower cerebrum.

________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve. Cerebral palsy Gout Tic douloureux Bell's palsy Addison's disease

Bell's palsy

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaves the central nervous system (CNS) and enters the circulation at the __________. lateral apertures arachnoid granulations arachnoid trabeculae pia mater

arachnoid granulations

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus receive axon collaterals from the optic nerve. are part of the limbic system. secrete melatonin. secrete pituitary hormones. secrete pituitary hormones and melatonin.

are part of the limbic system

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. commissural sensory association somesthetic processing

association

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as ataxia. Parkinson's. aphasia. dysphagia. epilepsy.

ataxia

Damage to the cerebellum could be diagnosed by observing __________. an inability to understand words, although individual letters may be recognizable a lack of tact or discretion ataxia, or loss of balance an inability to regulate body temperature

ataxia, or loss of balance

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the cerebral cortex. pons. arbor vitae. medulla. cerebellar cortex

cerebellar cortex

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the cerebellum. thalamus. medulla oblongata. pons. cerebrum.

cerebellum

When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences? midbrain cerebellum pons thalamus medulla oblongata

cerebellum

The third and fourth ventricles are connected by the __________. lateral ventricle corpus callosum cerebral aqueduct interventricular foramen

cerebral aqueduct

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the __________. cerebral ventricles subarachnoid space central canal of the spinal cord cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord

cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord

Projection fibers link the __________ cortex with the __________. insular; other cerebral lobes frontal; other lobes cerebellar; diencephalon cerebral; brain stem and other centers

cerebral; brain stem and other centers

Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly states where the bleeding has occurred in his brain? Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. Blood is between the pia mater and arachnoid mater. Blood is between the pia mater and the brain. Blood is between the superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus. Blood is between the dura mater and the skull.

Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to Wernicke's area. Broca's area. the basal nuclei. the general interpretive area. Brodmann's area.

Broca's area.

Explain the reason that the limbic system is considered the motivational system

Cerebral cortex enables you to perform complex tasks, but the limbic system makes you WANT to do them

Which type of fibers are associated with the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure?

Commissural fibers interconnect and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres

What are cranial ventricles and what fluid is located within them?

Composed of four ventricles (two lateral, third and fourth ventricle) and their passageways (interventricular foramen and cerebral aqueduct) Each cerebral hemisphere has a large lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles Third ventricle: in the diencephalon Two lateral v's aren't connected but communicate through an interventricular foramen Fourth ventricle: connected to the third by the cerebral aqueduct Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills the ventricles and continuously circulates in the CNS

Each sensory and motor region of the cerebral cortex is connected to a nearby associated area. Describe the general function of an association area.

Coordinate incoming and outgoing data from the sensory and motor areas

Which of the following statements is descriptive NOT of the medulla oblongata but of the spinal cord? At the superior end of this region is the fourth ventricle. Cranial nerves VIII-XII originate from this location. Autonomic nuclei controlling cardiovascular and respiratory activities are found here. Gray matter in this area is organized into posterior, lateral, and anterior horns.

Gray matter in this area is organized into posterior, lateral, and anterior horns.

Part complete The highest levels of information processing occur in the cerebrum. corpus callosum. medulla oblongata. diencephalon. cerebellum.

cerebrum

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid. jugular vein carotid artery choroid plexus vertebral artery dural sinus

choroid plexus

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CFS)

completely surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS Support the brain, cushions delicate neural structures, transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes

The pons is involved in all of the following EXCEPT __________. respiration control of food intake connections to cerebellum automatically processes incoming sensations

control of food intake

Which of the following pairs of cranial reflexes and associated responses is INCORRECT? direct light reflex—constriction of ipsilateral pupil vestibulo-ocular reflexes—opposite movement of eyes to stabilize field of vision corneal reflex—constriction of contralateral pupil tympanic reflex—reduced movement of auditory ossicles right answer feedback:

corneal reflex—constriction of contralateral pupil

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a broad band of white matter called the __________. intermediate mass pons vermis corpus callosum

corpus callosum

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it passes motor information on to the cerebellum. determines what can enter the brain from the blood. determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area. controls reflexes. controls the autonomic functions of the body, such as the fight-or-flight response.

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area

The general interpretive area is __________. usually found in the left hemisphere also called Wernicke's area important in understanding language all of the listed characteristics

all of the listed characteristics

Broca's area is __________. usually in the right hemisphere important in learning motor control also called the motor speech area all of the listed characteristics

also called the motor speech area

Which of the following cranial reflexes is NOT somatic? tympanic reflex direct light reflex corneal reflex vestibulo-ocular reflexes

direct light reflex

The falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are __________. alternative dural folds cerebral ventricles venous sinuses dural folds

dural folds

The visual association area is located in the __________. parietal lobe temporal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe

occipital lobe

The only sensation that is received directly by the cerebrum is olfaction. hearing. vision. dizziness. gustation.

olfaction

Which of these cerebral lobes is INCORRECTLY identified? insula—buried within lateral sulcus occipital lobe—most posterior lobe temporal lobe—lateral and inferior lobe parietal lobe—lateral and inferior lobe

parietal lobe—lateral and inferior lobe

The primary somatosensory cortex is found on the __________. precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus frontal lobe cingulate gyrus

postcentral gyrus

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the premotor cortex. occipital association cortex. prefrontal cerebral cortex. reticular formation. temporal lobe.

prefrontal cerebral cortex

Which of the following is the correct linkage between an area of the cerebral cortex and its function? premotor cortex—coordination of learned motor responses visual association area—receives visual information general interpretive area—abstract intellectual functions olfactory cortex—receives information that is heard

premotor cortex—coordination of learned motor responses

The postcentral gyrus contains association cells of the __________. primary auditory cortex primary language center primary motor cortex primary sensory cortex

primary sensory cortex

The fold that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum is formed by the __________. tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli falx cerebri arachnoid fold

tentorium cerebelli

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the cerebellum. thalamus. pons. midbrain. medulla oblongata.

thalamus

Cranial Meninges:

the cranial dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

The right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from and controls movement of __________. the right side of the body the left side of the body the right and left sides of the body neither the right nor the left side of the body because the spinal cord controls movement

the left side of the body

Which cranial nerve sends balance sensations to the brain? trigeminal vagus facial vestibulocochlear olfactory

vestibulocochlear

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the abducens nerve. trigeminal nerve. hypoglossal nerve. accessory nerve. vagus nerve.

vagus nerve

The tenth cranial nerve is the __________. optic nerve olfactory nerve trochlear nerve vagus nerve

vagus nerve

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to move her left arm. speak. verbally identify an object placed in her left hand. touch her nose with her eyes closed. recognize written words.

verbally identify an object placed in her left hand

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? The cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex have numerous dendrites and may have up to 200,000 synapses per cell. It is composed of folds called folia and a superficial cerebellar cortex. All of the listed responses are true; none are false.

All of the listed responses are true; none are false.

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

An area within each ventricle that produces CSF

Which of the following statements about the cranial meninges is INCORRECT? The endosteal layer of dura mater is directly connected to the periosteum lining the inner surfaces of cranial bones. In cranial trauma, the dural folds act as safety belts to hold the brain in position. In cranial trauma, the cerebrospinal fluid acts as an airbag to cushion sudden jolts and shocks. In cranial trauma, the pia mater provides the brain with the greatest protection from trauma by hitting the bones of the cranium.

In cranial trauma, the pia mater provides the brain with the greatest protection from trauma by hitting the bones of the cranium.

Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is FALSE? It is absorbed into arterial circulation at arachnoid granulations. It transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products. It cushions delicate neural structures. A buildup of CSF can lead to hydrocephaly in infants.

It is absorbed into arterial circulation at arachnoid granulations.

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland? It is part of the thalamus. It is part of the limbic system. It controls heart rate and blood pressure. It is part of the hypothalamus and secretes oxytocin. It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin

It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin

Which of these is NOT a property of the epithalamus? It is the roof of the fourth ventricle. It is the location of the choroid plexus. It is the location of the pineal gland. It is the roof of the diencephalon.

It is the roof of the fourth ventricle.

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of tetanus. Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease. rabies. myasthenia gravis.

Parkinson's disease

Describe the general function of the red nucleus.

Red nucleus receives information from the cerebrum and cerebellum, and issues subconscious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone

Describe the function of nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus.

Relay somatic information to the thalamus

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is INCORRECT? The hypothalamus controls voluntary somatic motor activity. The hypothalamus adjusts and coordinates activities of autonomic centers in the pons and medulla oblongata. The hypothalamus coordinates the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus secretes two hormones that are released from the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus controls voluntary somatic motor activity.

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier and discuss its importance.

The junctions in the barrier prevent materials from diffusing between endothelial cells, and it protects the brain from fluctuations in plasma composition and circulating agents such as neurotransmitters and other elements that are capable of interrupting neural function.

Which of the following could have resulted from stimulating the limbic system of a patient undergoing brain surgery? The patient became agitated and angry. The patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions. The patient had a seizure. The patient lost her ability to speak.

The patient became agitated and angry.

Which brain structure is the pituitary gland connected to and what is that physical connection called?

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum, a part of the endocrine system. This connects the nervous and endocrine system.

Describe the major function of the hippocampus

The storage and retrieval of new long-term memories

What is the basic function of cranial meninges?

To protect the CNS

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? producing emotions and behavior drives adjusting postural muscles regulating body temperature controlling autonomic functions

adjusting postural muscles

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the falx cerebri. choroid plexus. falx cerebelli. tentorium cerebelli. dural sinus.

falx cerebri

Difficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? hypoglossal vagus glossopharyngeal facial glossopharyngeal and vagus

glossopharyngeal and vagus

A patient walks into the emergency room and is having difficulty speaking and moving his tongue. Which of the cranial nerves would you suspect has been damaged? vagus (X) hypoglossal (XII) facial (VII) abducens (VI)

hypoglossal (XII)

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. medulla oblongata cerebellum hypothalamus cerebrum pons

hypothalamus

Which of the following brain components is NOT considered part of the brain stem? pons hypothalamus mesencephalon medulla oblongata

hypothalamus

The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the superior colliculi. substantia nigra. cerebral peduncles. red nuclei. inferior colliculi.

inferior colliculi

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the external carotid arteries. internal carotid and vertebral arteries. facial arteries. jugular veins. dural sinuses.

internal carotid and vertebral

What are the major arteries supplying the brain? internal carotids and linguals external carotids and vertebrals external carotids and linguals internal carotids and vertebrals

internal carotids and vertebrals

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the interventricular foramen. lateral foramen. cerebral aqueduct. posterior foramen. central canal.

interventricular foramen

Describe the function of the substantia nigra

largest midbrain nucleus; releases dopamine; inhibits activity of the basal nuclei in the cerebrum which are involved in the subconscious control of muscle tone and learned movements

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the reticular activating system. hypothalamic system. circadian system. limbic system. apneustic system

limbic system.

Which of the following white-matter structures links the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere? arcuate fibers projection fibers commissural fibers longitudinal fasciculi

longitudinal fasciculi

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the postcentral sulcus. longitudinal fissure. central sulcus. parieto-occipital sulcus. transverse fissure

longitudinal fissure

The most posterior part of the brain, which integrates into the spinal cord, is the __________. cerebrum pineal body medulla oblongata cerebellum

medulla oblongata

The corpora quadrigemina are part of the __________. telencephalon mesencephalon myelencephalon diencephalon

mesencephalon

Which of these does NOT correctly link developing areas of the brain? rhombencephalon to metencephalon and myelencephalon metencephalon to cerebellum and pons telencephalon to cerebrum mesencephalon to metencephalon mesencephalon to mesencephalon

mesencephalon to metencephalon

Which of the following is NOT a function of the medulla oblongata? relaying sensory and motor information to the cerebellum regulating distribution of blood flow relaying somatic sensory information to the thalamus regulating heart rate and force of contraction

relaying sensory and motor information to the cerebellum

Jennifer tries to dress in the dark so as not to disturb her roommate, Joann. Jennifer feels the clothes in her closet until she recognizes her favorite silk blouse. Which part of the brain allowed Jennifer to recognize her blouse by using her sense of touch? right cerebral hemisphere hypothalamus left cerebral hemisphere visual cortex

right cerebral hemisphere

Which of these is NOT a function of the cerebral nuclei? controlling and adjusting muscle tone in voluntary movements controlling cycles of arm and thigh movement in walking sending sensory information to the spinal cord providing general pattern and rhythm of voluntary movements

sending sensory information to the spinal cord

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the corpus callosum. fornix. falx cerebri. septum pellucidum. cerebral aqueduct.

septum pellucidum

Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease. red nuclei reticular activating system substantia nigra superior colliculi

substantia nigra

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the superior and inferior colliculi. cranial nerve IV. four cerebral lobes. two superior cerebellar peduncles and the two inferior cerebellar peduncles. first four cranial nerves.

superior and inferior colliculi

Three of these choices are exceptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS. Which choice maintains the BBB? choroid plexus and capillary beds pineal gland and capillary beds superior sagittal sinus and arachnoid villi portions of the hypothalamus and capillary beds

superior sagittal sinus and arachnoid villi

The cerebrum develops from which portion of the embryonic brain? diencephalon telencephalon myelencephalon mesencephalon

telencephalon