Chapter 2

controlling symbols that give meaning

"Owning" culture means...

the artificiality of taste, the cultural constrictions of insects as food, that eating insects can be adaptive

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal...

values

A focus on _____ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.

holistic perspective

A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.

all the above

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that..

an image, idea, figure, or character that represents something else

A symbol is:

false

Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

false

All humans are born with some culture.

interpretive

An _____ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Greetz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.

considering all ways of doing things

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by...

cross cultural

Antropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the _____ approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are.

integrated

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is...

cultural construction

Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural _____.

false

Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.

it explains, all human action as the product of culture alone, it can justify atrocities, it denies the influence the factors like physical environment

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because...

false

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

true

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

true

Culture is uniquely human.

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people; comprised of a dynamic and interrelated set of social, economic, and belief structures

Culture is..

all of the above

Examples of social institutions...

it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom ti students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that...

everyday interaction

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on...

invented

Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because, while they may feel antiquated to some people, they are often _____.

interpretative theory

Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Colombia because he believed in _____.

false

Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.

people learn them when they are young

Norms are stable because...

false

People rarely hold conflicting values.

Franz Boas

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

the interconnections between different domains of a society

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals...

the power of tradition

The controversy between Native Americans and NCAA schools using mascots illustrate...

ethnocentrism

The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called ______.

a way of explaining how the world works

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as...

social evolution

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _____.

post-structuralism

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent...

traditions

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as...

holism

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called...

enculturation

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called...

functionalism

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called _____.

cultural appropriation

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbol, objects, and practices of others is called _____.

changed her rights as a foreign anthropologist, to study the Maya culture

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders:

Bronislaw Malonowski

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

functionalism

a perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society

social sanctions

a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

Interpretive theory of culture

a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

symbol

an object, idea, image, figure, or character that represents something else

cross-cultural perspective

analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

true

culture can be transmitted virtually through the internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.

the assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or view as wrong or ignorant

ethnocentrism is:

customs

long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect

social institutions

organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

tradition

practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

values

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

the defining feature of historical particularism is...

cultural determinism

the idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior

through systemic connections of different parts

the main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture...

cultural construction

the meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared or collective experiences

enculturation

the process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions

the structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

Renato Rosaldo

the theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

cultural appropriation

the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another

norms

typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done

E. B. Tylor

who was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism?