Chapter 16, 17

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century, A) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing. B) almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements. C) federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. D) most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one. E) rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.

A) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.

The Pullman strike of 1894 A) saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike. B) was ultimately successful for the strikers. C) had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation. D) ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing. E) ended when Governor John Peter Altgeld called out the militia to protect employers.

A) saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike

In "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner claimed A) that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life. B) the United States should expand its northern and southern borders into Canada and Mexico to create new frontier land. C) the western wars between whites and Indians were a national disgrace. D) most of the frontier land was of little practical use for Americans. E) the frontier had repressed individualism, nationalism, and democracy in

A) that the end of the "frontier" also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life.

The western farmers' first and most burning grievance was against A) the railroads. B) state governments. C) the banks. D) eastern manufacturers. E) crop speculators

A) the railroads.

The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of A) vertical integration. B) horizontal integration. C) diagonal integration. D) central integration. E) vertical and horizontal integration.

A) vertical integration.

In 1890, the "Ghost Dance" A) was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians. B) honored all the Indians who had died in battle with white Americans. C) marked the resumption of hostilities by Plains Indians. D) was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians, inspired by the Paiute prophet Chief Joseph. E) All these answers are correct.

A) was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians

To John D. Rockefeller, the great "curse" of business in the late nineteenth century was A) government regulation. B) cutthroat competition. C) the income tax. D) the corporate tax. E) the chronic labor shortage.

B) cutthroat competition.

The Dawes Act of 1887 A) was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture. B) denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults. C) was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers. D) ended the U.S. government's effort to assimilate Indian tribes. E) reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it.

B) denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults.

In 1900, regarding work conditions in American factories, A) workers generally controlled the pace of production. B) laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week. C) job security for industrial workers had significantly increased since 1865. D) while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents. E) first-generation workers generally had little trouble adjusting to the nature of industrial labor.

B) laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week.

In 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota A) Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans. B) the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians. C) the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada. D) the U.S. Seventh Cavalry suffered no casualties. E) All these answers are correct.

B) the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians.

Chinese immigrants became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad in part because A) they had no other employment prospects. B) they worked for lower wages and were excluded from mining. C) most were experienced in railroad construction. D) most were forced into working for the railroads. E) their more well-established unions won the railroad contracts.

B) they worked for lower wages and were excluded from mining.

Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio? A) Cyrus Field B) J. P. Morgan C) John D. Rockefeller D) Andrew Carnegie E) Samuel Morse

C) John D. Rockefeller

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 A) resulted in the deportation of half of the Chinese immigrants in the United States. B) was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. C) banned Chinese immigrants in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens. D) was only applied in California. E) had little effect on the size of the Chinese population in America.

C) banned Chinese immigrants in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens.

In his books, Horatio Alger A) offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy. B) took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism. C) emphasized the value of personal character in business. D) criticized child labor in American industry. E) argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.

C) emphasized the value of personal character in business.

Women in nineteenth-century western mining towns A) were nearly all single when they first arrived. B) had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution. C) often found work doing domestic tasks. D) generally worked as miners. E) often greatly outnumbered the men.

C) often found work doing domestic tasks.

A key to Henry Ford's success in the mass production of automobiles was A) the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production. B) a reduction in the size of his labor force. C) the moving assembly line. D) the training of highly skilled workers. E) his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.

C) the moving assembly line.

In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because A) they had not received a college education. B) racism and other prejudices held them back. C) they were not fit enough to survive in the market. D) business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few. E) they were not members of "the elect."

C) they were not fit enough to survive in the market.

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in A) Ohio. B) Texas. C) California. D) Michigan. E) Pennsylvania.

E) Pennsylvania.

In the 1840s and 1850s, in the Far West, the response by white Americans to the Chinese A) moved from initial hostility to gradual acceptance. B) was one of consistent acceptance. C) was one of consistent hostility. D) moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility. E) depended mainly on whether the white American was pro-slavery or antislavery

D) moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility

According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his The Gospel of Wealth, A) successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased. B) only pious Americans would prosper. C) it was the "Christian duty" of every American to become wealthy. D) the rich had great responsibilities to society. E) the wealthy had earned their money through God's blessing alone.

D) the rich had great responsibilities to society.

The theory of Social Darwinism A) argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. B) contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth. C) was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. D) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism. E) argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.

D) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.

In the late nineteenth century, due to the growth of industrial capitalism, American workers A) saw a rise in their standard of living. B) experienced a loss in their control over their own work. C) were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions. D) both saw a rise in their standard of living, and experienced a loss in their control over their own work. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

In the late nineteenth century, the popular image of the American West A) presented a heroic image of cowboys. B) perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom. C) was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School. D) both presented a heroic image of cowboys, and was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century A) destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers. B) was accelerated by the eastern fad of owning a buffalo robe. C) happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade. D) was fostered by the railroad companies. E) All these answers are correct.

E) All these answers are correct.

Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead strike of 1892? A) Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union. B) The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers. C) Hundreds of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers. D) One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. E) The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.

E) The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.

In the 1850s, the U.S. policy of "concentration" for Indians A) set the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century. B) affirmed and continued the previous federal treatment of Indians. C) had many benefits for both whites and Indians. D) reduced conflicts between whites and Indians. E) assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations.

E) assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations.

In the early twentieth century, a principle goal of "Taylorism" was to A) make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs. B) emphasize the importance of craft and quality in the workplace. C) encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems. D) create a large labor force of highly skilled workers. E) reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks

E) reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks

Mining in the West A) did not see any great mineral strikes until after the Civil War. B) flourished until the 1930s. C) saw corporations move in first, followed by individual prospectors. D) kept ranchers and farmers from establishing their own economic base. E) saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations.

E) saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations.

In the late nineteenth century, organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A) tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force. B) the opposition of powerful and wealthy corporations. C) the constantly shifting nature of the workforce. D) the relatively small membership of the major labor organizations when compared to the total workforce. E) the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers.

E) the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers.

In the late nineteenth century, the surge of farming settlement in the West A) was composed of mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming. B) was brought to a dramatic halt by a major drought during the 1870s. C) was primarily the result of federal subsidies for land ownership. D) spurred the development of massive irrigation projects. E) was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad.

E) was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad.