Chapter 14: Blood, Chapter 15: Cardiovascular System, Chapter 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity
List the three hemostatic mechanisms.
-blood clotting -vascular spasm -platelet plug formation
Which of the following are part of the cardiovascular system?
-blood vessels -heart
List three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma.
-creatine -amino acids -urea
List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
-red blood cells -erythrocytes
What are the upper, thin walled chambers of the heart?
-right atrium -left atrium
List three functions of blood.
-transports body heat -prevents fluid loss -prevents infection
Imagine a blood cell that is in the heart chamber labeled as 1 on the diagram. Arrange the numbers indicating the chambers and vessels of the heart in the correct order as the blood cell moves through them. Start at the top with the first structure encountered by the blood cell as it leaves the chamber labeled as 1.
1. 6 2. 3 3. 5 4. 4 5. 7 6. 2
Place the following vessels in order from the largest (at the top) to the smallest.
1. artery 2. arteriole 3. capillary
Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer at the top.
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium
A blood cell is traveling in the inferior vena cava and approaches the heart. Rank the following structures in the order in which the cell encounters them, starting with the first one at the top.
1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. lungs 4. left atrium 5. left ventricle
What happens after the ventricles of the heart complete their contraction?
All four chambers of the heart relax for a brief interval.
True or false: The cardiac center is located in the pons.
False
What is the skeleton of the heart?
Fibrous tissue that gives the heart its shape and anchors the myofibers.
The _____ blood group includes the D antigen.
Rh
The portion of the cardiac conduction system located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava is the ______ ______.
SA or sinoatrial; node
How does the heart pump blood?
The atria contract, then the ventricles, followed by relaxation of all four chambers.
Which statement describes plasma proteins?
They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
True or false: The heart has a skeleton.
True
True or false: Understanding that the circulatory system is a closed circuit is important when considering blood flow and blood pressure.
True
A transfusion reaction results in the clumping of red blood cells through a process called ______. An antibody molecule binds to antigens on several RBCs, binding them together.
agglutination or hemagglutination
Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as ______.
agranulocytes
What root means vessel?
angio-
Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______.
antigen or agglutinogens
In blood typing, "Rh" refers to one of several ______ located on red blood cell membranes.
antigens
The presence of ______ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.
antigens
What is an antigen?
any molecule that triggers an immune response
The smallest arteries are called ______.
arterioles
Describe the shape of a red blood cell.
biconcave disc
The functions of ______ include coagulation (clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
blood
Which of the following is the most effective in stopping the loss of blood?
blood clot formation
What is the name of the force that blood exerts against artery walls?
blood pressure
Oxyhemoglobin appears _____ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _____.
bright red; darker red
Microscopic, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arterioles to the smallest venules are called ______.
capillaries
Branching cells that are uninucleate and striated are typical of ______ muscle fibers.
cardiac
The heart and blood vessels are components of the ______ system.
cardiovascular
The opening and closing of the heart valves is associated with ______.
changes in chamber pressure
Humans have a ______ circulatory system, as blood is always moving through blood vessels and the heart.
closed
Heart sounds are generated when blood vibrates the wall of the heart due to the ______ of the valves.
closing
The most effective hemostatic process is ______.
coagulation
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and ______ are three hemostatic mechanisms.
coagulation
Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
connective
The first branches of the aorta provide blood to the myocardium. They are called the left and right ______ arteries.
coronary
What is the name of the main vessels that supply the heart tissue with blood?
coronary arteries
What determines a person's ABO blood type?
determined by the type of antigens on RBC surfaces
In which of the following situations would you expect agglutination to occur?
during a transfusion reaction
When electrodes are placed on the skin and electrical changes in the myocardium are recorded on an instrument, a physician can obtain a patient's
electrocardiogram, ECG, or EKG
Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions.
electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are examples of ______ found in plasma.
electrolytes or ions
Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as ______.
erythrocytes or erythrocyte
In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?
exposed collagen
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are categorized as granulocytes since they contain cytoplasmic ______.
granules
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have granules in their cytoplasms, and are therefore classified as a type of leukocyte called
granulocytes or granulocyte
Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _____ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules).
granulocytes; agranulocytes
Leukocytes with granular cytoplasm are called ______, while those without distinctly-staining granules are called ______.
granulocytes; agranulocytes
What organ is housed within the thoracic cavity?
heart
The term for the formation of blood cells is ______.
hematopoiesis
Which term is used for the process of forming blood cells?
hematopoiesis
Cardiac muscle cells can contract as a unit because adjacent cells are connected by ______.
intercalated disks
The technical term for a white blood cell is ______.
leukocyte or leukocytes
The class of blood cells called ______ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, ______, and ______.
leukocytes; eosinophils; basophils
The heart is located in the ______ and is ______ to the diaphragm.
mediastinum; superior
Where is the cardiac center located?
medulla oblongata
Platelets are fragments of very large cells called ______.
megakaryocytes or megakaryocyte
Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include ______ and ______.
monocytes; lymphocytes
What is the middle layer of the wall of the heart?
myocardium
In plasma, substances such as urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine are examples of ______.
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
Which two are the most important blood gases?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
The most important blood gases are ______ and carbon dioxide.
oxygen or O2
As blood circulates, it transports inhaled __ from the lungs to body cells and __ from body cells to the lungs to be exhaled.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Which is the bright red molecule formed when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
oxyhemoglobin
When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms ______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ______.
oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin
The heart, and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches, are enclosed in a membranous sac called the ______.
pericardium
The covering that encloses the heart is called the
pericardium or pericardial sac
Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix, called ______.
plasma
Name the liquid part of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended.
plasma
The clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of the blood, in which cells and platelets are suspended is called ______.
plasma
Within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ______.
plasma
Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ______.
platelets or thrombocytes
With an injury to a blood vessel wall, ______ in the plasma are activated, sticking to the exposed collagen in damaged blood vessel walls.
platelets or thrombocytes
Rise and fall of blood ______ in the heart chambers is the cause of the opening and closing of heart valves.
pressure
In a healthy cardiovascular system, the endothelium is very smooth and coated with ______, which prevents adherence of platelets to the endothelium. Thus, unneeded blood clots do not form.
prostacyclin
The presence of a compound called ______ inhibits adherence of platelets to endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls.
prostacyclin
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
protect against disease
The most abundant solutes in plasma are ______.
proteins
A ______ blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disc.
red
Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the ______.
red bone marrow
Leukocytes develop in ______ in response to various hormones.
red bone marrow
During the heart's operation, when the atria contract, the ventricles are ______; when the ventricles contract the atria are ______.
relaxing; relaxing
Which of the following describes the path of a blood cell from the superior vena cava as it makes its way through the heart?
right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lung --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta
Where is the SA node located?
right atrium near the superior vena cava opening
Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?
short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
supply the heart tissues with oxygenated blood
Blood pressure is reported as two numbers. The ______ pressure is the maximum blood pressure reading attained during ventricular contraction.
systolic
When a physician listens to heart sounds through a stethoscope, she hears vibrations in heart tissues associated with blood turbulence caused by ______.
the closing of heart valves
What does an electrocardiogram record?
the electrical changes in the myocardium
What are the right and left atria?
thin-walled upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart
What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?
vascular spasm
What are the smallest veins called?
venules
The word root angio- means _______.
vessel
The ______ blood cells primarily function to protect the body against disease.
white or leukocyte