Chapter 18: The Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance - 18.3 Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance

True or False: Most Neisseriaceae are primary human pathogens, while a few are commensals of humans.

False

True or False: The individuals most at risk for N. meningitidis infection include young children (6-36 months old) and elderly individuals.

False

Signs and symptoms of PID include: Urethral exudate Fever Abdominal pain Tenderness

Fever Abdominal pain Tenderness

Symptoms of gonococcal urethritis in men include: painful urination pelvic inflammatory disease a milky or yellowish discharge

painful urination a milky or yellowish discharge

___________ cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are less likely to lead to infertility in women because these women usually seek out medical care early, which can prevent the possible complications.

Acute

Treatment for gonorrhea consists of penicillin together with tetracycline a cephalosporin together with tetracycline

a cephalosporin together with tetracycline

Because many cases of gonococcal infection are _____________ in women (and a small percentage of men), tracking sexual partners of identified individuals is critical in preventing complications.

asymptomatic

The meningococcus attaches to the nasopharynx with _____________.

fimbriae

Typical signs and symptoms of gonorrhea include ___________ in males, conjunctivitis in _____________, and cervicitis and PID in women.

urethritis infants

Urethritis in males infected with N. gonorrhoeae results in painful ____________ and a yellowish ___________ in most cases.

urination discharge

Major complications can occur if gonorrhea infection ascends from the ____________ and cervix to the uterus and ____________ tubes.

vagina fallopian

Which can be causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)? Chlamydia infection of the female reproductive tract Gonococcal infection spreading to the lower reproductive structures such as the vagina Gonococcal infection spreading to the upper reproduction structures such as the fallopian tubes

Chlamydia infection of the female reproductive tract Gonococcal infection spreading to the upper reproductive structures such as the fallopian tubes

The most important virulence factors on N. meningitidis include beta hemolysin IgA protease adhesive fimbriae polysaccharide capsule lipopolysaccharide

IgA protease adhesive fimbriae polysaccharide capsule lipopolysaccharide

_____________ occurs when the meningococcus enters the blood and begins multiplying, leading to severe ______________ disease.

Meningococcemia vascular

___________ _____________ disease (PID) occurs when gonorrhea infection ascends from the vagina and cervix to the uterus and fallopian tubes.

Pelvic inflammatory

The 2 pathogenic members of the Neisseria genus include which of the following? B. catarrhalis N. meningitidis N. subflava N. gonorrhoeae

N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae

Because nonpathogenic _____________ species can be found in the human body in infectious fluid, they must be differentiated from true pathogens in order to diagnose diseases like meningitis and gonorrhea.

Neisseria

The genera found in the family Neisseriaceae include: Neisseria Bordetella Branhamella Moraxella

Neisseria Branhamella Moraxella

___________ are minute hemorrhagic spots in the skin that appear on the trunk and appendages as a sign of meningococcemia.

Petechiae

Methods used to control and prevent gonorrhea infection include: Vaccination of gonorrhea Safe sex education Antibiotic treatment Tracking sexual partners

Safe sex education Antibiotic treatment Tracking sexual partners

Put the following in order from most common cause of meningitis in adults to the least common: Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus agalactiae

Put the events in order from the beginning of meningococcal infection to the end result bacteria infect meninges and cause disease bacteria escape into the cerebrospinal fluid bacteria enter the bloodstream bacteria spread to roof of nasal cavity

bacteria spread to roof of nasal cavity bacteria enter the bloodstream bacteria escape into the cerebrospinal fluid bacteria infect meninges and cause disease

To cause disease, N. meningitidis is carried from the nasopharynx into the circulation of the brain urinary tract bone GI tract

brain

The chemotherapeutic agent used to treat meningococcal meningitis is usually a third generation cephalosporin such as

ceftriaxone

The signs and symptoms of meningococcal meningitis include all of the following except convulsions fever cervicitis vomiting rash

cervicitis

Due to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), scar tissue can form in the fallopian tubes and can cause: ectopic pregnancies Chlamydia infection sterility

ectopic pregnancies sterility

The virulence factor __________ has potent pathological effects on the host when N. meningitidis lyses and it is released. fimbriae protease endotoxin capsule

endotoxin

N. meningitidis is usually associated. with epidemic bacterial pneumonia epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic cerebrospinal meningoencephalitis epidemic bacteremia

epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis

Petechiae, necrosis of tissues and extremities, high fever and delirium are all signs and symptoms of: gonorrhea meningococcemia pneumococcal meningitis ecchymoses

meningococcemia

Neisseria meningitidis is commonly known as the ___________. enterococcus staphylococcus diplococcus streptococcus meningococcus

meningococcus

Neisseria are residents of mucous membranes of humans fresh water environments skin and hair mucous membranes of animals

mucous membranes of humans mucous membranes of animals

Most people in the general population have a ____________ immunity to meningococci. natural artificial

natural

The Neisseria genus of bacteria includes organisms which are fastidious, nonmotile gram-___________ kidney bean-shaped ___________ that are facultative ____________.

negative cocci anaerobes

Branhamella catarrhalis causes __________ infections in ________. sexually transmitted, women opportunistic, immunocompromised persons sexually transmitted, men gastrointestinal, children

opportunistic, immunocompromised persons

Immunity to meningococci develops naturally against: opsonizing antibodies against capsular polysaccharides complement fixing antibodies against membranes antigens neutralizing antibodies against toxins agglutinating antibodies against capsular polysaccharides opsonizing antibodies against membrane antigens

opsonizing antibodies against capsular polysaccharides opsonizing antibodies against membrane antigens

To presumptively identify the pathogenic Neisseria, specimens should be streaked on chocolate or modified Thayer-Martin agar and incubated in a high carbon dioxide atmosphere. Which tests should then be performed on the isolated colonies? catalase oxidase gram stain sugar fermentation

oxidase gram stain

The signs and symptoms of meningococcal meningitis include rash fever headache stiff neck cervicitis urethritis

rash fever headache stiff neck

The transmission route N. meningitidis is through close contact with _______________ droplets or secretions.

respiratory

The typical transmission route of N. meningitidis is through: respiratory secretions respiratory droplets surgical incisions contact with fomites

respiratory secretions respiratory droplets