Chapter 18

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

1) Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen TRANSPORT and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. 2) When detected ERYTHROPOIETIN is produced and secreted. 3) The hormone will stimulate the red bone marrow to PRODUCE RBCs. 4) This will result in an increase of OXYGEN transport throughout the body. 5) Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a NEGATIVE feedback loop.

Test your basic knowledge about blood with these four True/False questions.

1. Blood and its fibers are a type of loose reticular connective tissue. false 2. The liquid portion of blood is called plasma, and plasma makes up about 75% of the total blood volume. false 3. The total blood volume in the average adult is about 4-5 liters in females and 5-6 liters in males. true 4. Blood makes up about 8% of the total weight of the body. true

Put the life cycle of an erythrocyte in order, beginning with their formation in red bone marrow.

1. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2. Erythrocytes circulate for 120 days in the bloodstream. 3. Erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen. 4. Hemoglobin is converted to biliverdin.

Place the stages in development of white blood cells in order from first to last.

1. Hemopoietic stem cell 2. Colony-forming units 3. Precursor cells 4. Mature cells

Test your knowledge about the specific functions of the five types of white blood cells

1. Release histamine, which promotes inflammation. Basophils 2. The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus. Lymphocytes 3. Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. Eosinophils 4. The most common type of white blood cells. Neutrophils 5. Two- to four-lobed nuclei. Neutrophils 6. Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances. Monocytes 7. Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes. Basophils correct

Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water.

92

Select all that occur to the components of aged erythrocytes targeted for destruction.

A. Heme is altered and excreted in the urine and feces. B. Some iron is eliminated in the urine and feces. Iron is mainly stored in the liver and spleen.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. part 9

As blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases. If greater than 10% of the blood volume is lost from the blood vessels, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is activated, bringing about increased vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increased heart rate, and force of heart contraction in an attempt to maintain blood pressure. These processes are effective in maintaining blood pressure until approximately 40% of the blood is lost. Blood loss greater than this amount results in insufficient blood volume within the blood vessels, and blood pressure decreases to levels unable to support life.

Correctly label the following structures related to the production of blood platelets.

Blood contains numerous biconcave red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called plasma. The numerous red cells are also called erythrocytes. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei. There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called leukocytes, or white blood cells. Blood is located within the cardiovascular system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

Blood is a type of connective tissue that can be described based on its physical characteristics. • Volume: The average volume of blood in a male adult is 5 to 6 L. A female adult has an average blood volume of 4 to 5 L. • Color: The color of blood depends upon whether it is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor. Oxygen-rich blood is bright red. Contrary to popular belief, oxygen-poor blood is not blue; rather, oxygen-poor blood is dark red.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. Part 4

Blood is also considered a solution because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products. Polar substances like glucose and charged substances like salts dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like cholesterol do not readily dissolve in blood and require a transporter protein.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. Part 3

Blood is considered a colloid because it contains proteins in the plasma. Most of these are produced by the liver. Collectively, these substances exert osmotic pressure and prevent the loss of fluid from the blood as it moves through the capillaries. The pressure exerted by the plasma proteins is called colloid osmotic pressure. This force is responsible for moving fluids into the blood and preventing excess fluid loss between blood capillaries and the interstitial fluid. If plasma protein levels decrease, colloid osmotic pressure will decrease.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. part 5

Hemopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow of certain bones. The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called hemocytoblasts. They produce two different lines for blood cell development: The myeloid line forms (1) erythrocytes, (2) all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and (3) megakaryocytes. The lymphoid line forms only lymphocytes. The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by colony-stimulating factors. These molecules are all growth factors.

Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.

Platelets secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.

Complete the sentences about the RBC life cycle.

Red blood cells are the most common cells found in blood. There are about five million red blood cells in each microliter of blood. These cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 3 to 4 months. When they die, they are destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen. This process releases iron to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. Part 2

The percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood is called the hematocrit. This medical dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from the clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of only erythrocytes. Hematocrit values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males tend to have a hematocrit ranging between 42% and 56%, whereas adult females' hematocrits range from 38% to 46%. Males have a higher hematocrit because testosterone stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone erythropoietin, which promotes erythrocyte production.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. part 6

The production of platelets is called thrombopoiesis. From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a megakaryoblast is produced. It matures under the influence of the hormone thrombopoietinto form a megakaryocyte. These cells have a large size and a dense, multilobed nucleus. Each of these large cells produce long extensions from themselves called proplatelets. While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow "slices" these extensions into platelets.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

There are three hemostatic mechanisms. First, vascular spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets aggregate and undergo degranulation. Coagulation finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

Check all that are functions of the blood in the body.

Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells. Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. Regulates body temperature. Helps maintain normal body pH levels. Helps guard against infection.

Label the blood types according to their description.

Type A: anti-B antibodies, antigen A Type B: anti-A antibodies, antigen B Type AB: neither A or B antibodies, surface antigens A and B Type O: both antibodies A and B, neither surface antigen A or B

Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate which step of hemostasis it describes.

VASCULAR SPASM1) the first stage of hemostasis 2) involves vasoconstriction PLATELET PLUG FORMATION 1) the second stage in hemostasis 2) involves the disruption of prostacyclin3) involves endothelial collagen exposure 4) involves degranulation and serotonin, thromboxan A2 & ADP COAGULATION 1) the last stage in hemostasis 2) also known as clotting 3) involves the conversion of fibrinogin to fibrin 4) includes intrinsic and extrinsic pathways/mechanisms

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. part 8

When a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called von Willebrand factor. As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop long processes that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) platelet plug develops to close off the injury. This is a temporary measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. Platelets undergo this morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm degranulates releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. part 7

When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in hemostasis to occur is vascular spasm. This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. This continues during the next phase, as both platelets and the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. The first phase usually lasts from a few to many minutes. The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of vasoconstriction.

Which of the following factors is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO?

a decrease in blood oxygen

In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n)

bacterial infection

Select all that are true of a vascular spasm.

blood loss is slowed blood flow is slowed several chemicals are released to continue the spasms it will continue during formation of platelet plug

Indicate all of the features that apply to an erythrocyte.

cell membranes, cytoplasm, hemoglobin

Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n)

eosinophil

Check all that are components of the formed elements.

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

If an individual's erythrocytes exhibit surface antigen D, the person is said to be Rh negative.

false

Determine whether each item is a formed element or part of the plasma.

formed elements of plasma: white blood cells, RBC's, platelets, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils plasma: electrolytes, water, waste, proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, gases

The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called

hemoglobin

The exchange of fluid between blood and interstitial fluid is primarily determined by the distribution of _______ between these fluids.

ions and proteins

The"buffy coat" consists of

leukocytes and platelets

The line of blood cell development that results in the formation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except for lymphocytes is the ____________ line.

myeloid

Determine whether each cell is in the myeloid cell line or the lymphoid cell line

myeloid: myeloblast, monoblast, proerythroblast, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, normoblast, reticulocytes, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte, eosinophil lymphoid: b lymphocyte, t lymphocyte, natural killer cell

Platelets are formed from

pieces of the megakaryocyte breaking off.

Which component of whole blood plays the greatest role in maintaining normal fluid levels in the cardiovascular system and preventing fluid loss?

plasma

Identify the enzyme that destroys fibrin in a degrading blood clot.

plasmin

The cell fragments that are a component of blood are

platelets

The component of plasma least likely (under normal conditions) to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is

protein

When blood loss is severe, the __________ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most.

sympathetic

Anemia is more likely with increasing age because

the amount of red bone marrow decreases.

A deficiency in leukocyte number may lead to an increase in opportunistic infections.

true

The first stage of hemostasis is ___________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly.

vascular spasm

Select the events that occur when platelets adhere to a damaged vessel.

vascular spasms and other platelets are replused from the area

Select all the responses to severe blood loss.

vasoconstriction and increased heart contraction strength