Chapter 17

The U.S. Constitution was among the first serious efforts to put the ideas of the _____________ into practice.

Enlightenment

. ____________ industry in the nineteenth century helped many people feel as though they belonged to a nation for the first time.

Printing and the publishing

The first religious voices to call for the abolition of all slavery were __________________.

Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in Britain and the United States

All of the following questions emerged from the ideas of the Atlantic revolutions EXCEPT:

a. Are liberty and equality compatible? b. What form of government best ensures freedom? c. Should liberty be given to all people within a nation? d. Should monarchs only be male? The correct answer is d. The Atlantic revolutions were all similar in their rejection of the importance of a single, hereditary ruler such as a monarch.

How was the idea of the "nation" often presented in the nineteenth century?

a. As a new invention b. As something ancient that was being rediscovered c. As something that could come to exist if everyone pitched in d. As an abstract and unrealizable concept The correct answer is b. Though the idea of the "nation" had only recently been constructed, nationalists held that they were reawakening an ancient and eternal unity forgotten during centuries of control by multinational empires and religious powers.

Which of the following was NOT among the radical measures undertaken by the new revolutionary government in France?

a. Creating an entirely new calendar with 1792 as Year 1 b. Granting independence to all French colonies c. Instituting a universal male draft to create the largest army in the world d. Turning the Cathedral of Notre Dame into the Temple of Reason The correct answer is b. Within France, the revolution aimed for complete change in even the most basic aspects of daily life, with the goal of transforming French people into citizens and believers in democracy and equality. But although the revolutionary government did attempt to extend liberty and equality to the slaves and colonists in French colonies, it did not grant them independence from France voluntarily.

Which of the following groups did NOT experience strong nationalist movements in the nineteenth century?

a. Czechs b. Hungarians c. Jews d. Christians The correct answer is d. The idea of the "nation" was flexible and did involve religion to an extent, but it almost always drew on common linguistic, geographic, cultural, and historical traits that a group of people were believed to have forgotten and that they now were "rediscovering." Christianity was far too broad a movement to constitute such a common ethnic and geographic group and could not be conceived of as a "nation."

What happened to Haiti's huge and enormously profitable slave plantations after Haitian independence was won in 1804?

a. Former (white) plantation owners were rehired by the state to run the plantations as modern companies. b. The land was redistributed among ex-slaves and free blacks to use for their own needs. c. The land was neglected and eventually reverted back to jungle, forest, and swamplands. d. The land was converted to large, urban industrial projects. The correct answer is b. The plantation system, which had been almost entirely focused on sugar and coffee production, had been largely destroyed in the fighting anyway, and the plantations' white owners had either fled or been killed and were never coming back to rebuild. Redistribution of the land produced a nation of small-scale farmers and mostly ended Haiti's export economy.

What impact did Napoleon Bonaparte have on the French Revolution as leader of France from 1799 to 1814?

a. He continued to radicalize the goals of the revolution. b. He reversed most of the achievements of the revolution. c. He preserved its moderate elements but got rid of its more radical changes. d. He cared little for the revolution one way or another. The correct answer is c. Napoleon saw the growing unhappiness with the more radical elements of the revolution, such as the virtual elimination of Christianity from French life, and he took steps to change things back, for example by reconciling with the pope.

What kind of wholesale social transformation followed in the wake of the American Revolution?

a. Land was taken from wealthy landowners and redistributed to poor farmers. b. Slaves were given freedom. c. Women were given total equality. d. None; the elites within the colonies remained in power. The correct answer is d. The American Revolution was led by colonial elites such as Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, who felt their rights and interests threatened by Britain's policies and fought to defend their position. Other than the property of loyalists who fled, no land or wealth was redistributed, and no additional political or social liberties were extended to slaves, women, or Native Americans.

Which of the following is one reason why the Latin American revolutions lasted longer and were more difficult than the North American Revolution?

a. Language barriers b. Greater wealth in Spain than in Britain c. Divisions between creoles and Native Americans d. The stability of the royal governments in Portugal and Spain The correct answer is c. Unlike the British colonies, where the majority of the population was white, Protestant, and in places almost entirely of English descent, the white creole elites in Latin America were only a small segment of the population, which made it harder to achieve unity with Native Americans, blacks, mulattoes, and mestizos.

Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Haitian Revolution throughout the Atlantic world?

a. Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. b. The dawning movement to abolish slavery got a strong boost. c. Slave owners and whites were filled with fear and trepidation. d. Similar slave insurrections occurred throughout the Atlantic world, for example in Brazil, Jamaica, and Louisiana. The correct answer is d. The success of the Haitian Revolution sparked hope and pride in black slaves throughout the Americas and gave whites everywhere nightmares of similar events, but the particularly volatile mix of conditions found in Haiti was not present in other places, such as Brazil and Jamaica, which might have followed Haiti's example. Thus the Haitian Revolution stood as the only completely successful slave revolt in recorded history.

How much autonomy did the British colonies in America have in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, before the conflict that led to American independence?

a. None at all b. Just a little c. A large amount d. It varied widely from colony to colony The correct answer is c. Britain's thirteen North American colonies, in which wealthy settlers achieved near self-government, enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy, mainly because the British government was more focused on the West Indies.

Which of the following arguments made the cause of abolition widely acceptable in the nineteenth century?

a. Slavery was immoral. b. Slavery was not condoned in the Bible. c. Slavery overly benefited Portuguese slave traders. d. Slavery was no longer necessary for a strong economy. The correct answer is d. The nonslave states of North America had been able to achieve tremendous wealth and progress through industrialization without needing slavery, as had Britain and those parts of Germany in which free labor was the norm. Furthermore, economies too dependent on large agricultural plantations would never have an incentive to industrialize or innovate and would end up becoming exporters of raw materials, dependent on other, more advanced manufacturing and innovating economies.

Which of the following best characterizes the course that the French Revolution followed between 1789 and 1794?

a. Sudden radical change followed by a peaceful period of negotiation b. Chaos, terror, and extreme bloodletting from beginning to end c. Long periods of calm punctuated by sudden violent outbursts d. Increasing radicalization and use of violence by revolutionaries The correct answer is d. The revolutionaries began with relatively modest aims, such as keeping the monarchy along with a constitution, but as opposition to the revolution grew inside and outside France, revolutionaries such as Maximilien Robespierre became increasingly radical and began using terror and violence to wipe out enemies of the revolution.

What is one important way in which the French Revolution differed from the American Revolution?

a. The French Revolution involved a dispute over money; the American Revolution involved a dispute over rights. b. The French Revolution involved racial tensions; the American Revolution did not. c. The French Revolution involved a conflict within segments of the French society and economy; the American Revolution involved a conflict a distant imperial power and its colonies. d. The French Revolution involved a conflict between colonies and a distant imperial power; the American Revolution involved sharp tensions within American society. The correct answer is c. The French Revolution was more radical because it involved profoundly bitter antagonisms between fundamental sectors of France itself—the peasantry, the middle class, the nobility, the Church, and the royal family—whereas the American Revolution sought to preserve the fundamental structure of American society against British control, not settle internal conflicts.

Whom did the third estate of the Estates General represent?

a. The clergy b. The nobility c. The king d. The 98 percent of the population not in the clergy, nobility, or royal family The correct answer is d. The commoners who constituted the third estate bore the brunt of the taxes, yet possessed little of the country's wealth and land. During the Estates General, they declared themselves the true representatives of the nation and formed their own governmental body, the National Assembly; this was the first major event in the Revolution.

What best describes the result of Napoleon's conquest and reform of European lands?

a. The conquered were grateful to Napoleon. b. The conquered accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control. c. The conquered refused to accept the reforms and fought bitterly against French control. d. The conquered refused to accept the reforms but passively accepted French control. Though many Europeans, from Russia to the German lands, rose up in rebellion against French military occupation of their countries, the Enlightenment-based reforms introduced by Napoleon, and many other ideas of the French Revolution, such as democracy and equality, stayed in people's minds and eventually led to democratic revolutions in those countries as well.

Which of the following was NOT a way in which feminists achieved progress for women in the Atlantic world?

a. The professionalization of traditionally female occupations such as nursing and social work b. Mostly peaceful protest c. Violent revolution d. The formation of transatlantic feminist organizations The correct answer is c. Other than a few isolated acts by the British Women's Social and Political Union, such as blowing up a train station and smashing store windows, feminist movements eschewed violence and sought to achieve opportunity and equality for women through consensus building and patient and determined persuasion and by finding new ways for women to rise socioeconomically.

How did successful and unsuccessful slave uprisings in the early nineteenth century sway British public opinion in the issue of slavery?

a. The rebellions showed that slaves were not contented but rather were brutally oppressed, and this persuaded the British public to support the abolition of slavery. b. The rebellions showed that Africans hated white people and could not be trusted to harvest their coffee, sugar, or tobacco, and thus the British public came to support the abolition of slavery. c. The rebellions showed that Europeans were not capable of enforcing discipline among slaves, and thus the British public came to support the abolition of slavery. d. The rebellions showed that Britain needed to get much tougher with slaves, and thus the British public came to oppose abolition of slavery. The correct answer is a. In addition to the argument that slavery was no longer economically necessary for an industrializing country, the brutality used to suppress slave uprisings in the British West Indies, the success of the Haitian Revolution, and the testimony of many former slaves in court cases and in newspapers in Britain shocked and outraged many in Britain who came to believe that slavery was inherently immoral.

What great fear drove the Latin American creole elites to pursue independence and political change?

a. They feared falling behind the United States economically and politically. b. They feared that the Church was gaining too much power over them. c. They feared that social unrest from the lower classes and nonwhites would get out of control. d. They feared the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies were going to replace them with new elites drawn from the lower classes. The correct answer is c. Creole elites were afraid of a repeat of the Haitian Revolution, in which a refusal to grant independence and some democratic reform led to a violent uprising by the lowest class of society that eventually swept away the local elites as well as imperial control. Creoles such as Simón Bolívar wanted a more controlled movement to independence and republican government that would preserve their role as elites.

How did the wealthy white and poor white populations on Saint Domingue (later called Haiti) interpret the French Revolution's emphasis on equality and liberty?

a. They rejected it completely. b. They enthusiastically accepted it as applying to whites and blacks alike. c. The wealthy whites believed it applied only to them; poor whites believed it applied to all whites but not to blacks. d. They did not see the affairs of far-off France as relevant to their lives. The correct answer is c. The wealthy grand blancs saw the democratic rights granted by the revolution in the mother country as applying only to landowning whites, while the petits blancs, or poor whites, believed that those rights should be extended to all whites; free people of color believed the revolution was for all free people, regardless of wealth or race.

How did Napoleon spread the seeds of the French Revolution across Europe and Russia?

a. Through a massive propaganda campaign b. By calling a meeting of all European monarchs c. By ignoring other nations and focusing only on France d. By conquering most of Europe and instituting revolutionary reforms throughout the empire The correct answer is d. Napoleon created the largest empire in Europe since ancient Rome and imposed many practices of the revolution, such as eliminating feudalism, proclaiming equal rights, and making local governments and legal codes more rational and modern.

Latin American creole revolutionaries like Simón Bolívar defined Americanos as __________________.

all people born in the Americas, regardless of their ethnicity

The French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later called Haiti) was considered to be the _________ colony in the world.

chest

The new army created by the revolutionary government in France was an army of __________

citizens representing the nation

In 1834, Britain ____________ slavery.

completely abolished

The American Revolution was a ___________ movement.

conservative

Even before the American Revolution, American society was observed to be more ___________ than English society.

egalitarian

In 1793, the king and queen of France were _____________, an act that marked a new stage in the French Revolution.

executed

Black slaves led by Toussaint L'Ouverture rebelled against French whites in Haiti, leading to _________________.

freedom and independence for Haiti

Latin American elites were forced to take action toward independence because the monarchs of Portugal and Spain ______________.

had been dethroned by Napoleon

By calling the Estates General into session in 1789, King Louis XVI of France ___________ the French Revolution.

ignited

Napoleon kept the French Revolution's emphasis on social equality but dispensed with _____________.

liberty

The ___________ was a new concept that emerged from the Atlantic revolutions, though it seems perfectly natural now.

nation

The Haitian Revolution was the ___________ completely successful slave revolt(s) in world history.

only

The defeat of Napoleon and his empire in 1815 by Britain and Russia marked ____________ the era of the French Revolution.

the end of

Slavery was abolished relatively peacefully everywhere in the Atlantic world except ___________.

the southern United States

The French Revolution was characterized by a great deal of ___________ the wealthy and the privileged in France.

violence against