Chapter 14 - Organizational Behavior
Rank the following leadership styles from most active to most passive, with the most active style listed at the top and the most passive style listed at the bottom.
1. transformational 2. transactional: contingent reward 3. transactional: active management-by-exception 4. transactional: passive management-by-exception 5. laissez-faire
charisma
Greek word meaning "divinely inspired gift" which reflects a sense among followers that the leader possesses extraordinary qualities
Which of the following is true regarding prediction of leadership effectiveness using traits?
High conscientiousness is a trait that has been found to be correlated to leader emergence.
Match the level of follower readiness (at left) with the leadership style best suited to it (at right).
R1- telling R2- selling R3- participating R4- delegating
Which of the following best describes "great person" theories of leadership?
Successful leaders have personal qualities that make them good at leading people effectively.
Which of the following is typical of the role-making phase, according to LMX theory?
The employee's own expectations get mixed in with those of the leader.
contingent reward
a more active and effective brand of transactional leadership, in which the leader attains follower agreement on what needs to be done using promised or actual rewards in exchange for adequate performance
Which of the following behaviors is classified as a consideration behavior?
acting on behalf of the group and advancing the interests of the group
representation
acting on behalf of the group defending the group, and advancing the interests of the group
A leader who focuses on supervising task execution for any deviations from the norm and corrects errors or issues as they occur is practicing
active management-by-exception
With ________, the leader arranges to monitor mistakes and errors actively and takes corrective action when required—this is a form of ________ leadership.
active management-by-exception; transactional
According to research, employees with transformational leaders tend to have higher levels of which of the following?
affective commitment normative commitment task performance
life cycle theory of leadership
also called the situational model of leadership argues that the optimal combination of initiating structure and consideration depends on the readiness of the employees in the work unit
According to the time-driven model of leadership, if decisions are insignificant or employee commitment is unimportant, which decision-making style is most appropriate?
autocratic
Amanda makes it known around the department that her word is the "law." She neither invites nor considers any input from her staff on any decisions she makes. Amanda has a(n) ______ decision-making style.
autocratic
Charlie called his staff into his office and announced that they would be working mandatory overtime until the backlog of orders was resolved. This best describes a(n) ______ decision-making style.
autocratic
List the leader decision-making styles in order in terms of their level of leader control, placing the style with the lowest level of leader control at the bottom.
autocratic consultative facilitative delegative
Which of the following are issues that leadership training programs often focus on?
being a more effective mentor conducting more accurate performance evaluations solving problems creatively
spatial distance
being separated from one's leader by physical space
readiness
broadly defined as the degree to which employees have the ability and the willingness to accomplish their specific tasks
A leader who demonstrates ______ behavior develops trusting relationships with followers, cares for their well-being, and supports them.
consideration
A leader with a(n) ______ style collaborates with her followers to reach a decision but ultimately makes the decision as to the course of action alone.
consultative
Karen told the committee, "I want you to understand that I want and need your ideas and your input, but in the end, I'm going to be the one who makes the final decision." What type of leader decision-making style does Karen use?
consultative
Patrick, a sales manager, establishes sales quotas for the members of his staff and specifies the bonuses and commissions that they will receive when they meet their sales goals. This is an example of which style of transactional leadership?
contingent reward
seven factors of the time-driven model of leadership
decision significance importance of commitment leader expertise likelihood of commitment shared objectives employee expertise teamwork skills
types of leader actions
decision-making styles day-to-day behaviors behaviors that fall outside of a leader's typical duties
organization
defining and structuring work, clarifying leader versus member roles, coordinating employee tasks
Sarah has a lot of confidence in her team and passes responsibility for many decisions to her team members. She still monitors their progress but is confident in the abilities and motivation to get the job done. Which leadership style does Sarah display?
delegating
Alonzo presented his team with the issue at hand. "You guys know what to do and how to do it, and I trust in your judgment. I'm here to help if you need me, but take the ball and run with it." What decision-making style has Alonzo adopted?
delegative
In which of the following decision-making styles do followers have the highest level of control over the decision?
delegative
Ric is new to the firm, so he tells his staff that, for now, he's going to rely on their judgment and will let them do things the way they're used to doing them. What type of decision-making style has Ric adopted?
delegative
The leader decision-making style in which the leader has the least amount of control over the decision is the ______ style.
delegative
leader decision-making styles in order from those with high follower control to high leader control
delegative style facilitative style consultative style autocratic style
intrinsic satisfaction
deriving personal satisfaction from one's work
leader-member exchange theory
describes how leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships develop over time on a dyadic basis argues that new leader-member relationships are typically marked by a role taking phase also suggests that judgments of leader effectiveness should gauge how effective the most critical leader-member dyads appear to be
shared objectives
do employees share and support the same objectives, or do they have an agenda of their own?
employee expertise
do the employees have significant knowledge or expertise regarding the problem?
teamwork skills
do the employees have the ability to work together to solve the problem, or will they struggle with conflicts or inefficiencies?
leader expertise
does the leader have significant knowledge or expertise regarding the problem?
role-taking phase
during which a manager describes role expectations to an employee and the employee attempts to fulfill those expectations with his or her job behaviors
role making
during which the employee's own expectations for the dyad get mixed in with those of the leader marked by a free-flowing exchange in which the leader offers more opportunities and resources and the employee contributes more activities and effort
R1
eager but inexperienced low readiness high initiating structure, low consideration telling - in which case the leader provides specific instructions and closely supervises the performance
Leader ______ refers to how well an individual performs in a leadership role.
effectiveness
Predictive traits for leader ______ refers to traits that are associated with becoming a leader.
emergence
transformational leaders and task performance
employees with these kinds of leaders trend to have higher levels of task performance, including creativity, and engage in higher levels of citizenship behaviors employees with transformational leaders have higher levels of motivation than other employees. they feel a stronger sense of psychological empowerment, feel more self-confident, and set more demanding work goals for themselves transformational leaders also help their followers frame stressful situations in such a way that they are better able to cope with hindrance stressors and to be engaged by challenged stressors.
integration
encouraging a pleasant atmosphere, reducing conflict, promoting individual adjustment to the group
recognition
expressing approval or disapproval of the behaviors of employees
According to research, which of the following personality dimensions have significant effects on perceptions of leader charisma?
extraversion agreeableness openness to experience
According to the time-driven model of leadership, ________ styles work best in situations where employee expertise and teamwork skills are high.
facilitative
With a(n) ________ style, the leader presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making sure that his or her own opinion receives no more weight than anyone else's.
facilitative
Defining and structuring work, clarifying leader versus member roles, and coordinating employee tasks are part of a leader's consideration behavior.
false
Inspirational motivation involves behaving in ways that help followers achieve their potential through coaching, development, and mentoring.
false
Leader emergence is defined as the degree to which the leader's actions result in the achievement of the unit's goals; the continued commitment of the unit's employees; and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation in leader-member dyads.
false
True or false: The Ohio State studies suggested that initiating structure and consideration were at opposite ends of the same spectrum.
false
True or false: Certain personal trait and characteristics indicate that a person will have high leader effectiveness.
false most studies have concluded that traits are more predictive of leader emergence than leader effectiveness
R4
firing on all cylinders low initiating structure, low consideration delegating - the leader turns responsibility for key behaviors over to the employees
According to the substitutes for leadership model, which of the following answer options is an example of a neutralizer?
formalization
training and experience
gaining the knowledge to act independently of the leader
laissez-faire leadership
hands-off leadership the avoidance of leadership altogether important actions are delayed, responsibility is ignored, and power and influence go unutilitized
professionalism
having a professional specialty that offers guidance
task stability
having tasks with a clear, unchanging sequence of steps
formalization
having written policies and procedures that govern one's job
traits/characteristics linked to emergence
high conscientiousness low agreeableness
traits/characteristics linked to both emergence and effectiveness
high openness to experience high extraversion high general cognitive ability high energy level high stress tolerance high self-confidence
likelihood of commitment
how likely is it that employees will trust the leader's decision and commit to it?
leader effectiveness
how well people actually do in a leadership role
Behaving in ways that earn the admiration, trust, and respect of followers, causing followers to want to identify with and emulate the leader, is a dimension of transformational leadership referred to as
idealized influence
The dimensions of transformational leadership include intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, and
idealized influence
the Four I's
idealized influence inspirational motivation intellectual stimulation individualized consideration
Which factor in the time-driven model of leadership considers how important it is for employees to "buy in" to the decision?
importance of commitment
High-quality exchange dyads are characterized by which of the following?
increased sense of obligation between members increased mutual trust between members
Leaders who demonstrate a high level of ______ behavior are generally oriented toward meeting objectives, and they control employees' roles.
initiating structure
day-to-day leadership behaviors dimensions
initiating structure consideration
initiating structure behaviors
initiation, organization, production reflects the extent to which the leader defines and structures the roles of employees in pursuit of goal attainment leaders play a more active role in directing group activities and prioritize planning, scheduling, and trying out new ideas. might emphasize the importance of meeting deadlines, describe explicit standards of performance, ask employees to follow formalized procedures, and criticize poor work when necessary
The dimension of transformational leadership that involves articulating a clear and compelling vision of the future and generating enthusiasm and optimism that it can be achieved is referred to as
inspirational motivation
Alberto encourages his followers to "think outside the box" and approach problems in new, innovative ways. This best describes which dimension of transformational leadership?
intellectual stimulation
________ involves behaving in ways that challenge followers to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions and reframing old situations in new ways.
intellectual stimulation
intellectual stimulation
involves behaving in ways that challenge followers to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions and reframing old situations in new ways
idealized influence
involves behaving in ways that earn the admiration, trust, and respect of followers causing followers to want to identify with and emulate the leader synonymous with charisma
inspirational motivation
involves behaving in ways that foster an enthusiasm for and commitment to a shared vision of the future
individualized consideration
involves behaving in ways that help followers achieve their potential through coaching, development, and mentoring represents treating employees as unique individuals with specific needs, abilities, and aspirations that need to be tired into the unit's mission
transformational leadership
involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from new perspectives heighten followers' awareness of the importance of certain outcomes while increasing their confidence that those outcomes can be achieved
importance of commitment
is it important that employees "buy in" to the decision?
decision significance
is the decision significant to the success of the project or the organization?
Pete was half-jokingly called the Invisible Manager by his staff. Whenever a problem arose, he was nowhere to be found and let his staff figure out what needed to be done. Pete demonstrates a(n) ______ leadership style.
laissez-faire
The absence or avoidance of leadership best describes which of the following leadership styles?
laissez-faire
______ is the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement.
leadership
A self-managed work team that hires, trains, and monitors the performance of its members without a manager is an example of a(n)
leadership substitute
traits/characteristics linked to neither emergence nor effectiveness
low neuroticism
"low quality exchange" dyad
marked by a more limited exchange of information, influence, latitude, support, and attention characterized by lower levels of trust, respect, and obligation
"high quality exchange" dyad
marked by the frequent exchange of information, influence, latitude, support, and attention characterized by higher levels of mutual trust, respect, and obligation
consideration behaviors
membership integration communication recognition representation reflects the extent to which leaders create job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employee ideas, and consideration of employee feelings. leaders create a climate of good rapport and strong, two-way communication and exhibit a deep concern for the welfare of employees, might do personal favors for employees or take time to listen to their problems
membership
mixing with employees, stressing informal interactions, and exchanging personal services
transformational leadership and job performance
moderate positive
transactional leadership
occurs when the leader rewards or disciplines the follower depending on the adequacy of the follower's performance
initiation
originating, facilitating, and sometimes resisting new ideas and practices
According to the leader-member exchange theory, low-quality exchange dyads constitute the leader's
outgroup
According to the life cycle theory of leadership, which style of leadership is most appropriate if followers are in the R3 stage of readiness?
participating
Which leader behavior is most appropriate for a group of employees who have learned to work together well, but still need support and collaboration from the leader?
participating
The leadership behavior identified as "initiating structure" in the Ohio State studies are similar to the behavior coined as ______ in the University of Michigan study.
production-centered
communication
providing information to employees, seeking information from them, showing an awareness of matters that affect them
According to the life cycle theory of leadership, ______ is the degree to which employees have the willingness to accomplish their tasks.
readiness
According to the life cycle theory of leadership, the optimal combination of initiating structure and consideration depends on the __________ of the followers
readiness
task feedback
receiving feedback on performance from the task itself
staff support
receiving information and assistance from outside staff
substitutes
reduce the importance of the leader while simultaneously providing a direct benefit to employee performance
neutralizers
reduce the importance of the leader; they themselves have no beneficial impact on performance
Which of the following day-to-day behaviors would be categorized as consideration behavior?
representation integration recognition
delegative styles
reserved for circumstances in which employees have strong teamwork skills and are not likely to commit blindly to whatever decision the leader provides
autocratic styles
reserved for decisions that are insignificant or for which employee commitment is unimportant the only exception is when the leader's expertise is high and the leader is trusted should result in an accurate decision that makes the most efficient use of employees' time
Grant stopped by Alexa's desk. "We'd like you to give our website a new look. You've done such a great job with the prototype that we have no hesitation in giving you this task. Alexa accepted and outlined the approach she would take. Which stage of the LMX theory does this exchange demonstrate?
role making
Shannon stopped in her boss's office and said, "Greg, I've got some ideas on how we can generate more social media buzz for our fund-raising event. Can we schedule a time when we can sit down and go over these ideas?" Which stage of the leader-member exchange theory does this best describe?
role making
On her first day on the job in the fast food restaurant, Kayla's supervisor spent considerable time with her, explaining procedures and making sure that she knew how to greet customers, fill orders, and operate the cash register. What stage in the leader-member exchange theory does this describe?
role taking
According to the life cycle theory of leadership, which leadership style emphasizes high amounts of both initiating structure and consideration?
selling
In the ______ style of leadership, leaders not only provide information and direction to their followers but also provide support and encouragement to make sure that people get "on board."
selling
Which of the following day-to-day behaviors would be categorized as initiating structure behavior?
setting goals defining and structuring work originating new ideas
production
setting goals and providing incentives for the effort and productivity of employees
R3
starting to work well together low initiating structure high consideration participating - the leader helps them adjust to their more self-managed state of affairs
transformational leadership and organizational commitment
strong positive
Factors in the work environment that can take the place of active leadership are referred to as
substitutes
substitutes for leadership model
suggests that certain characteristics of the situation can constrain the influence of the leader, making it more difficult for the leader to influence employee performances
time-driven model of leadership
suggests that the focus should shift away from autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative leaders to autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative situations suggests that seven factors combine to make some decision-making styles more effective in a given situation and other styles less effective
types of substitutes
task feedback training and experience professionalism staff support group cohesion intrinsic satisfaction
types of neutralizers
task stability formalization inflexibility spatial distance
R2
tasks seem harder than expected high initiating structure, high readiness selling - in which the leader supplements his or her directing with support and encouragement to protect the confidence levels of the employees
The four leadership styles identified by the life cycle theory of leadership are delegating, participating, selling, and
telling
Which of the following would best describe leadership?
the ability to manage others to achieve certain goals
leader effectiveness
the degree to which the leader's actions result in the achievement of the unit's goals, the continued commitment of the unit's employees, and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation in leader-member dyads
According to research, which of the following employee characteristics has the greatest impact on whether an employee will be in the leader's ingroup or outgroup?
the employer's competence
active management-by-exception
the leader arranges to monitor mistakes and errors actively and again takes corrective action when required
delegative style
the leader gives an individual employee or a group of employees the responsibility for making the decision within some set of specified boundary conditions. the leader plays no role in the deliberations unless asked, though he or she may offer encouragement and provide necessary resources behind the scenes
autocratic style
the leader makes the decision alone without asking for the opinions or suggestions of the employees in the work unit employees may provide information that the leader needs but are not asked to generate or evaluate potential solutions, or may not even be told about the decision that needs to be made
facilitative style
the leader presents the problem to a group of employees and seeks consensus on a solution, making sure that his or her own opinion receives no more weight that anyone else's the leader is more facilitator than decision maker
consultative style
the leader presents the problem to individual employees or a group of employees, asking for their opinions and suggestions before ultimately making the decision him- or herself employees have a say in the process but the ultimate authority still rests with the leader
passive management-by-exception
the leader waits around for mistakes and errors, then takes corrective action as necessary
The concept that the most appropriate decision-making style depends on the situation is referred to as
the time-driven model of leadership
leadership
the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement
Tameka believes in motivating her staff through a system of rewards and punishments. If the employee does what is desired, she rewards him; if he does not do as requested, a punishment will follow. Which of the following best describes Tameka's leadership style?
transactional
The leadership style that is sometimes called the "carrot and stick" approach is referred to as ______ leadership.
transactional
Leadership training programs frequently focus on ________ leadership content.
transformational
The leadership perspective that views leaders as agents of change who create, communicate, and model a shared vision and inspire followers to achieve it is called ______ leadership.
transformational
Which type of leadership involves inspiring followers to commit to a shared vision while serving as a role model?
transformational
Which leadership style is widely approved across different cultures?
transformational leadership
Leaders who are high on initiating structure play a more active role in directing group activities and prioritizing planning.
true
Substitutes reduce the importance of the leader while simultaneously providing a direct benefit to employee performance.
true
True or false: Many training programs for leaders focus on transformational leadership content.
true
True or false: Transformational leadership has a moderate positive impact on employees' job performance.
true
leader emergence
who becomes a leader in the first place
group cohesion
working in a close-knit and interdependent work group
inflexibility
working in an organization that prioritizes rule adherence