Chapter 19. The Animals

List in order, placing the first step at the top, the events involved in Trichinosis infection

1. the female worm burrows into the host's small intestines 2. live larvae are deposited 3. larvae are carried in the blood to skeletal muscle 4. larvae encyst in human muscle

The following choices are steps in the process of food captures for planarians. Place the steps in order

1. wraps itself around its prey 2. entangles the prey in slime, pinning it down 3. extends its muscular pharynx 4. tears up and swallows its food

Millipedes have ______ pair(s) of legs associated with each segment while centipedes have ______ pair(s) of legs associated with each segment

2; 1

Match the letter on the left from the diagram with the description on the right

A - sea squirt B - lancelet

Which of the following make it possible for cephalopods to move quickly by jet propulstion?

A well-developed nervous system, Rapid contraction of the mantle cavity

In the replacement model of evolution, where did modern humans first evolve?

Africa

The closest living relatives of modern humans are

African apes

Match the description to the associated humanlike hominin

Australopithecines - relatively smaller brains and larger cheek teeth Homo habilis - relatively larger brains and smaller cheek teeth

Why are developmental biologists especially interested in studying echinoderm embryos?

Echinoderms are the closest living relatives of chordates

Which of the following were characterized by a massive brow ridge and wide, flat noses?

Neandertals

Match the group to its description

Neandertals - relatively larger brain on average; heavily muscled; shorter, thicker, limbs Homo sapiens - relatively (slightly) smaller brain; thinner, longer limbs

Which of the listed groups was the first to diverge from the human line of descent?

Prosimians

How do monotremes feed their young?

The young lick up the milk from the mammary glands on the mother's abdomen

True or False: Adult lancelets have all 4 chordate characteristics

True

True or false: Metamorphosis is an advantage because it leads to reduced competition for food and space

True

True or false: Modern evolution of humans from an ancestral species in Africa is supported by the out-of-Africa hypothesis

True

Which of the following are behaviors that first evolved in Homo erectus?

Use of fire, Use of advanced tools

Which of the following is true about marsupials

Young are born very immature

Select the five traits associated with the success of the arthropods

a jointed exoskeleton, a variety of respiratory organs, a well-developed nervous system, segmentation, reduced competition through metamorphosis

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism with a complete digestive tract?

a mouth and anus

A leech would not have

a notochord

Which of the following chordate characteristics are exhibited in sea squirt larvae?

a postanal tail, nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouch

The third body division of an insect, which is called the ______, contains most of the internal organs

abdomen

Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads belong to a group of vertebrates called

amphibians

The group of animals that have three chambered hearts, have to be near water but live on land, and use lungs for respiration are called

amphibians

Segmented worms belong to which group?

annelids

Which of the following groups is characterized by a coelom divided by septa, a complete digestive tract, and visible segmentation?

annelids

In crustaceans, the first two pairs of appendages on the head, which are sensory structures, are the antennae and

antennules

Monkeys, apes, and humans are all

anthropoids

The anterior end of a tapeworm, called a scolex, has suckers and hooks for

attachment to the intestinal wall

A group of hominins that evolved and diversified in Africa about four million years ago are called

australopithecines

Humanlike hominins share anatomy that is suitable for ______; this term that refers to walking on two feet and standing erect

bipedalism

Clams, scallops, and mussels are molluscs with two shells that belong the a group called the

bivalves

Molluscs with two shells are called

bivalves

Annelids have an extensive closed circulatory system, meaning

blood vessels contain the blood and run the length of the body

Squids and octopuses, which have characteristic tentacles, belong to a group called ______, which means "head-footed"

cephalopods

The term hominid includes which of the following choices?

chimpanzees, humans, African apes, Asian apes

The exoskeleton of an arthropod is composed largely of the polysaccharide

chitin

Match the group of annelids on the left with its characteristic feeding habit

earthworms - scavengers in the soil clam worm - predator that captures prey, such as crustaceans leeches - blood suckers

Differences in teeth can be used to distinguish mammals from one another because teeth indicate what a mammal

eats

Sand dollars, sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins are all examples of ______, the group of invertebrates most closely related to chordates

echinoderms

Animals that do not have an internal source for gathering heat are called

ectothermic

Which term best describes the flukes?

endoparasites

Animals that generate internal heat are called

endothermic

Select choices where parasitic roundworms may be found living

every type of animal including humans, some plants

Crustaceans are mostly marine and include lobsters, crabs, and crayfish. Their ______ is hard and crusty

exoskeleton

Which of these are benefits to mammals that result from nursing their young?

females can feed their young without leaving them to find food, nursing creates a bond between mother and offspring

What two features are typical of the heads of crustaceans?

five pairs of appendages, a pair of compound eyes

Cephalopods have tentacles about their heads. These structures have evolved from the ______ found in most molluscs

foot

Select the characteristics of birds which are the adaptations to flight

forelimbs modified to wings, hollows bones, efficient gas exchange in lungs

Birds have a ______ chambered heart

four

Which two of the following are jawless fishes?

hagfishes, lampreys

Mammals have ______ on the body surface that functions to insulate the body against heat loss

hair

Organisms that possess both male and female sex organs are called

hermaphrodites

Our species of humans (Homo sapiens) and our close humanlike ancestors are referred to as

hominins

The planarian digestive system is ______ because it has a mouth but no anus

incomplete

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods?

insects

Tunicates and lancelets are the only two ______ chordates, distinguish them from animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, whose notochords are replaced by a vertebral column

invertebrate

As primates evolved, the brain became (larger/smaller) and (more/less) complex

larger; more

Match each life stage of the sea star to the symmetry associated with that stage

larval sea star - bilateral symmetry adult sea star - radial symmetry

Monotremes are mammals that

lay eggs

Select examples of annelids from the choices below

leech, clam worm, earthworm

Amphibians are the descendants of

lobe-finned fishes

Which organism does not posses features that identify them as an arachnid?

lobster

Which of the following body structures first evolved to allow animals to exist on land?

lungs

Besides being endotherms, ______ differ from other vertebrate animals because they have hair and nurse their young with milk produced by the female

mammals

The three anatomical structures shared by all molluscs are the visceral mass, the foot and the

mantle

The process whereby a tadpole changes into an adult toad is an example of

metamorphosis

Egg-laying mammals are known as

monotremes

A water vascular system, which is a feature of echinoderms, allows this group of animals to

move

Which of these is a structure that functions in a waste collection and excretion in annelids?

nephridium

All chordates, at some point during their lifetime, have a dorsal supporting red called a

notochord

What are the key features of chordates?

notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail

The ability of an animal to touch each of its fingers with its thumbs means that the animal has an ______ thumb

opposable

Select the four basic traits seen in all chordates at some point during development

pharyngeal pouches, postanal tail, notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord

Match the group of annelids to the appropriate description

polychaetes - have many setae per segment oliochaetes - have few setae per segment

Tapeworms have a series of reproductive units called ______, which contain a full set of male and female reproductive organs

proglottids

The tonguelike structure of a mollusc, which bars rows of teeth and is used to gather food, is called a

radula

The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of

reproduction

Crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards, and birds are all examples of a group of vertebrate animals called

reptiles

Select all of the structures found in the eye of squids and octopuses that resemble the eye design of vertebrates

retina, lens, cornea, iris

What two factors play a role in bird behaviors associated with breeding?

ritualized courtship behavior, parental care of young

The tools used by Homo habilis were made of

rocks

Select the two groups of animals that are called ecdysozoans from the choices below

roundworms, arthropods

Which of the following are examples of cartilaginous fishes?

sharks, skates, rays

A bird's keen sense of ______ is an adaptation necessary for flight

sight

The thorax of an insect bears what two features?

sometimes one or two pairs of wings, three pairs of legs

The term gastropod means

stomach-footed

Which of the following birds traits indicate that they share a common ancestor with crocodiles and are reptiles?

tail vertebrae, scales, clawed feet

Where is a person is most likely to contract schistosomiasis, an infection caused by blood flukes?

the Middle East, Asia, or Africa

What is the evolutionary source of jaw structures in the jawed fishes?

the first pairs of gill arches

Which of the following are true about Cro-Magnons

this group has the oldest fossils designated as Homo sapiens, they used advanced tools, their name originates from a fossil location in France

The insect body is divided into a head, ______, and abdomen

thorax

The name of the body section of an insect that bears three pairs of legs and up to two pairs of wings is the

thorax

Select the features of planarians

three muscle layers, ciliated lower epidermis, ladder-like nervous system, bilateral symmetry, cephalization

Select the examples of arachnids

ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders

Hirudin is a substance in the saliva of leeches that is used

to prevent blood from clotting and to keep it flowing

Which of these was one of the trends noted in primate evolution?

toward a larger, more complex brain

Which of these is mismatched?

tunicate - has all chordate characteristics as an adult

Which of the following are invertebrate chordates?

tunicates and lancelets but not jawless fishes

The phylum Nematoda contains the

unsegmented roundworms

The bony fishes make up the

vast majority of living vertebrates

Which of these is not a chordate characteristic?

ventral, solid nerve cord

Which of these is present in all fishes?

vertebrae