Chapter 18
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following stimuli is detected by a chemoreceptor?
decreased blood oxygen concentration
Which of the following factors influences blood volume?
dehydration
Stage 2 hypertension results if resting blood pressure is higher than:
140/90 mm Hg
Determine the net filtration pressure (NFP) if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 40 mm Hg and the colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hq.
15 mm Hg
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) given a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg?
90 mm Hg
What is the average value for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
95 mm Hg
The outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
_____ is(are) not one of the three main factors that influence blood pressure.
blood reservoirs
What two factors determine the pressure gradient that drives circulation?
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
carotid sinus and aortic arch
Which of the following structures connects vessels through vascular anastomoses?
collaterals
Which pressure is created by the presence of large proteins in the blood, such as albumin?
colloid osmotic pressure
Which pressure remains the same along the length of a capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure
Pulmonary arteries have _____ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries.
considerably lower
An excess amount of water in the interstitial fluid is known as
edema
Small solutes can pass through small pores in some capillaries known as
fenestrations
The physiology of blood flow in the cardiovascular system is known as
hemodynamics
Blood pressure is equivalent to
hydrostatic pressure
Decreased cardiac output may lead to
hypotension
Which of these would occur if you increased the levels of ADH in the body?
increase blood volume
The _____ is a route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.
pulmonary circuit
sphygmo- means
pulse
In which direction will water move when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of a capillary?
water is pushed out of the capillary by filtration
The innermost layer of blood vessels, that is composed of endothelium, is known as
tunica intima
Arteries have a much thicker ____ than veins, which signifies their role in controlling blood pressure.
tunica media
_____ increases the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasodilation
The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is
vasodilation and decreased cardiac output
Most blood is in the ____
veins
Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?
veins
_____ carry blood away from the heart, whereas ______ carry's blood towards the heart
Arteries: veins
Many individuals suffer from atherosclerosis, an arterial disease that effects large to medium-sized muscular arteries. What does this disease do to the structure of an artery?
Atherosclerosis damages the endothelium by forming plaques, causing the artery to become very narrow, interfering with blood flow.
Which of the following factors does not contribute to venous blood return?
Contractions of the right ventricle of the heart
From left to right:
Hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein, Superior and inferior mesentenc veins, Inferior vena cava, Renal vein, External iliac artery and vein, Subclavian artery and vein, Axillary artery and vein, Descending aorta, Celiac trunk and branches, Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, Renal artery
____ will not cause an increase in arterial blood pressure.
Increased arteriolar vasodilation
The main local autoregulatory mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue is
Oxygen
Under what conditions will the myogenic mechanism slow blood flow into a capillarv bed?
Rising arteriolar pressure
Which of the following statements about capillaries is INCORRECT?
The velocity of blood flow increases as blood flows into capillaries.
Which of the following molecules decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?
acetylcholine
All of the following pairs correctly match the mechanisms affecting blood pressure with its effect except:
aldosterone; decreased blood volume.
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
an increase in heart contractility
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?
an increase in heart rate and contractility
A negative feedback mechanism will cause ______ if blood pressure drops.
an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction
Excessive vasodilation can lead to a condition known as
anaphylactic shock
What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which of the following represents the systemic flow of most blood?
artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, vein
Which of the following hormones does not act to increase blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following hormones is released to decrease blood pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Tissue perfusion is largely controlled by ______ to ensure that blood flow meets the cells' needs.
autoregulation
This figure shows changes in blood pressure as blood flows through the systemic circuit away from the heart. approximate pressure in a blood vessel leaving the kidneys in an individual lying down?
below 20 mm Hg
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is
blood colloid osmotic pressure
Water in the blood exerts pressure on the walls of capillaries, generating
blood hydrostatic pressure
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
hepat- means
liver
pulmo means
lung
Which of the following arteries has the smallest diameter?
metarteriole
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the:
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
Which of the following will cause an increase in peripheral resistance?
obstructions in vessels
The force that pulls water into capillaries is called the
osmotic pressure
Blood flow through the capillary bed is regulated by
precapillary sphincters
Blood movement is driven by a ______ gradient.
pressure
tension means
pressure
Blood flow is directly proportional to _____ and inversely proportional to _____
pressure gradient, resistance
The leakiest capillaries, which allow large substances and cells to cross the capillary wall, are called
sinusoidal capillaries
What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest?
sinusoidal capillaries
One mechanism that increases the rate venous blood returns to the heart is by:
skeletal muscle pumps
Which artery supplies the small intestine with blood?
superior mesenteric artery
What is edema?
swelling
An increase in blood pressure will cause all the following nerves to send impulses to the medulla oblongata except:
sympathetic nerves
Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?
systemic arteries
Which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?
systemic arterioles
Tissue perfusion in the heart decreases during ventricular ____ and increases during ventricular_____
systole; diastole
Compared to veins, arteries have
thicker tunica media
Large, lipid-insoluble molecules cross capillary walls by
transcytosis
