Chapter 2

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

+0.13 -- -0.53 -- -0.21 +0.78

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Inez Prosser Mamie Clark --Margaret Floy Washburn-- Mary Whiton Calkins

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Research Board Institutional Research Bureau --Institutional Review Board-- Institutional Review Bureau

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Sigmund Freud --Jane Goodall-- Suzanne Fanger Tatiana Hogan

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Society The National Institute of Mental Health The Centers for Disease Control --The American Psychological Association--

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could conduct a study with students on their campus to see which perspective has the most support. --They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.-- They could research archives of newspapers, magazines, and other media to see if there are reports on the topic. They could ask their friends and see which perspective has the most support.

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Validity --Inter-rater reliability-- A control group Attrition

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; naturalistic observation experiments; surveys --archival research; surveys-- case studies; naturalistic observation

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

conclusion operational definition --theory-- hypothesis

An intensive study is conducted on a 13-year-old boy with a rare genetic condition. What type of study is this?

experiment correlation --case study-- survey

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

experimental; control dependent; independent control; experimental --independent; dependent--

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

naturalistic observation --case study-- survey experiment

Rudy needs to collect data from a large number of people regarding their political beliefs. What type of research method should Rudy use?

naturalistic observation case study experiment --survey--

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

single blinding --attrition-- generalizability experimenter bias

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

surveys --case studies-- correlational cross-sectional

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the experiment --the scientific method-- deductive reasoning inductive reasoning

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

theory internal attribution --illusory correlation-- factual assertion

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

--Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.-- Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places. Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample. Longitudinal research is time consuming.

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

--accuracy-- repetition consistency applicability

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

--can sometimes be tested with animal studies-- are not possible to test with any form of empirical methods are used to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive can only be examined using a descriptive or correlational approach

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

--double-blind-- single-blind pilot randomly assigned

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

--explaining the hypothesis to the participants-- reviewing that data is confidential obtaining the participantâ s signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor letting participants know that participation is voluntary

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

--operational definition-- experimental plan theory hypothesis

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

--reliability-- operationalization validity standardization

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

--rodents-- cats and dogs birds primates

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

--there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer-- there is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer smoking contributes to lung cancer smoking causes lung cancer

Chidi reads an article that states that students who attend class regularly have a higher GPA than students who have frequent absences. This type of study is considered:

a case study. an experiment. --a correlation.-- a naturalistic observation. Response Feedback: Correlational studies explore the relationship between two or more variables. When two variable are correlated, one variable changes as the other does.

Rochelle goes to a park to investigate gender differences in play among children. Rochelle is conducting:

a survey. an experiment. a correlation. --a naturalistic observation.--

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

blind group assignment; random sampling --random sampling; random group assignment-- blind group assignment; blind sampling blind sampling; random group assignment

What is the only type of research method that allows us to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between variables?

case study correlation --experiment-- naturalistic observation

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to childrenâ s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confounding variable correlational research --confirmation bias-- observer bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

control --confounding-- independent dependent

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

correlation coefficient validity assessment --statistical analysis-- scatterplot

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks a group of participants over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

correlational cross-sectional sequential --longitudinal--

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

correlational studies quasi-experimental --experimental-- archival research

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

food choice; no play active play; passive play no play; type of play --type of play; no play--

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

iatrogenic correlational --circular-- iterative

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, â Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!â This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

operational definition --falsifiability-- circularity alternate explanations

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

pay participants; deception --debrief participants; deception-- debrief participants; ageist attitudes pay participants; use of personal photos

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

repeatability emergency reliability enigma --replication crisis-- validity conundrum

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

validity standardization inter-rater reliability --replication--