Chapter 2: Chest. Bontrager's RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING and RELATED ANATOMY. (Book)

1. Skeletal system 2. Chest 3. breathing and blood circulation is the part of the skeletal system that provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation.

1. Bony thorax is part of what system? 2. Bony thorax is part of skeletal system that provides protective framework for the parts of what? 3. Bony thorax is part of skeletal system that provides protective framework for the parts of a chest which involved with ------ and ---- 4. What is Bony thorax

1. bronchi or bronchioles 1.2 bronchial walls are destroyed and become chronically inflamed, resulting in increased production of mucus and causing chronic cough and expectoration (coughing up sputum). 2. pulmonary infection or obstruction 3. Pus 4. radiodensity 5. Because less air is coming on lungs that is affected. is an irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that may result from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction. Areas of bronchial walls are destroyed and become chronically inflamed, resulting in increased production of mucus and causing chronic cough and expectoration (coughing up sputum). Pus can collect in dilated regions, resulting in an increase in regional radiodensity with less air in these regions (most common in the lower lobes).

1. Bronchiectasis is an irreversible dilation or widening of what? 1.2 What does happen to bronchial wall when bronchi is increase in dilation? 2. is an irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that may result from repeated what kind of infection? 3. What kind of condition does dilated bronchi produce? 4. Answer in #3 can cause increase of what kind of density? 5. Why does the increase of radiodensity when pus is presented in Bronchiectasis?

Higher a. insufficient penetration b. They would look underexposed

1. Does Lower kV yield (higher or lower) contrast? If chest uses Lower kV what would happen to: a. penetration? b. How does the heart and other mediastinal structures appear or look like?

1. laryngopharynx. 2. stomach

1. Esophagus starts in what part of the pharynx? 2. Esophagus ends in what area of the body??

1. Condition 2. bronchus 3. Air passageway 4. Radiodense is a condition rather than a disease, in which collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as the result of obstruction of the bronchus or puncture or "blowout" of an air passageway. With less air in the lung than normal, this region appears more radiodense, and this may cause the trachea and heart to shift to the affected side.

1. Is atelectasis a disease or a condition? 2. Atelectasis is a collapse of all or a portion of a lung occurs as the result of obstruction of the ------ of the lungs or What does it obstruct in the lungs? 3. What does it puncture or "blowout" of an what? 4. With less air in the lung than normal, the region of a lung with atelectasis is more what?

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2. Cannot be cured. 3. Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Asthma 4. Smoking 5. It does not usually detectable on chest radiographs, but more severe conditions are clearly demonstrated. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a form of persistent obstruction of the airways that usually causes difficulty in emptying the lungs of air; it may be caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis (smoking is the predominant cause of COPD). Asthma also is considered a COPD. Mild cases of COPD usually are not detectable on chest radiographs, but more severe conditions are clearly demonstrated. (See emphysema further on.)

1. What is COPD stands for? 2. COPD interfere with normal breathing. COPD can be fully cured? 3. What are the three primary condition or diseases that caused COPD? 4. What kind of vice that predominant cause of COPD? 5. Does mild cases of COPD usually detectable on chest radiographs?

Thoracic viscera

1. What is the inner organs in the thoracic cavity called?

1. Broad 2. Yes 3. Yes ******************hypersthenic patient has a thorax that is very broad and very deep from front to back but is shallow in vertical dimension

224 1. Does hypersthenic patient thorax has (narrow or broad) 2. Is it true that hypersthenic patient thorax have very **deep** from front to back? 3. Is it true that hypersthenic patient thorax in vertical dimension swallow?

Hypersthenic

A body habitus that has a broad thorax with very deep from front to back but is swallow in vertical dimension. 5% of population

hypostenic

A body habitus that is average and 35% of the population>?

epiglottis

A cartilage of the larynx that flips down and covers the trachea during the act of swallowing.

epiglottis

A cartilage of the larynx which resembles a leaf with the narrow distal stem portion attached to a part of the thyroid cartilage. need finish.

10

A general rule for average patients. How many ribs needed to be shown on an x-ray?

1. C3 2. C6

Already google 1. the upper margin of the larynx is approximately level of what vertebra? 2. the lower part of the larynx is approximately at the vertebra level of?

low low high

Chest radiography uses (low or high?) contrast, described as long-scale contrast, with more shades of gray. High kV means what contrast? high or low? Low contrast means (high or low) scale of gray?

Hemidiaphragm

Each half of the diaphragm is called?

Inferior angle of the Scapula 3 to 4 inches below jugular notch

For PA chest, CR is centered in T7 which is in the level of what part of the scapula for AP chest. Where is the CR aimed at the chest?

vertebra prominens jugular notch

For chest positioning, what are the two topographic landmarks?

70 to 85 less

For pediatric. How much the technical factors for kV is ------- and ------- mAs are required for pediatric patients with the shortest exposure time possible (to prevent motion).

1 or 2 inches above the shoulder. because of the their larger body girth.

How many inches should the technologist put the top light of the tube or the top of the image receptor for obese patient in PA chest? Why would you do 1 or 2 inches above the shoulder of the obese patient?

two

How many inspiration for chest x ray before you flash the xray

110 to 125

How much kV required for chest radiography?

110-125 kV

In general, chest radiography uses low contrast, described as long-scale contrast, with more shades of gray. This require a high kV of how much?

resipiratory

Is a body system that exchanges of gaseous between the air we breathe and the bloodstream.

False. We should use IR portrait to prevent cutting the costophrenic angle because asthenic patient have a very long vertical dimension.

Is it true that we should use IR Landscape (crosswise) for Asthenic patient chest PA x ray?

False. We should use IR Landscape.

Is it true that we should use IR Portrait for Hypersthenic patient PA xray?

Long hair should be drawn up or draped across the shoulder to eliminate superimposition within the chest anatomy

Long hair may be visible as an artifact on chest radiographs taken with digital imaging systems. What should your patient do?

Manubrium of the sternum Acromion of the scapula

Medial Clavicles is connected to what? Lateral Clavicles is connected to what?

Bony thorax Respiratory system proper Mediastinum

Radiographic anatomy of the chest is divided into three sections: These sections are?

True

T/F. Always start 11th or 10th ribs when looking at the PA x-ray film or digital PA x-ray

True

T/F. For chest radiography includes the removal of all opaque objects from the chest and neck regions, including clothes with buttons, snaps, hooks, or any objects that would be visualized on the radiograph as a shadow (radiopaque artifact)

True

T/F. In general rule, High kV required the use of grid.

True

T/F. Oxygen lines or electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor leads should be moved carefully to the side of the chest if possible. When doing Chest radiographs?

True

T/F. Patients with pulmonary diseases and trauma may be unable to inspire deeply. With that said, it may impossible to demonstrate 10 ribs total.

C5

The laryngeal prominence of the of the thyroid cartilage located at approximately the level of --------is an excellent topographic reference for locating specific skeletal structure in this region

uvula

The lower posterior aspect of the soft palate is called?

laryngeal prominence

The prominent anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is palpated easily and is known as the ------------

seventh cervical vertebra

Veterbra prominens is also known as

1. manubrium 2. body 3. xiphoid process

What are the 3 division of the sternum?

1. Diaphragm, liver, and other abdominal organs moves down 2. To visualized air and fluid level. (air rises, but fluid gravitate down) 3. To prevent Engorgement (swollen with fluid) and hyperemia (excess of blood that results in relaxation) of pulmonary vessels.

What are the 3 reasons why we do Chest x-ray erect with full inspiration?

sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)

What are the anterior part of the bony thorax?

Larynx Trachea Bronchi (left and right brochi) Lungs

What are the four parts of respiratory system proper?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What are the three division of pharynx?

1. reduces patient dose by reducing the volume of tissue irradiated 2. improves image quality by reducing scatter radiation

What are the two important ways why we Restrict the primary x-ray beam by collimation?

Clavicles

What do you called the two superior parts of the bony thorax?

is most common in small children when foreign objects are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the bronchial tree. OR 1. Small children 2. Foreign objects 3. into the air passages of the bronchial tree.

What is aspiration? OR 1. Aspiration is common to what? 2. What does a person swallowed in order to tell it is an aspiration condition? 3. Once the persons swallowed a foreign object where does it aspirated?

which the major organs of the body are on the opposite side

What is sinus inversus?

Lower kV (70 to 85) 1. To reduce the chance of motion. 2. To reduce the patient exposure dose.

What is the kV for pediatric patients? What are the two reasons why we need to use shortest exposure time for pediatric patient

1. minimum of 10 on a good PA chest radiograph 2. At the top

What is the minimum ribs for PA chest? Where should you count first on RIB CHEST XRAY?

Chest x-ray

What is the most common radiographic procedure?

12 thoracic vertebrae

What is the most posteriorly parts of the bony thorax?

To minimize the chance of motion and loss of sharpness

What is the reason why we would use High mA and short exposure time in chest x-ray?

Asthenic

What kind of chest habitus which the technologist must ensure that the IR is long enough to include both the upper apex areas and costophrenic angle?

The hard palate and the soft palate

What makes up the roof of the oral cavity?

decrease

When the thoracic cavity increases its volume (inspiration), what happen diaphragm? (increase or decrease?)

To prevent confusion of which body parts and condition called sinus inversus.

Why do you need to place and radiopaque maker on the correct side of the PA chest?

to minimize the chance of motion and resultant loss of sharpness.

Why in chest radiography requires the use of high mA and short exposure time?

1. To decreases Magnification of the heart 2. No, it decreased magnification

Why would we do PA chest 72 inches but not AP chest 72 in chest on an x ray? Do object increased magnification if the object is near the image receptor?

hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

asthenic

a body habitus with the narrow width thorax and swallow from front to back but is very long in its vertical dimension. 10% of population

thyroid cartilage

consist of two fused platelike structures that form the anterior wall the larynx This is also the largest and least mobile part of the larynx. Assist sound making or voice process of the larynx.

Landscape

if the hypersthenic patient chest are too big, where should IR be placed? Portrait or Landscape?

larynx

is a cage like, cartilaginous structure that is approximately 1 1/2 to inches in length in an adult. This is located in he anterior portion of the neck.

Esophagus

is a part of the digestive system that connects the pharynx with the stomach

cricoid cartilage

is a ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx.

Pharynx

is a structure or passageway that is important to the respiratory system because air must pass through it before entering the respiratory system?

Chest or Thorax

is the upper portion of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen

Pharynx

it is a passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory system

Pharynx

it is the upper airway or upper respiratory tract?

Adams apple

laryngeal prominence of the larynx is also known as -------

trachea

located just anterior to the esophagus, extends from its junction with the larynx at the level of the C6 downward to the level of the T4 or T5 where it divides into right and left primary bronchi.

vocal cords

sound are made as air passes between the -------- located within the larynx

C6

what level of the vertebra that larynx joins to the trachea? Need to finish