Chapter 21, 22, 23, 24 History (final)

What is the Dow Jones Industrial Average?

a price weighted average of 30 significant stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq 1. The dow jones is still around today 2. it is an industrial average started by dow jones

What does Lenin do that causes the red scare?

Concerns about the communist threat grew in 1919 when the Soviet government announced the formation of the Communist International (or Comintern) whose purpose was to EXPORT REVOLUTION AROUND THE WORLD 1. Bragged export communist revolution to the West a) Lenin makes the entire country communist and HE BRAGS THAT HE IS GOING TO SNEAK IN RADICAL EXTREMIST INTO THE COUNTRIES TO START A REBELLION AND OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT b) When Russia fell, it was the oldest existing government in the world 2. We already had communist radical extremists a) We already had communist in the country b) EUGENE V. DEBS is in prison for advocating for socialism c) he got a million votes during the 1912 election d) And in America itself, there were in addition to the great number of imagined radicals, a modest number of real ones e) THE AMERICAN COMMUNIST PARTY was formed in 1919 and there were other radical groups (many of them dominated by immigrants from Europe who had been involved in radical politics before coming to America) g) Some of these radicals were presumably responsible for a series of bombings in the spring of 1919 that produced great national alarm g) In April, the post office intercepted several dozen parcels addressed to leading businessmen and politicians that were triggered to explode when opened h) Several of them reached their destinations, and one of them exploded, severely injuring a domestic servant of a public official in Georgia i) Two months later 8 bombs exploded in 8 cities within minutes of one another, suggesting a nationwide conspiracy k) One of them damaged the facade of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's home in Washington l) In 1920, there was a terrible explosion in front of the Morgan bank on Wall Street, which killed 30 people (only one of them, a clerk, in the bank itself) m) The bombings crystallized what was already a growing determination among many middle-class Americans (and some government officials) to fight back against RADICALISM; a determination steeled by the repressive atmosphere of the war years 3. THIS REALLY FREAKS AMERICANS OUT BECAUSE AMERICANS DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE AND PUT ALL COMMUNIST, SOCIALIST, AND ANARCHIST AS REDS a) Socialism: any individual country practices the government controls the country b) Communism: the promotion that every nation is communism c) most extreme version of socialist d) Government owns all of the major business and taxes highly the minor businesses e) Wages would go down wealthy could not be as rich as they want to f) They are the same thing, but on a different scale g) We are still afraid that the socialist will take over and run businesses (people will now work for the government) h) the new scare of today is terrorism i) Americans do not want socialist to win because it means one less capitalist nation and makes us more vulnerable 4. THIS WAS OVERREACTED TO

What is a bank runs

occurs when a large number of people withdraw their money from a bank, because they believe the bank may cease to function in the near future 1. Banks speculate the most in the stock market a) This is on top of their loans to individuals and foreign loans (result of easy credit) b) Banks will lose everything 2. As the market starts to go bear, people are withdrawing all of their saving from the bank because they do not have enough money to pay it all back a) Everyone ran down the street and demanded their money back b) even banks who had been responsible had runs and they lost tons of money 3. People stuffed their money in places in their houses causing less money circulating 4. The bank runs do not cause the depression, but this causes it to be deeper because there is barely any money in the depression a) This is the same way with the stock market crash 5. Banks do not have any money to give out to people, because they loaned it out to people 6. IT MAKES THE DEPRESSION LONGER AND MORE SEVERE AN EFFECT OF THE DEPRESSION

What are the causes and effects of a bear market

. BEAR MARKET- DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE way down a) BEAR MARKET: A MARKET IN WHICH PRICES ARE FALLING, ENCOURAGING SELLING 1. The American gross national product plummeted from more than $104 billion in 1929 to $76.4 billion in 1932, a 25% decline in three years 2. In 1929, Americans had spent $16.2 billion in capital investment in 1933, they invested only a third of a billion 3. The consumer price index declined 25% between 1929 and 1933, the wholesale price index 32% 4. Gross farm income dropped from $12 billion to $5 billion in four years 5. In the industrial Northeast and Midwest, cities were becoming paralyzed by unemployment Cleveland, Ohio in 1932 had a unemployment rate of roughly 50%; Akron, 60% Toledo, 80% 6. Many industrial workers were accustomed to periods of unemployment, but no one was prepared for the scale and duration of the joblessness of the 1930s 7. FOLKS COULD NOT MAKE THEIR MARGIN CALLS (a demand by a broker that an investor deposit further cash or securities to cover possible losses.) a) run away from their problems 8. FORECLOSED ON PROPERTY a) in order to pay off the debts (but it is not enough) 9. BANKS BIGGEST SPECULATORS- BANKS CLOSED, FOLKS LOST SAVINGS, MORE FORECLOSURES, & THEN a) BANK RUNS & MORE CLOSINGS 10. THE FED DID NOT RELEASE RESERVE FUNDS a) An increased number of families were turning to state and local public relief systems, just to be able to eat b) But those systems, which in the 1920s had served only a small number of indigent persons, were totally equipped to handle the new demands c) In many places, relief simply collapsed d) Private charities attempted to supplement the public relief efforts, but the problem was far beyond their capabilities as well e) State governments feel pressure to expand their own assistance to the unemployed; but a tax revenues were declining along with everything else, and state leaders balked at placing additional strains on already tight budgets f) Moreover, many public officials believed that an extensive welfare system would undermine the moral fiber of its clients g) Breadlines stretched for blocks outside Red Cross and Salvation Army kitchens h) Thousands of people sifted through garbage cans for scraps of food or waited outside restaurant kitchens in hopes of receiving plate scrapings i) Nearly 2 million men, most of them young (and a much smaller number of women), took to the roads, riding freight trains from city to city, living as nomads 11. SOCIAL DARWINISM (EFFECTED BY THE FED NOT RELEASING RESERVED FUNDS) a) Most Americans had been taught to believe that every individual was responsible for his or her own fate, that unemployment and poverty were signs of personal failure b) Many adult men, in particular, felt deeply ashamed of their joblessness; the helplessness of unemployment was a challenge to traditional notions of masculinity c) Unemployment workers walked through the streets day after day looking for jobs that did not exist 12. MISJUDGED DEPTH OF THE CRISIS (reason for the Fed not releasing reserved funds)

What was the Dust bowl

1. Farm income declined by 60% between 1929 and 1932 a) A third of all American farmers lost their land b) In addition, a large area of agricultural settlement in the Great Plains of the South and West was suffering from a catastrophic natural disaster: one of the worst droughts in the history of the nation 2. Beginning in 1930, a large area of the nation, stretching north from Texas into the Dakotas, came to be known as the "Dust Bowl a) It began to experience a steady decline in rainfall and an accompanying increased in heat b) The drought continued for a decade, turning what had once been fertile farm regions into deserts c) In Kansas, the soil in some places was without moisture as far as three feet below the surface d) In Nebraska, Iowa, and other affected states, summer temperature were averaging over 100 degrees e) Swarms of grasshoppers were moving from region to region, devouring what meager crops farmers were able to raise, often even devouring fence posts or clothes hanging out to dry f) Great dust storms, "black blizzards" as they were called, swept across the plains, blotting out the sun and suffocating livestock as well as people unfortunate or foolish enough to stay outside 3. Hundreds of thousands of families from the Dust Bowl (often knowns as OKIES since many came from Oklahoma) traveled to California and other states where they found conditions little better than those they had left a) Many worked as agricultural migrants, traveling from farm to farm picking fruit and other crops at starvation wages 4. Throughout the nation, problems of malnutrition and homelessness grew at an alarming rate a) Hospitals pointed to a striking increase in the deaths from starvation. On the outskirts of cities, families lived in makeshift shacks constructed of flattened tin cans, scrapes of wood, abandoned crates, and other debris b) Many homeless Americans simply kept moving, sleeping in freight cars, in city parks, in subways, or in unused sewer ducts

Why do minorities have to form their own unions

AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIONS: 1. Similarly, the half-million African Americans who had migrated from the rural South to the cities during the Great Migration after 1914 had few opportunities for union representation 2. The Skilled crafts represented in the AFL often worked actively to exclude blacks from their trades and organizations 3. Most blacks worked in jobs in which the AFl took no interest as janitors, dishwashers, garbage collectors, commercial laundry attendants, and domestics and in other types of service jobs 4. This general reluctance to organize service sector workers was in part because AFL leaders did not want women and minorities to become union members 5. THE BROTHERHOOD OF SLEEPING CAR PORTERS, FOUNDED IN 1925 AND LED FOR YEARS BY A. PHILIP RANDOLPH, WAS A NOTABLE EXCEPTION: a vigorous union, led by an African American and representing a virtually all black workforce 6. Over time, Randolph won some significant gains for his members, increased wages, shorter working hours, and other benefits a) He also enlisted the union in battles for civil rights for African Americans ASIANS AND HISPANICS UNIONS: 7. In the West and the Southwest, the ranks of unskilled workers included considerable numbers of Asians and Hispanics, few of them organized, most of them actively excluded from white dominated unions 8. In the wake of the Chinese Exclusion Acts of the late 19th century a) Japanese immigrants increasingly took the place of the Chinese in menial jobs in California, despite the continuing hostility of the white population b) They worked on railroads, construction sites and farms and in many other low paying workplaces c) Some Japanese managed to escape the ranks of the unskilled by forming their own small businesses or setting themselves up as truck farmers (farmers who grow small food crops for local sale) d) Many of the Issei (Japanese immigrants) and Nisei (their American Born children) enjoyed significant economic success so much so that California passed laws in 1913 and 1920 to make it more difficult for them to buy land 9. Other Asians most notably Filipinos also swelled the unskilled workforce and generated considerable hostility Anti-Filipino riots in California beginning in 1929 helped produce legislation in 1934 virtually eliminating immigration from the Philippines 10. Mexican immigrants formed a major part of the unskilled workforce throughout the Southwest and California nearly half a million Mexicans entered the United States in the 1920s more than any other national group, increasing the total Mexican population to over a million a) most lived in California, Teas, Arizona, and New Mexico, and by 1930 most lived in cities Large Mexican barrios usually raw urban communities, often without even such basic services as plumbing and sewage grew up in Los Angeles, El Paso, San Antonio, Denver, and many other cities and towns b) Some of the residents found work locally in factories and shops; others traveled to mines or did migratory labor on farms, but returned to the cities between jobs c) Mexican workers, too faced hostility and discrimination from the Anglo population of the region, but there were few efforts actually to exclude them d) Employers in the relatively underpopulated West needed this ready pool of low-paid unskilled, and unorganized workers

What is the impact of the nativist antiradical vigilantes

ANTI-RADICAL VIGILANTISM continue as it did in war; nativism, nationalism 1. creates a prejudice and discrimination against the reds and socialist 2. This anti-radicalism accompanied and reinforce the already strong commitment among old stock 3. Protestants to the idea of 100 Percent Americanism ad it produced what became known as the red scare 3. Anti radical newspapers and politicians now began to portray almost every form of instability or protest as a sign of a radical threat a) Race riots one newspaper claimed were the world of armed revolutionaries running rampant through our cities b) The steel strike, the Philadelphia Inquirer claimed was penetrated with the Bolshevik idea, steeped in the doctrines of the class struggle and social overthrow 4. VIGILANTES TOOK IT INTO THEIR OWN HANDS AND MAKE SURE THAT THE "REDS" ARE NOT CAUSING PROBLEMS AND BEING LOYAL TO AMERICA a) It is putting neighbor against neighbor b) They take the law into their own hands which leads to violence c) beatings and bombs d) They are nativist (WASPS) and Nationalist e) this is a hangover from WWI f) The nativist and nationalist groups in WWI were preventing people from speaking about the war even when they are expressing their first amendment rights 5. PERSECUTION OF RADICALS OF ALL KINDS, ALL LUMPED TOGETHER AS REDS a) Nearly thirty states enacted new peacetime sedition laws imposing harsh penalties on those who promoted revolution; some 300 people went to jail as a result, many of them people whose crime had been nothing more than opposition to the war b) It is not all of the people causing the trouble, but a small minority that is causing the trouble. c) There are race riots and strikes (after a war we just won), but now their is violence over this 6. VIOLENCE AND DEATH a) There were spontaneous acts of violence against supposed radicals in some communities b) A mob of off duty soldiers in NYC ransacked the offices of a socialist newspaper and beat up its staff c) Another mob in Centralia, Washington dragged an IWW agitator from jail and castrated him before hanging him from a bridge d) Citizens in many communities removed subversive books from the shelves of libraries administrators in some universities dismissed radical members from their faculties e) Women's groups such as the National Consumers league came under attack by anti radicals because so many feminists had opposed American intervention in the fighting in Europe

What is a bull market? What are the causes and effects of the bull market?

BULL MARKET: A MARKET IN WHICH SHARE PRICES ARE RISING, ENCOURAGING BUYING D. STOCK MARKET purpose is long term investment for companies to expand. a) Purpose of the stock market is long term investment b) The 20s was such a boom with the cheap money that people got greedy 1. Early 20's BULL MARKET; DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE rising steadily, a) In February 1928, stock prices began a steady rise that continued with only a few temporary lapses for a year and a half b) Between May 1928 and September 1929, the average price of stocks increased over 4% c) The stocks of the major industrial, the stocks that are used to determine the DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE, doubled in value in the same period d) Trading mushroomed from 2 or 3 million shares a day to over 5 million and at times to as many as 10 or 12 million e) There was in short, a widespread speculative fever that grew steadily more intense, particularly once brokerage firms began encouraging the mania by recklessly offering easy credit f) It was rising, but then started to fall 2. Greed- investors wanted IMMEDIATE returns so began to participate in a) SPECULATION on a large scale b) the people got greedy and started to take more risk in the stock market c) BEGAN MARGIN BUYING ON A LARGE SCALE INCLUDING MIDDLE CLASS; 10% DOWN AND THEN THE 90% OWED ON THE MARGIN A) The people did not have the money needed to take more risk in the stock market, so they take out a loan and buy on the margin B) Only have to put 10% down to borrow 90% C) It was cheap money and a short term loan so they were taking on a lot of debt for a short amount of time D) It worked until 1926-27 and people were making a lot of money with a bull market E) More people were tempted to borrow more money when the market was going bear d) COMPANIES LIED ABOUT THEIR WORTH IN STOCK REPORTS AS PRODUCTION DECREASED, BUT NEEDED CAPITAL A) when the downturn began, companies lied about the down turn of the stocks B) encouraged people to buy stocks because they were allow to lie about the value of their stock C) People were buying the stock even though they know that the profits are quickly decreasing e) OVERPRODUCTION & CONSUMER PURCHASING SLOW DOWN LED TO DROP IN PROFITS- BANKRUPTCY OF COMPANIES-LOSS OF INVESTMENT A) just like the banks, the companies are bankrupt B) people who loss investment, ran away with their debt because they owed too much C) Today, this is fixed with the New Deal if companies lie about their value D) it is considered fraud and loose everything to investors E) Overproduction and consumer purchasing slow down means that businesses are making money, which means they can not pay their dividends, and people start to sell their stocks, decreasing the value of the company and they go out of business F) People lost everything because they couldn't pay back their margins

What are the 6 causes of the economic boom after the post war depression?

CAUSES OF THE economic boom after the post war depression fueled: 1. THE ECONOMIC BOOM WAS A RESULT OF MANY FACTORS: AN IMMEDIATE CAUSE WAS THE DEBILITATION OF EUROPEAN INDUSTRY IN THE AFTERMATH OF WORLD WAR I, WHICH LEFT THE UNITED STATES FOR A SHORT TIME THE ONLY TRULY HEALTH INDUSTRIAL POWER IN THE WORLD 2. New technology bringing new consumer goods 3. High demand for consumer goods after rationing led to MASS CONSUMPTION; CONSUMERISM 4. Commercial aviation (travel for profit) 5. Rail speed and tonnage increased 6. Mass produced Auto- escape from parents or stress of city/work, do what you NOTES: 1. largest one in the history of the world up to this point the only one that is larger is after WWII a) It is followed by the worst economic catastrophe in the history of the country b) greatest boom to the worst bust 2. After the recession of 1921-1922, the United States began a period of almost uninterrupted prosperity and economic expansion a) Less visible at the time, but equally significant, was the survival (and even the growth) of inequalities and imbalances b) The nation's manufacturing output rose by more than 605 during the decade c) Per capita income grew by a third d) Inflation was negligible 3. A mild recession in 1923 interrupted the pattern of growth, but when it subsided early in 1924, the economy expands with greater vigor than before 4. The economic boom more important in the long run was technology and the great industrial expansion it made possible 5. Questions as to why this generation is have this boom even though industrialization has gone on for 40 years a) IT DOES NOT BEGIN DIRECTLY AFTER THE WAR END b) The factories have to shut down to change their production to consumer goods and not war products (retool) c) no one was buying anything because it was considered selfish d) ALWAYS A DEPRESSION AFTER A WAR WHILE THE ECONOMY GETS BACK ON THE CONSUMER BEND 6. no time in the history of the planet did more people have more money (there are still poor people)

Causes and effects of the big and small bank collapse

DEBT CREATED BY LARGE and SMALL BANK COLLAPSES; money just gone! a) The money is gone: there was no money in circulation; people are taking their money out of the bank and no money being spent by the wealthy 1. a collapse of much of the banking system followed the stock market crash 2. More than 9,000 Americans banks either went bankrupt or closed their doors to avoid bankruptcy between 1930 and 1933 3. Depositors lost over $2.5 billion in deposits 4. Partly as a result of the banking closures, the total money supply of the nation fell by more than a third between 1930 and 1933 a) The declining money supply meant a decline in purchasing power, and thus deflation b) Manufactures and merchants began reducing prices, cutting back on production, and laying off workers 5. There is no money in circulation, it is just gone 6. Banks collapse because they do not have money

What was his return to normalcy

Demand a RETURN TO NORMALCY; concept credited to WARREN G. HARDING . 1. Return to laissez-faire 2. Protectionism 3. Isolationism 4. Nationalism

How does Education grow in the 1920s

Education continued to increase: New vs. Traditional 1. The growing secularism of American culture and its expanding emphasis on training and expertise found reflection in the increasingly important role of education in the lives of American youth 2. MORE HIGH SCHOOL AND COLLEGE GRADS (child labor laws remember) a) First, more people were going to school in the 1920s than ever before b) High School attendance more than doubled during the decade, from 2.2 million to more than 5 million c) Enrollment in colleges and universities increased threefold between 1900 and 1930, with much of that increase occurring after World War I d) In 1918, there had been 600,000 college students; in 1930, there were 1.2 million, nearly 20% of the college-age population e) attendance was increasing as well at trade and vocational schools and in other institutions provide the specialized training that the modern economy demanded f) Schools were beginning to offer instruction not only in the traditional disciplines, but also in modern technical skills: engineering, management, economics g) People are moving on past high school and college and graduating h) Child Labor laws passed by the progressive said that children could not work until they were sixteen 3. PROGRESSIVE CREATED A CLIMATE OF DEPENDENCE ON INTELLECTUALS a) Urban areas better education and more dependent b) Science became the new "god" encroaching on religion's importance in urban areas c) Progressives created the dependence on the intellectuals d) In the Urban areas where people were better educated, they relied more heavily on intellectuals to back up their points of view e) That creates this science (Prove it) mentality f) For the first time in history, science was crowded the new god and church attendance was down g) PRIMARILY IN THE URBAN AREA h) IN THE RURAL AREAS THEY ARE TRADITIONALLY MORE RELIGIOUS I) This moves us away from the thought that their is something beyond science j) Evolution was being taught in schools k) SCIENTISTS BECOMES THE NEW GOD l) progressives depended on intellectuals and now people use the view points of intellectuals instead of coming up with their own ideas and opinions m) Byproduct of the teaching of evolution in schools and colleges is people begin questioning if their is a god or not n) Rural education did happen including colleges out west Purdue University o) For large successful framers and ranchers p) Poor farmers ad difficulty making this occur 4. YOUTH AT SCHOOL AND EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AND JOBS SEPARATED FROM PARENTS; 1ST GENERATION DIFFERENT FROM PARENTS a) Kids were starting to go to school all day and are less influenced by their parents b) the growing importance of education contributed to the emergence of a separate youth culture c) The idea of adolescence as a distinct period in the life of an individual was for the most part new to the twentieth century d) In some measure it was a result of the influence of Freudian psychology e) But it was a result of society's recognition that a more extended period of training and preparation was necessary before a young person was ready to move into the workplace f) Schools and colleges provide adolescents with a setting in which they could develop their own social patterns, their own hobbies, their own interests and activities g) An increasing number of students saw school as a place not just for academic training, but also for organized athletics, extracurricular activities, clubs, and fraternities and sororities that is as an institution that allowed them to define themselves less in terms of their families and more in terms of their peer group h) SEPARATE SLANG, DANCE, FEELINGS ABOUT RELIGION AND POLITICS FROM PARENTS i) They do not dress like their parents j) Saw things differently from their parents k) When kids graduated from high school, they had an independent strike l) this is caused by the separation from parents because of after school actives and jobs m) creates high school culture we have today 5. AGAIN, NOT MAJORITY, BUT A LOUD MINORITY, RESPECT FOR LAW GREAT GATSBY BY F.S. FITZGERALD a) Impact is felt in coming generations; the effects of the effects of the effects b) The novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald ridiculed the American obsession with material success in the Great Gatsby c) The novel's title character, Jay Gatsby, spends his life accumulating wealth and social prestige in order to win the woman he loves d) The world to which he has aspired, however, turns out to be one of pretension, fraud, and cruelty, and it ultimately destroys him e) IMPACT OF THE SMALL CRAZY GENERATION IS THE EFFECTS OF THE EFFECTS f) This is the small minority, but they pass on their beliefs to the next generation creating the effects of the effects of the effects

What are the cause and effects of the flappers? What does double standard mean?

FLAPPER impacts. 1. The new, more secular view of womanhood had effects on women beyond the middle class as well 2. Some women concluded that in the New Era, it was no longer necessary to maintain a rigid, Victoria female respectability Women could smoke, drink, dance, wear seductive clothes and makeup, and attend lively parties a) they could strive for physical and emotional fulfillment for release from repression and inhibition (the wide popularity of Freudian ideas in the 1920s often simplified and distorted for mass consumption, contributed to the growth of these attitudes) b) SUCH ASSUMPTION BECAME THE BASIS OF THE FLAPPER, THE MODERN WOMAN WHOSE LIBERATED LIFESTYLE FOUND EXPRESSION IN DRESS, HAIRSTYLE, SPEECH, AND BEHAVIOR 3. FASHION, PUBLIC BEHAVIOR MARRIAGE, RIGHTS, a) encouraged women to smoke, drink, or swear b) They did not have to get married early c) They had freedom to do what they wanted d) Could be promiscuous and not care about their image e) the flapper lifestyle had a particular impact on lower middle class and working class single women, who are flocking to new jobs in industry and the service sector f) The young, affluent upper class Bohemian women most often associated with the flapper image were in fact imitating a style that emerged first among this larger working class group g) At night, such women flocked, often alone, to clubs and dance halls in search of excitement and companionship 4. DID NOT DESTROY THE DOUBLE STANDARD c) Despite the image of liberation the flapper evoke in popular culture, most women remained highly dependent on men, both in the workplace , where they were usually poorly paid, and in the home, and relatively powerless when men exploited that dependence 5. NOT, THE MAJORITY OF YOUNG WOMEN, MOST STILL TRADITION, BUT.... a) the louder were heard better b) Women did not have a lot of impact on their generation, but did on the generation o their daughters

How does genetic research expand in the 1920s

GENETIC RESEARCH: 1. genetic research had begun in Austria in the mid-19th century through the work of Gregor Mendel, a Catholic monk who performed experiments on the hybridization of vegetables in the garden on his lifetime, but in the early twentieth century they were discovered by several investigators and helped shape modern genetic research 2. Among the American pioneers was Thomas Hunt Morgan of Columbia University and later Caltech whose experiments with fruit flies revealed how several genes could be transmitted together (as opposed to Mendel's belief that they could only be transferred separately) 3. Morgan also revealed the way i which genes were arranged along the chromosomes a) His work helped open the path to understanding how genes could recombine, a critical discovery that led to advance experiments in hybridization and genetic

What was Coolidge like as a president

Harding dies, V.P. CALVIN COOLIDGE 1924. Continues conservative policies 1. Harding encourages all of the money to be lent, then dies in Office 2. His VP, Coolidge takes over and continues the Trickle Down Economics 3. In the summer of 1923, only months before Senate investigations and press revelations brought the scandals to light, a tired and depressed Harding left Washington for a speaking tour in the West a) In Seattle late in July, he suffered severe pain, which his doctors wrongly diagnosed as food poisoning b) A few days later, in San Francisco, he suffered two major heart attacks and died 4. In Many ways, Calvin Coolidge, who succeeded Harding in the presidency, was utterly different from his predecessor a) where Harding was genial, garrulous, and debauched, Coolidge was dour, silent, and even puritanical b) And while Harding was, if not perhaps personally corrupt, then at least tolerant of corruption in others, Coolidge seemed honest beyond reproach c) In other ways, however, Harding and Coolidge were similar figures d) Both took an essentially passive approach to their office e) Like Harding, Coolidge had risen to the presidency on the basis of few substantive accomplishments 5. Elected governor of Massachusetts in 1919, he had won national attention with his laconic response to the Boston police strike that year a) That was enough to make him his party's vice presidential nominee in 1920 b) three years later, after Harding's death, he took the oath of office from his father, a justice of the peace, by the light of a kerosene lamp c) If anything, coolidge was even less active as president than Harding, partly as a result of his conviction that government should interfere as little as possible in the life of the nation 6. in 1924, he received his party's presidential nomination virtually unopposed a) Running against John W. Davis, he won a comfortable victory: 54% of the popular vote and 382 of the 531 electoral votes b) Robert La Follette, the candidate of the reincarnated Progressive Party, received 16% of the popular vote but carried only his home state of Wisconsin c)Coolidge probably could have won renomination and reelection in 1928 d) Instead, in characteristically laconic fashion, he walked into a press room one day and handed each reporter a slip of paper containing a single sentence "I do not choose to run for president in 1928" 7. The story of Harding and Coolidge themselves, however is only a part and by no means the most important part of the story of their administrations a) However passive the New Era presidents may have been, much of the federal government was working effectively and efficiently during the 1920s to adapt public policy to the widely accepted goal of the time: helping business and industry operate with maximum efficiency and productivity the close relationship between the private sector and the federal government that had been forged during World War I continued b) Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, a wealthy steel and aluminum tycoon, devoted himself to working for substantial reductions in taxes on corporate profits, personal incomes, and inheritances c) Largely because of his efforts, Congress cut them all by more than half d) Mellon also worked closely with President Coolidge after 1924 on a series of measures to trim dramatically the already modest federal budget e) The administration even managed to retire half the nation's World War I debt 8. "BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS" 9. Coolidge vetoes PRICE SUPPORT BILL 3 times

What was the Harding's presidency like

HARDING WAS ELECTED TO THE PRESIDENCY IN 1920, HAVING SPENT MANY YEARS IN PUBLIC LIFE DOING LITTLE OF NOTE 1. An undistinguished senator from Ohio, he had received the Republican presidential nomination as a result of an agreement among leaders of his party, who considered him, as one noted, a "good second-rater" 2. Harding appointed capable men to the most important cabinet offices, and he attempted to stabilize the nation's troubled foreign policy 3. But even as he attempted to rise to his office, he seemed baffled by his responsibilities, as if he recognized his own unfitness, "I am a man of limited talents from a small town" he reportedly told friends on one occasion. "I don't seem to grasp that I am President" 4. Harding's intellectual limits were compounded by personal weaknesses: his penchant for gambling, illegal alcohol, and attractive women a) Harding lacked the strength to abandon the party hacks who had helped create his political success b) One of them, Harry Daugherty, the Ohio party boss principally responsible for his meteoric political ascent, he appointed attorney general c) Another, New Mexico Senator Albert B. Fall, he made secretary of the interior d) Members of the so-called Ohio Gang filled important offices throughout the administration 5. TEAPOT DOME: a) Unknown to the public (and perhaps also to Harding), Daugherty, Fall, and others were engaged in fraud and corruption b) The most spectacular scandal involved the rich naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyming, and Elk Hills, California c) At the urging of Fall, Harding transferred control of those reserves from the Navy Department to the Interior Department d) Fall then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and received in return nearly half a million dollars in "loans" to ease his private financial troubles e) Falls was ultimately convicted of bribery and sentenced to a year of prison; Daugherty barely avoided a similar fate for his part in another scandal

What was the effect of consumerism on the economic boom? What is consumerism?

High demand for consumer goods after rationing led to MASS CONSUMPTION; CONSUMERISM a) CONSUMERISM: THE PROTECTION OF PROMOTION OF THE INTERESTS OF CONSUMERS/is the theory that it is economically attractive to encourage the attainment of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. 1. during the war, the government rationalized goods to give to the war effort anything left oer is split up among the people a) There is hardly any new technologies b) RESULT: PEOPLE WANTED NEW STUFF 2. the middle class is making more money a) their money goes up drastically is manager and supervisor jobs that require a college or high school education b) Before, you had to be a business owner, but now you can work for the business owner c) Need department manager, assistant supervisor, and store managers and these people make a good living 3. Middle class DISCRETIONARY/DISPOSABLE INCOME rose drastically a) The money that you can choose what to do with it b) INCOME AND DISPOSABLE AND DISCRETIONARY INCOME GOES UP c) have money that can just blow on entertainment or leisure d) Baseball is usually very high in the 1920s e) This is the middle class that has the discretionary/disposable income 4. Business employed INSTALLMENT BUYING (easy credit) to increase sales and fuel consumerism more 5. Government MONETARY POLICIES practiced SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS: TRICKLE-DO a) THE GOAL OF BOTH MONETARY POLICIES IS TO INCREASE THE CIRCULATION OF MONEY b) allows for more people to have money (increases inflation but it is not noticeable) 6. the increasingly urban and consumer-oriented culture of the 1920s helped many Americans in all regions live their lives and perceive their world in increasingly similar ways a) that some culture exposed them to a new set of values that reflected the prosperity and complexity of the modern economy b) But the new culture could not, of course, erase the continuing and indeed increasing, diversity of the United States 7. Among the many changes industrialization produced in the United States was the creation of a mass consumer culture a) By the 1920s, America was a society in which many men and women could afford not merely the means of subsistence, but a considerable measure of additional discretionary goods and service; a society in which people could buy items not just because of need but for pleasure as well 8. Middle class families purchased such new appliances as electric refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners, which revolutionized housework and had a particularly dramatic impact on the lives of women a) Men and women wore wristwatches and smoked cigarettes b) Women purchased cosmetics and mass produced fashions

What happens to the businesses postwar

Huge economic crash 100,000 businesses bankrupt 1. Economic problems cause the race riots 2. Citizens of Washington DC on the day after the armistice found it impossible to place long distance telephone calls: the lines were jammed with officials of the war agencies canceling government contracts 3. The fighting had ended sooner than anyone had anticipated and without warning, without planning, the nation was launched into the difficult task of economic recovery 4. At first, the wartime boom continued 5. But the postwar prosperity rested largely on the lingering effects of the war (government deficit spending continued for some months after the armistice) and on sudden, temporary demands (a booming market for scarce consumer goods at home and strong market for American products in the war-ravaged nations of Europe)

who are the irreconcilables

IRRECONCILABLES (Isolationists: no involvement in European-world affairs! 1. Think this is a waste of money and time and we should deal with our own affairs 2. Do not worry about the rest of the world 3. Irreconcilable; could not make this right because it would be irreconcilables 4. Some senators, the fourteen so-called irreconcilables, many of them western isolationists opposed the agreement on principle

What is disposable/discretionary income

Middle class DISCRETIONARY/DISPOSABLE INCOME rose drastically 1. Discretionary income: income remaining after deduction of taxes, other mandatory charges, and expenditure on necessary items. 2. Disposable income: income remaining after deduction of taxes and other mandatory charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes. 3. MONEY USED TO BUY WHAT YOU WANT, NOT WHAT YOU NEED 4. THEY ARE NOT THE SAME THING, BUT ARE USED INTERCHANGEABLY

What was the impact the new technology had on the economic boom

New technology bringing new consumer goods 2. Technology fuels the economic boom 3. No one could deny the remarkable, some believed miraculous, feats of the American economy in the 1920s 4. Other new industries benefiting from technological innovations contributed as well to the economic growth 5. Radio began to become a popular technology even before commercial broadcasting began in 1920 a) Early radio had been able to broadcast little besides pulses, which meant that radio communication could occur only through the Morse code b) But with the discovery of the theory of modulation, pioneered by the Canadian scientist Reginald Fessenden, it became possible to transmit speech and music (Modulation als eventually made possible the transmission of video signals and that later helped create radar and television) c) Once commercial broadcasting began, families flocked to buy conventional radio sets, which unlike the cheaper "shortwave" or ham radios could receive high quality signals over short and medium distances d) they were powered by vacuum tubes that were much more reliable than earlier models e) By 1925, there were 2 million sets in American homes, and by the end of the 1920s almost every family had one f) Electronics, home appliances, plastics and synthetic fibers such as nylon aluminum, magnesium, oil, electric power and other industries fueled by technological advances all grew and spurred the economic boom 6. Telephones continued to proliferate a) By the late 1930s, there were approximately 25 million telephones in the United States, approximately one for every six people 7. The seeds of future technologies were also visible in the 1920s and 1930s a) In both England and America, scientists and engineers were working to transform primitive calculating machines into devices capable of performing more complicated tasks b) By the early 1930s, researchers at MIT, led by Vannevar Bush, had created an instrument capable of performing a variety of complicated tasks, the first analog computer which became the starting point for dramatic progress over the new several decades c) A few years later, Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from harvard and MIT built a much more complex computer with memory, capable of multiplying eleven digit numbers in three seconds 8. USE OF PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE FOR SOME CONSUMER PRODUCTS OR CREATED A NEED: "NEW AND IMPROVED" a) OR NEW AND IMPROVED PRODUCT people have to buy the new and better product 9. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT. FORD'S ASSEMBLY LINE SPREAD TO OTHER INDUSTRIES a. Especially auto industry, prices dropped, more cars bought A) Lower prices b. More efficient business models and plans (college grads in business and finance is up) A) businesses have gotten so big and complicated that people have to hire a college educated expert to help them B) There are more organized business models C) These are more efficient model to run their business by c) Lower prices d) THE ASSEMBLY LINE e) businesses that were able to form because there were cars and they were affordable for people to buy A) roads, travel, machinery, repair, building, full time employment 10. THERE ARE CONSTANTLY NEW TECHNOLOGIES a) The refrigerator, vacuum clearer, a machine that slices bread, a toaster 11. EVERYONE MADE MONEY IN THE WAR AND WANTED TO SPEND IT 12. PEOPLE ARE MAKING MORE MONEY AND PRICES GO DOWN a) WHEN PRICES GO DOWN, CONSUMERISM GOES UP

What is the pro-business part of Harding's return to normalcy

Pro-business 1. PROTECTIONISM returns high tariffs a) the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports. 2. Progressive taxes lowered for the rich from ~65% to ~35% a) Supplied side economics is normal for the country 3. Laissez-faire, less regulation of government

How is the KKK reborn in the North after the war

Rebirth K.K.K. in north 1. Nativism a) believe that the WASPS should get all of the good stuff first 2. Anti- a) Radical b) Catholic A) They do not like Catholics because the past popes have criticized the klan B) the church was defending Jewish and African American rights c) Semite A) hated Jews for killing Jesus d) Anti Intellectualism A) the people that are educated and have become an expert in a field B) they believe that most of the information from intellectuals come from Jews and Catholics C) They believe the intellectuals are communist and socialist D) THEY BELIEVE THAT ALL OF THEE GROUPS ARE IN A CONSPIRACY TO DO IN THE WHITE, ANGLO-SAXON, PROTESTANT MALE E) opposite side of feminist movement 3. The Klan is in the north College educated, urbanized members in the Klan 4. The add Immigrants, African Americans, Catholics, and Jews 5. the Largest klansmen inhabiting Indiana a) the klan expands causing lynching and murder black veterans are lynched in their uniforms b) Many Africans Americans who had helped the war effort by working in the factories lost heir jobs or were jumped by the klan or the unions on their way to work 6. The new klan in the north was also fueled by nativism and nationalism during the war a) the last wave of immigrants came from southern and eastern Europeans b) this creates prejudice before and during the war many Europeans did not support the allies the desire to put them down with the vigilante groups carried on after the war 7. THE NEW KLAN EXPANDED TO NOT ONLY HARASS PEOPLE OF COLOR, BUT ALSO ASIANS, HISPANICS, CATHOLIC AND JEWS a) all recent immigrants because they believed that white native males should have all of the advantages b) the klan perception that the catholic church and the Jews supported African Americans rights (which they did) c) the natural hatred of Catholics by white males took off after that became common knowledge 8. THOSE GROUPS WERE ADDED WHEN THE KLAN RELOCATED TO THE NORTH a) the Catholics, Jews, and immigrants are in the northern cities b) THE KLAN IS THE MINORITY BUT THEIR BELIEF IS IN WHITE SUPREMACY c) Very conservative Christians d) agnostic: they believe in God, but do not go to church 9. The first Klan, founded during the Reconstruction, had died in the 1870s a) But in 1915, another group of white southerners met on Stone Mountain near Atlanta and established a new version of the society b) Nativist passions had swelled in Georgia and elsewhere in response to the case of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager in Atlanta convicted in 1914 (on very flimsy evidence) of murdering a female employee; a mob stormed Frank's jail and lynched him c) The premiere (also in Atlanta) of D.W. Griffith's film the Birth of a Nation, which glorified the early Klan, also helped inspire white southerners to form a new one 10. At first the new Klan, like the old, was largely concerned with intimidating African Americans who according to Klan leader William J. Simmons were becoming insubordinate a) And at first it remained small, obscure, and entirely southern b) After World War I, however, concern about African Americans became secondary to concern about Catholics, Jews, and foreigners c) At that point, membership in the Klan expanded rapidly and dramatically, not just in the small towns and rural areas of the South, but also in industrial cities in the North and Midwest d) Indiana had the largest Klan membership of any state, and there were substantial Klans in Chicago, Detroit, and other northern industrial cities e) The Klan was also strong in the West, with particularly large and active chapters in Oregon and Colorado f) By 1924, there were reportedly 4 million members g) In some communities, where Klan leaders came from the most respectable segments of society, the organization operated much like a fraternal society, engaging in nothing more dangerous than occasional political pronouncements 11. Many Klan units tried to present themselves as patriots and community leaders a) Some established women's and even children's auxiliaries to demonstrate their commitment to the family b) Often however, the Klan also operated as a brutal even violent opponent of alien groups and as a defender of traditional, fundamentalist morality c) Some Klansmen systematically terrorized blacks, Jews, Catholics, and foreigners, and boycotted their businesses, threatened their families, and attempted to drive them out of their communities d) Occasionally, they resorted to violence: public whipping, tarring, and feathering, arson, and lynching e) What the Klan feared, it soon became clear,was not simply foreign or racially impure groups, it was anyone posed a challenge to TRADITIONAL VALUES, AS THE KLAN DEFINED THEM f) Klansmen persecuted not only immigrants and African AMericans, but also those white Protestants they considered guilty of irreligion, sexual prohibition, it attempted to institute compulsory Bible reading in schools; it worked to punish divorce g) It also provided its members, many of them people of modest means with little real power in society, with a sense of community and seeming authority h) Its bizarre costumes, its elaborate rituals, its "secret" language, it's burning crosses, all helped produce a sense of excitement and cohesion

Why did the depression last so long and was so severe?

THE DEPRESSION LASTED 19 YEARS 1. The sudden economic decline that began in 1929 came as a especially severe shock because it followed so closely a period in which the New Era seemed to be performing another series of economic miracles 2. The stock market crash of 1929 did not so much as cause the Depression, then as help trigger a chain of events that exposed long-standing weaknesses in the American economy a) During the new three years, the crisis steadily worsened 3. ECONOMY TOO ONE DIMENSIONAL; LACKING DIVERSITY a) Our economy was relying on steel and automobiles which were not making any money b) There was lack of diversification in the American economy in the 1920s c) Prosperity had depended excessively on a few basic industries, notably construction and automobiles d) In the late 1920s, those industries began to decline e) Expenditures on construction fell from $11 billion to less than $9 billion between 1926 and 1929 f) Automobiles sales fell by more than a third in the first nine months of 1929 g) Newer industries were emerging to take up the slack, among them petroleum, chemicals, plastics, and others oriented toward the expanding market for consumer goods, but had not yet developed enough strength to compensate for the decline in other sectors h) Computer was in its infancy 4. THE FED RAISED INTEREST RATES WHEN WE NEEDED MONEY CIRCULATING a ) Some economists argue that a severe depression could have been avoided if the Federal Reserve System had acted more responsibly b) But the members of the Federal Reserve Board, concerned about protecting its own solvency in a dangerous economic environment, raised interest rates in 1931, which contracted the money supply even further c) Fed raised the interest rates after years of cheap money, when we needed it the most d) The believed in social darwinism for the banks and the people e) They thought that the few banks should die to help fix the economy, but didn't know there was so many f) Kept it low more than it should have, and then raised it at the worse possible time 5. GOVERNMENT MISUNDERSTOOD THE DEPTH OF THE CRISIS a) They do not have the resources to realize that their is a problem b) By the time that the leaders who make the decisions gain the information, it is too late 6. DEBT CREATED BY LARGE and SMALL BANK COLLAPSES; MONEY JUST GONE! money just gone!

What were women like in the 1920s

Women in the 20s. Not so new vs. traditional 1. Women have the most famous effect of the boom a) Women in the 20s is the new vs the traditional, but as much as it appears to be as new as we think b) Previous generations did not have the money, power to vote or any political power so they could not do what the 1920s women did 1. Yet the 1920s constituted a new era for middle-class women nonetheless 2. In particular, the decade saw a redefinition of the idea of motherhood 3. Shortly after World War I, an influential group of psychologist, the behaviorist led by John B. Watson, began to challenge the long held assumption that women had an instinctive capacity for motherhood a) Maternal affection was not, they claimed, sufficient preparation for child rearing b) Instead, mother should rely on the advice and assistance of experts and professionals: doctors, nurses, and trained educators in nursery schools and kindergartens c) For many middle class women, these changes helped redefine what had been an all consuming activity d) Motherhood was no less important in behaviorist theory than it had been before; if anything it was more so 4. But for many women it was less emotionally fulfilling, less connected to their instinctive lives, more dependent on and tied to people and institutions outside the family 5. Many attempted to compensate by devoting new attention to their roles as wives and companions to developing what became known as "companionate marriage" a) The middle class wife shared increasingly in her husband's social life' she devoted more attention to cosmetics and clothing; she was less willing to allow children to interfere with their marriage b) Most of all, many more women considered their sexual relationships with their husbands not simply as a means of procreation, an earlier generation had been taught to do, but as an important and pleasurable experience in its own right, as the culmination of romantic love 6. Progress in the development of birth control was both a cause and a result of this change a) The pioneer of the American birth control movement was Margaret Sanger, who had become committed to the cause in part because of the influence of Emma Goldman, a Russian immigrant and political radical who had agitated for birth control before World War I b) Sanger began her career promoting the diaphragm and other birth control devices out of a concern for working class women, believing that large families were among the major causes of poverty and distress in poor communities c) By the 1920s, partly because she had limited success in persuading working class women to accept her teachings, she was becoming more concerned with persuading middle class women of the benefits of birth control Women, she argued, should be free to enjoy the pleasures of sexual activity without any connection to procreation d) Birth control devices began to find a large market among middle class women, even though some techniques remain illegal in many states (and abortion remained illegal nearly everywhere) 7. 19TH AMENDMENT + GENERAL 1"FEMINIST" MOVEMENT IMPACT ON EDUCATED, URBAN WOMEN (NOT SO MUCH RURAL) 8. WWI INFLUENCE ON SINGLE, URBAN, WORKING CLASS WOMEN: $

What is the double standard?

a rule or principle which is unfairly applied in different ways to different people or groups. 1. It is okay for one group but not the other 2. THE DOUBLE STANDARD IN DATING: men can be promiscuous in relationships, but women are not aloud to be a) Men are complimented for being sexually experienced, but women are punished with harsh names

What is margin buying?

borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock aka buying on the margin/ BORROWING MONEY FROM A BROKER TO INVEST IN STOCK 1. CAUSE OF EASY CREDIT 2. a broker is a middle man, the broker buys the stock from the company and then people buy the stocks from them a) brokers make a deal b) When you sell a stock, you sell it back to your broker c) Brokers make money off of the fee that they charge you to make the stocks available to you 3. People can borrow money to buy stocks a) people would borrow loan from their brokers, and then when the stock went up, they would sell it back to the broker to pay off the debt and the broker fee b) Wrote the debt in the margin of the economic paper 4. In the 1920s, the economic boom was insane and there was always a shortage for stock, so people were able to pay off the fee and the margin and you were able to make some money

What is speculation

the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence/ investment in stocks, property, or other ventures in the hope of gain, but with the risk of loss/you buy stock low and sell it high/ educated guess with money in attempt to make money (legal educated gambling a) make an estimated educated guess based on information/you decide after studying the history and information of the stock if the value of the stock is going to rise, fall, or stay the same 1. Speculation on a large scale during the bull market 2. Buy things that are really low in the hopes that in the future, it will gain value 3. When the value is reached, you sell it for profit 4. People started buying stock for the short term and not the long term 5. the people got greedy and started to take more risk in the stock market

What is the meaning of migrant mother

"Migrant Mother" photo by Dorothea Lange 1. Iconic picture. 2. This women is an "Okie" a derogatory term to refer to the homeless farmers that are displaced by the Dust Bowl a) Okies were foreclosed on farmers who traveled to California b) They were migrants and were despised by everyone 3. The mother in the picture looks miserable, and wondering what she is going to do next, she is young (age 32), but she looks older 4. Lange is hired by the U.S. government to take pictures of the Great Depression for history

What was the depression like for African Americans

1. As the Depression began, over half of all black Americans still lived in the South 2. Most were farmers a) The collapse of prices for cotton and other staple crops left some with no income b) Many left the land altogether, either by choice or forced by landlords who no longer found the sharecropping system profitable c) Some migrated to southern cities d) But unemployed whites in the urban South believed they had first claim to all work and began to take positions as janitors, street cleaners, and domestic servants, displacing the African Americans who formerly had occupied such jobs 3. As the Depression deepened, whites in many southern cities began to demand that all blacks be dismissed from their jobs a) In Atlanta in 1930, an organization called itself the Black Shirts organized a campaign with the slogan "No Jobs for N******* until every white man has a job!" b) In other areas, white used intimidation and violence to drive blacks from jobs c) By 1932, over half the African Americans i the South were without employment d) And what limited relief there was went almost invariable to whites first e) Unsurprisingly, therefore, many black southerners, perhaps 400,000 in all, left the South in the 1930s and journeyed to the cities of the North f) There they generally found less blatant discrimination g) But conditions were in most respects little better than in the South h) In New York, and in many other cities, black unemployment was 50% or more i) In other cities, it was higher f) Two million African Americans were on some form of relief by 1932 4. The Depression was a time of important changes in the role and behavior of leading black organizations a) The NAACP, for example, began to work diligently to win a position for blacks within the emerging labor movement, supporting the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations and helping to break down racial barriers within labor unions b) Walter White, secretary of the NAACP, once made a personal appearance at an auto plant to implore African Americans not to work as strikebreakers c) Partly as a result of such efforts more than half a million blacks were able to join the labor movement d) In the Steelworkers Union, for example, African Americans constituted about 20% of the membership

What are the nicknames for the 1920s

1. Roaring 20s" a) Roaring: we will not be silenced 2. "NEW ERA", 3. "JAZZ AGE", 4. "LOST GENERATION"

Explain how the causes of the depression cause everything else?

1. The Causes lead to the depression: a) overproduction b) easy credit c) tariffs d) unequal distribution of wealth 2. The depression causes the stock market crash 3. The stock market crash causes the bank runs 4. The Fed's monetary policy causes the depression to be worse, effecting all of the above 5. All of these result in less money in circulation

What problems did the Democrats face in the 1920s

1. The anguish of provincial Americans attempting to defend an embattled way of life proved particularly troubling to the Democratic Party, which suffered during the 1920s as a result of the tensions between its urban and rural factions a) More than the Republicans, the Democrats were a diverse coalition of interest groups, linked to the party by local traditions b) Among those interest groups were prohibitionists, Klansmen, and fundamentalists on one side and Catholics, urban workers, and immigrants on the other c) in 1925, the tensions between them proved devastating 2. at the Democratic national convention in New York that summer, bitter conflict broke out over the platform when the party's urban wing attempted to win approval of planks calling for the repeal of prohibition and a denunciation of the Klan a) Both planks narrowly failed b) More damaging to the party was a deadlock in the balloting for a presidential candidate Urban Democrats supported Alfred E. Smith, the Irish Catholic Tammanyite who had risen to become a progressive governor of NEw York c) Rural Democrats backed William McAdoo, Woodrow Wilson's Treasury secretary (and son-in-law), later to become a senator from California; he had skillfully positioned himself to win the support of southern and western delegates suspicious of Tammany Hall and modern urban life d) The convention dragged on for 103 ballots, until finally, after both Smith and McAdoo withdrew, the party settled on a compromise: the bland corporate lawyer John W. Davis, who had served as solicitor general and ambassador to Britain under Wilson e) He was easily defeated by President Calvin Coolidge 3. A similar schism plagued the Democrats again in 1928, when Al Smith finally secured his party's nomination for president after a much shorter battle a) Smith was not, however able to unite his divided party, largely because of widespread anti-Catholic sentiment, especially in the South b) He was the first Democrat since the Civil War not to carry the entire South c) Elsewhere, although he did well in the large cities, he carried only Massachusetts and Rhode Island d) Smith's opponent, and the victor in the presidential election, was a man who perhaps more than any other contemporary politician seemed to personify the modern, prosperous, middle class society of the New Era: HERBERT HOOVER

How does the depression impact america

1. The depression reached into every area of both economic and social life a) It destroyed the great "bull market" of the 1920s and sent stock prices into a long and steep decline from which they did not recover for years b) It halted the great wave of investment in industrial plants and infrastructure that had done so much to fuel economic growth before the crash c) It jeopardized the health of the national banking system d)But most of all, it created massive unemployment, which rose at some points to nearly 25 percent of the workforce 2. This massive and persistent unemployment was the most visible and to many the most frightening aspect of the Depression a) In the midst of this crisis, Herbert Hoover used the tools of the federal government more aggressively and creatively than any president had ever used them before the address economic problems b) But it was not enough to stem the tide of the Depression 3. And there were many steps that Hoover refused to consider because he believed they would violate basic principles of American life, most notably the rights and responsibilities of individuals a) These values had been greatly admired though most of American history, but the crisis of the Depression called them into question, undermined Hoover's reputation, and contributed eventually to a major shift in the character of American politics 4. IT WAS A PERFECT STORM OF CONDITIONS THAT ALL HAPPENED AT ONCE TO CAUSE THE DEPRESSION 5. Everyone was effected by the Great Depression, ESPECIALLY IF YOU HAD DEBT

What is the cultural war? Who is fighting and for what prize?

1. The generation that lived through (and in many cases fought in the Great War quickly came to see the conflict as a useless waste of lives lost for no purpose a) Men were coming home from the war, almost killed and were excited to live life to the fullest (YOLO) b) Women had jobs during the war and made money so now they are independent of men 2. For many young people in the 1920s, disenchantment with the war contributed to a growing disenchantment with the United States 3. The newly prosperous and consumer driven era, they encountered seemed meaningless and vulgar to many artists and intellectuals in particular a) MONEY IS FREEDOM b) THIS GENERATION HAS MONEY AND NOW MORE FREEDOM 4. As a result, they came to view their own culture with contempt 5. Rather than trying to influence and reform their society, they isolate themselves from it and embarked on a restless search for personal fulfillment 6. The American writer Gertrude Stein once referred to the young Americans emerging from World War I as a Lost Generation" 7. For some writers and intellectuals at least is was an apt description 8. these are young adults (18-30) not high school kids cause they do not have money a) high school kids eventually adopt FIGHTING FOR: 1. Cultural war for the "hearts and minds" of the American people; turbulent, wild: more a) They create a cultural war always been a cultural war OVER THE HEARTS AND MIND OF THE PEOPLE b) money is at stake c) Heart and mind: what is your point of view, where is your heart and your mind d) There is always been a cultural war e) It is so turbulent because the traditional people are shocked by the modern young people ways f) you do not know what is like to be young g) This creates division in the house and creates a cultural rebellion h) girls cut their hair for the first time in the history and raised their clothing length which shocked their parents WHO IS FIGHTING: 1. Traditional vs. Modern (new v. old ways) a) At the heart of the lost Generation's critique of modern society was a sense of personal alienation b) The repudiation of Wilsonian idealism, the restoration of business as usual, the growing emphasis on materialism and consumerism suggested that the war had been a fraud; that the suffering and the dying had been in vain c) Ernest Hemingway, one of the most celebrated and most commercially successful of the new breed of writers, expressed the generation's contempt for the war in his novel "A Farewell to Arms" d) Its protagonist, an American officer fighting in Europe, decides that there is no justification for his participation in the conflict and deserts the army with a nurse with whom he has fallen in love e) Hemingway suggested that the officer was to be admired for doing so f) One of this alienation was a series of savage critiques of modern society by a wide range of writers, some of whom were known as the debunkers among them was the Baltimore journalist H. . Mencken g) His magazines first the Smart Set and later the American Mercury ridiculed everything most middle class Americans held dear; religion, politics, the arts, even democracy itself h) Mencken could not believe, he claimed that civilized life was possible under a democracy because it was a form of government that placed power in the hands of the common people, whom he ridiculed as the booboisie i) Echoing Mencken's contempt was the novelist Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win a Nobel Prize in Literature j) In a series of savage novels Main Street, Babbitt, Arrowsmith, and others k) he lashed out at one aspect of modern society after another: the small tow, the modern city, the medical profession, popular religion 2. RURAL VS URBAN a) FUNDAMENTALISM vs science 3. OVERALL, TRADITIONAL STILL RULES, but new, while small is loud and will not be denied "ROARING!!! a) Overturn the traditional rules b) Happens mainly in the urban area c) People stop going to church d) The rural area are the fundamentalist and traditional f) Culture at the time was 50/50 on rural and urban area g) ROARING GENERATION IS THE MINORITY AND NOT THE MAJORITY h) the majority of people are traditional (more like their parents than not)

What is the scottsboro case

1. traditional patterns of segregation and disenfranchisement in the South survived the Depression largely unchallenged 2. But a few particularly notorious examples of racism did attract national attention 3. The most celebrated was the Scottsboro case a) In March 1931, nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in Alabama (in a small town near Scottsboro) and arrested for vagrancy and disorder b) Later, two white women who had also been riding the train accused them of rape c) In fact, there was overwhelming evidence, medical and otherwise, that the women had not been raped, that they may have made their accusations out of fear of being arrested themselves d) Nevertheless, an all white jury in Alabama quickly convicted all nine of the "Scottsboro boys" (as they were known to both friends and foes) and sentenced eight of them to death 4. The Supreme Court overturned the convictions in 1932, and a series of new trails began that attracted increasing national attention a) The International Labor Defense, an organization associated with the Communist Party, came to the aid of the accused youths and began to publicize the case b) Later, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) provided assistance as well c) The trials continued throughout the 1930s d) Although the white southern juries who sat on the case never acquitted any of the defendants, all of them eventually gained their freedom, four because the charges were dropped, four because of early paroles, and one because he escaped e) But the last of the Scottsboro defendants did not leave prison until 1950

What are the causes of the depression (including numbers)

CAUSES OF DEPRESSION in question over history (defined) review boom/bust cycle DEPRESSION a) The Great Depression is a trough (the economy does not get worse, money circulating is an all time low in American history) CAUSES: 1. EASY CREDIT led to money disappears, debt, foreclosures 2. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION (MALDISTRIBUTION) OF WEALTH 3. OVERPRODUCTION 4. IMPACT OF HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF ON LESSENING OF EXPORTS GOING OVERSEAS NOTES: 1. Economists, historians, and others have argued for decades about the causes of the Great Depression without reaching any consensus 2. But they do agree on several things: a) first, that what is remarkable about the crisis is not that it occurred; periodic recessions are normal feature of capitalist economies b) What is remarkable is that it was so severe that it lasted so long c) The important question, therefore is not so much why there was a depression, but why it was such a bad one d) Most observers agree too, that a number of different factors account for the severity of the crisis, even it there is considerable disagreement about which was the most important

What does this quote mean? Who said it? "After all, the chief business of America is business. They are profoundly concerned with producing, buying, investing and prospering in the world... In all experience, the accumulation of wealth means the multiplication of schools, the increase of knowledge, the dissemination of intelligence, the encouragement of science, the broadening of outlook, the expansion of liberties, the widening of culture."

Calvin Coolidge 1925 speech to newspaper editors quoted in the New York Times more money is circulating in the 20s than the history of the world (the boom) "BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS" 1. Immigrants came to America to make money 2. More wealth means more schooling, which means more intelligence, more freedoms (discretionary income) , and more expansive culture 3. The culmination of wealth trickles down and allows for everything to expand 4. America's focus should be to make money (laissez-faire) 5. Calvin Coolidge 1925 speech to newspaper editors quoted in the New York Times 6. T.P.S. explain the difference between the use "business" in this quote; not redundant

what was the effect of commercial aviation of the economic boom

Commercial aviation (travel for profit) 1. Commercial aviation developed slowly in the 1920s, beginning with the use of planes to deliver mail 2. On the whale, airplanes remained curiosities and sources of entertainment 3. But technological advances, the development of the radial engine and the creation of pressurized cabins were laying the groundwork for the great increase in commercial travel in 1930s and beyond 4. The airplane is successfully flown in 1903 a) People are fighting with airplanes in the war b) After the war, people started using flying for commercial use 5. First used it to fly mail for the postal service 6. People start flying people in airplanes a) Have to build planes that can fit more people b) The company that is building the planes is making more money c) ALL HELPS WITH THE BOOM

What is the Price support bill? Why does it vetoed

Coolidge vetoes PRICE SUPPORT BILL 3 times a) Price Support bill: a bill that is supporting price b)Parity: a fair price for their products 1. The farmers wanted the federal government to buy their surplus products a) the price is artificially supported at a fair price (LIBERAL) b) If the government buys the surplus product and they give it schools or sell it to a starving country c) The government will not make money on this in order to make the farmers fluid with cash d) The farmers with a surplus farm produce, will have prices going down e) But if the government buys the surplus, the farmer's prices with go up 2. The government will have to tax the wealthy and GO INTO DEBT 3. Coolidge is a trickle down economic supporter, and does not want the wealthy to pay with high taxes, to support the farmers' debt COOLIDGE'S ARGUMENT: 1. "... farmers always poor... do about that?" 2. New seed tech. and machinery, tariff hurt exports a) . "... farmers always poor... do about that?" b) the tariff hurts exports, because the other countries will not buy our products cause they can't afford to now there is overproduction c) they thought it was unfair for the rich to pay for the farmer's mistakes 3. Overproduction, and no SUBSIDES/supports to keep prices up = foreclosures (FARMERS ARGUMENT) a) IF THE GOVERNMENT GIVES SUBSIDES CHECKS TO THE FARMERS, THEN THEIR WILL BE A SHORTAGE AND THE FARMERS WILL MAKE MONEY FROM THE PRODUCTS AND THE SUBSIDE CHECK. THIS CREATES AN ARTIFICIALLY HIGH PRICES (PARITY) b) This does not happen at the time, but it does today c) subsidies: a direct payment from the government EFFECTS: 4. VETO PRICE SUPPORT BILLS LEADS TO FARM FORECLOSURES TOO a) Coolidge did not create a parity price and their were no subsides, so the farmers were stuck with their overproduction, leaving to the foreclosures 5. DEPRESSION STARTED FOR FARMERS LONG BEFORE URBAN AREAS a) Farmers start the depression in the mid-1920s

What day was the stock market crash? Did it cause the depression

Crash an effect of the downturn (depression) NOT A CAUSE! October 29, 1929. There were several a) The stock price is the value of the company b) how well the company is doing is shown on their stock 1. Post crash took money out of circulation that did not really exist in the first place, making down-turn worse BUT DID NOT CAUSE IT! a) More money disappears with the crash b) People had money in the stock market, and when the stock prices fell under the value they pay for it c) People who had borrowed money can't pay for their margins anymore d) Thousands of men commit suicide when they realize that they were going to lose everything e) There is a lot of deflation and money was worth less 2. Crash indicated that depression had already begun a) This signals that the depression has already begun b) This crash is because we are in an economic down turn, but it makes it worse because it takes more money out of the crash making the depression worse and longer c) The worst part of the depression was after the stock market crash d) the depression starts for different economies earlier or later than the stock market crash 3. NYSE - WALL STREET (others too, Chicago, London, Tokyo, etc.) a) October 29, 1929 is the stock market crash although their is several crashes before and after Black Tuesday 4. The Great Crash: a) In the autumn of 1929, the great bull market began to fall apart b) On October 21 ad again on October 23, there were alarming declines in stock prices, in both cases followed by temporary recoveries (the second of them engineered by J.P. Morgan and Company and other big bankers, who conspicuously bought up stocks to restore public confidence) c) But ON OCTOBER 29, "BLACK TUESDAY" ALL EFFORTS TO SAVE THE MARKET FAILED d) 16 million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points, stocks in many companies became worthless e) The market remained deeply depressed for more than four years f) Many people believed that the stock market crash was the beginning, and even the cause, of the Great Depression. g) But although October 1929 might have been the first visible sign of the crisis, the Depression had earlier beginnings and more important causes

How does Wilson offend Congress during the Versailles peace talks

Did not name 1 Republican to the peace conference delegation (beware of the senate, Caesar!) 1. Traditionally, the president invites members of the Senate (from both parties) to help negotiate the treaty a) the president can get the senate to approve the decision b) Wilson does not do this because he is so arrogant c) DISRESPECTING THE SENATE COMES BACK TO BITE HIM 2. At the same time, Wilson was encountering problems at home a) In 1918, with the war almost over, Wilson unwisely appealed to the American voters to support his peace plans by electing Democrats to Congress in the November elections b) A Republican victory, he declared, would be interpreted on the other side of the water as a repudiation of my leadership c) Days later, the Republicans captured majorities in both houses d) Domestic economic troubles, more than international issues had been the most important factor in the voting; but because of the president's ill-timed appeal the results damage his ability to claim broad popular support for his peace plans 3. The leaders of the Republican Party, in the meantime, were developing their own reasons for opposing Wilson 4. Some were angry that he had tried to make the 1918 balloting a referendum on his war aims, especially since many Republicans had been supporting the 14 points 5. Wilson further antagonized them when he refused to appoint any important Republicans to the negotiating team that would represent the United States at the peace conference in Paris a) But the president considered such matters unimportant 6. ONLY ONE MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN NEGOTIATING PARTY WOULD HAVE ANY REAL AUTHORITY; WILSON HIMSELF a) AND ONCE HE HAD PRODUCED A JUST AND MORAL TREATY, HE BELIEVED THE WEIGHT OF WORLD AND AMERICAN OPINION WOULD COMPEL HIS ENEMIES TO SUPPORT HIM

How does easy credit cause the depression

EASY CREDIT led to money disappears, debt, foreclosures a) The money is gone: there was no money in circulation; people were taking all of their money out of the bank and no money being spent by the wealthy 1. Easy Credit: easy access money, that you can loan, but do not actually have a) Banks loan money, but it never comes back b) People take out money, and do not spend their money and it just disappears c) Credit: money that is not your own and are loaning d) It was real easy to borrow money e) This comes from the Fed providing cheap money f) Money is loaned cheap in 3 different ways Installment buying, margin buying, federal loans g) Easy to lend money, so money was lent and debt was taken on h) eventually debt was unpayible 2. A major problem was the credit structure of the economy 3. Farmers were deeply in debt, their land mortgaged, crop prices too low to allow them to pay off what they owed. a) Small banks, especially those tied to the agricultural economy,were in constant trouble in the 1920s as their customers default on loans; many of these small banks failed b) Large banks were in trouble, too Although most American bankers were very conservative, some of the nation's biggest banks were investing recklessly in the stock market or making unwise loans c) When the stock market crashed, many of these banks suffered losses greater than they could absorb 4. ABILITY TO BORROW MONEY CHEAP: CHEAP MONEY (FED MONETARY POLICY) 5. INSTALLMENT BUYING ON MATERIAL GOODS a) Because discretionary income was up, but people did not have enough money to buy it all, so people used installment buying b) People were paying off multiple things at once c) Debt is incurred by consumers who can afford to take on debt d) Companies extend their credit to the people because they got that money from the banks 6. MARGIN BUYING IN THE STOCK MARKET 7. FOREIGN LOANS: EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AS ENCOURAGED BY FEDERAL LAWS .a) INVESTMENT MONEY DISAPPEARS AND U.S. BANKS LOSE MILLIONS AS EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT DEFAULT ON LOANS b) Dawes Act: Congress wanted to help Germany to pay off its reparation so we can get more money circulating in the US c) The banks loan all of the money, but many of the loans are defaulted on (not repaid) d) the money is disappearing in the broken European economies e) the banks are loaning money for their investors, if they do not get repaid, they are losing their investors money f) The international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I was a contributing factor to the Depression g) When the war came to an end in 1918, all the European nations that had been allied with the united States owed large sums of money to American banks, sums much too large to be repaid out of their shattered economies h) That was one reason that Allied had insisted (over Woodrow Wilson's objections) on reparation payments from Germany and Austria i) Reparations, they believed would provide them with a way to pay off their own debts j) But Germany and Austria were themselves in economic trouble after the war; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies were able to pay their debts k) The American government refused to forgive or reduce the debts l) Instead, American banks began making large loans to European governments, with which they paid off their earlier loans m) Thus debts (and reparations) were being paid only by piling up new and greater debts n) In the late 1920s, particularly after the American economy began to weaken in 1929, the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the United States o) Without any source of foreign exchange with which to repay their loans, they began to default p) The collapse of the international credit structures was one of the reasons the Depression spread to Europe and grew much worse in America

What was Hoover's economic policies?

HERBERT HOOVER 1928 continues conservative policies a) RAISED THE TARIFF HIGHEST IN THE COUNTRY'S HISTORY 1. The most energetic member of the cabinet (coolidge) was Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, who considered himself, and was considered by others, a notable progressive 2. During his eight years in the Commerce Department, Hoover encouraged voluntary cooperation in the private sector as the best avenue to stability 3. But the idea of voluntarism, he believed, did not require that the government remain passive; on the contrary, public institutions, Hoover insisted, should play an active role in creating the new, cooperative order 4. Above all Hoover became the CHAMPION OF THE CONCEPT OF BUSINESS "ASSOCIATIONALISM", a concept that envisioned the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries a) Though these trade associations, private entrepreneurs could, Hoover believed, stabilize their industries and promote efficiency in production and marketing 5. Many progressives derived encouragement from the election of Herbert Hoover to the presidency in 1928 a) Hoover easily defeated Al Smith, the Democratic Candidate b) And he entered office promising bold new efforts to solve the nation's remaining economic problems c) But Hoover had few opportunities to prove himself d) Less than a year after his inauguration, the nation plunged into the severest and most prolonged economic crisis in its history, a crisis that brought many of the optimistic assumptions of the New Era crashing down and launched the nation into a period of unprecedented social innovation and reform 6. PRESIDENT WHEN DEPRESSION STARTS a) In August 1928, not long before his election to the presidency, Herbert Hoover proclaimed: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us." b) Only 15 months later those words would return to haunt him, as the nation plunged into the severest and most prolonged economic depression in its history, a depression that continued in one form or another for more than decade, not only in the United States but throughout much of the rest of the world as well c) He is blamed for the great depression

How does the Hawley-smoot tariff cause the depression

Impact of HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF on lessening of exports going overseas 1. Hawley and Smoot were two congressmen who wrote the highest tariff in U.S. History 2. EUROPE CAN'T BUY OURS IF WE CAN'T BUY THEIRS (THEY CAN'T PAY BACK OUR BANK LOANS) a) It prevented the Europeans from making money selling their stuff to us, so they can't buy their products from us cause they have no money 2. The purpose was Protectionism: the U.S. economy is protected, encouraging the sale of american goods in america, but unintended consequence of a too high tariff (that is negative) is if Europe can not sell their products here, they can't buy our products, there is no European government revenue(cause no one is making things and collect taxes) so they can not pay off their debts to U.S. banks a) as revenge, the Europeans raise their tariffs b) Customers overseas are lost, contributing to our overproduction 3. At the same time, high American protective tariffs were making it difficult for them to sell their goods in American markets a) At the same time, Hoover attempted to protect American farmers from international competition by raising agricultural tariffs b) Europeans can not afford to sell their goods to us and can't buy our goods c) The banks are so in debt from all of the loans that Europe can not play back 4. The HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF OF 1930 increased protection on seventy-five farm products a) But nether the Agricultural Marketing Act nor the Hawley-Smoot Tariff, ultimately helped American farmers significantly b) The tariff, on the contrary, harmed the agricultural economy by stifling exports of food

What does this quote mean? Who said it? "Carloads of oranges dumped on the ground. The people came for miles to take the fruit, but this could not be. How would they buy oranges at twenty cents a dozen if they could drive out and pick them up? And men with hoses squirt kerosene on the oranges, and they are angry at the crime, angry at the people who come to take the fruit. A million hungry people, needing the fruit-and kerosene sprayed over the golden mountains. And the smell of rot fills the country. Burn coffee for fuel in the ships. Burn corn to keep warm, it makes a hot fire. Dump potatoes in the rivers and place guards along the banks to keep the hungry people from fishing them out. Slaughter the pigs and bury them, and let the putrescence (decaying stuff) drip down into the earth. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success. The fertile earth, straight tree rows, the sturdy trunks and the ripe fruit. And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange."

John Steinbeck a) The Grapes of Wrath .Steinbeck

what is the kellogg-briand pact

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT 1. Nations agreed to use DIPLOMACY instead of war to solve future issues. a) They will use diplomacy to solve issues instead of going to war b) Agreed to rules to solve problems, before resorting to militarism c) DIPLOMACY: the art of dealing with people in a sensitive and effective way/the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad. 2. Kellogg is the cereal guy and Harding's Secretary of State 3. Lampooned as "an agreement to outlaw war. a) Lampooned: making fun of something on steroids b) saying it is just too stupid c) The belief is these 28 nations agreed to outlaw war, but that's not true d) THE 28 NATIONS AGREE TO DIPLOMACY BEFORE GOING TO WAR e) Doesn't work cause the people who start WWII are not in the treaty

How does Overproduction cause the great depression?

OVERPRODUCTION 1. America's position in international trade impacted the coming of the Depression a) Late in the 1920s, European demand for American goods began to decline b) That was partly because of high American tariffs, partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive, and partly because some European nations (most notably Germany, under the Weimar Republic) were having financial difficulties and could not afford to buy goods from overseas c) But it was also because the European economy was being destabilized 2. FACTORIES TRYING TO MEET POST WAR DEMANDS FOR MATERIAL GOODS WITH NOW OUTDATED SYSTEMS a) During the war, people couldn't buy the material goods b) Factories work hard to check up to the demand, and once they do, they do not realize and keep overproducing to meet a demand that is already meet c) No one is buying any new products d) THIS IS WHERE THE ONE DIMENSIONAL ECONOMY COMES IN e) There was no demand for the newer products and they were not getting bought f) This creates an overproduction and price goes down g) OUTDATED SYSTEMS: A) Before the war, Wilson told the factories to update their machines in order to gt a government product, but it is in the late 20s, so the machines are becoming worn out B) They had efficient business practices, but they did not have the up-to-date 3. FARMS HAD EXPANDED TO FEED EUROPE DURING THE WAR, NOW NOT SELLING TO EUROPE a) Farmers are doing the same thing as the factories b) Over planting crops, makes prices go down and there is no subsidies (they were their during the war, but are gone now) c) Even with these disastrous conditions, the farm economy continued through the 1930s to produce far more food than American consumers could afford to buy d) Farm prices fell so low that few growers made any profit at all on their crops e) As a result, many farmers, like many urban unemployed, left their homes in search of work f) In the South, in particular, many dispossessed farmers, black and white, wandered from town to town, hoping to find jobs or handouts 4. CONSUMER SPENDING FELL DUE TO DEBT AND POSSESSION OF MATERIAL GOODS SATIATED a) Consumers have debt and can not afford new products b) Consumerism spending is dropping 5. IMPACT OF HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF ON LESSENING OF EXPORTS GOING OVERSEAS a) Europe can't buy ours if we can't buy theirs (they can't pay back our bank loans) b) Europeans can not afford to sell their goods to us and can't buy our goods c) The banks are so in debt from all of the loans that Europe can not play back

Who are the reds

REDS: the Bolsheviks in Russia 1. The Red Russians and White Russians defeated the Czar in the Civil War during WWI 2. The Reds wanted Communism a) Whites wanted a democracy b) They corporate to run the government and then set up a coalition with both reds and whites running the government c) this was temporary d) The Reds under Lenin rioted against the Whites e) the US sends in troops f) Causing the situation with the Soviet Union we have today 3. REDS ARE CALLED THE RED BECAUSE THEIR FLAG IS RED 4. Lenin changes the name of Russia to the Union of Socialist Soviet Union a) the country was not called Russia

What are the causes and effects of the 18th Amendment

Prohibition: Rural vs. Urban, new and old, fundamentalism and new age thinking a) Prohibition: it was prohibited to sell or buy alcohol for consumption came from the temperance movement which is a rural movement (18TH AMENDMENT) b) Prohibition is another outrageous historic event in American history c) it is exaggerated and true impacts ignored d) There are mixed results of the 18th amendment e) Idea was to stop everyone from thinking f) more people did stop drinking than do drink 1. Alcohol is was and still the number one social problem in the world a) There solution is temperance (self discipline in alcohol consumption) 2. There are cultural influences because of prohibition the Harlem renaissance and women's suffrage movement has on prohibition a) CULTURAL WAR: RURAL VS URBAN/NEW VS OLD/ FUNDAMENTALISM VS THE NEW AGE THINKING b) urban is less religious than rural The temperance movement was failing to get men to curve the alcohol consumption, they moved to the prohibition movement this wasn't that outrageous because not everyone drank and wanted prohibition 3. 18th amendment: you can not produce alcohol to sell it or buy alcohol to sell it a) BANNED THE SELLING AND PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL 4. The modern, secular culture of the 1920s was not unchallenged a) It grew up alongside older, more traditional cultures, with which it continually and often bitterly competed 5. When the prohibition of the sale and manufacture of alcohol went into effect in January 1920, it had the support of most members of the middle class and most of those who considered themselves progressives 6. VOLSTEAD ACT EFFECTS: 7. Within a year, however, it had become clear that the noble experiment as its defenders called it, was not working well a) Prohibition did substantially reduce drinking, at least in some regions of the country b) But is also produce conspicuous and growing violations that made the law an almost immediate source of disillusionment and controversy c) The federal government hired only 1,500 agents to enforce the prohibition laws, and in many places they received little help from local police d) Before long ,it was almost as easy to acquire illegal alcohol in much of the country as it had once been to acquire legal alcohol 8. Consumption decreased

Was there a time in history that compared to the great depression

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN HARD TIMES: 1. Someone asked the British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s whether he was aware of any historical era comparable to the Great Depression a) "Yes" Keynes replied. "It was called the Dark Ages, and it lasted 400 years" 2. The Depression did not, of course, last 400 years, but it did bring unprecedented despair to the economies of the United States and much of the Western World

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

THE REBIRTH OF AFRICAN AMERICANS CULTURE 1. Harlem was the largest black ghetto in the north a) There was an outpouring culture from Harlem b) Because of the train and the automobile, Harlem was feed cultural impact from across the U.S. like New Orleans and St Louis and Chicago c) There is an emergence of a new culture 2. EXPLOSION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE FROM BLACK GHETTOS IN NORTHERN URBAN AREAS DEVELOPS A) In postwar Harlem in New York City, a new generation of black artists and intellectuals created a flourishing African American culture widely described as the Harlem Renaissance CAUSES: 3. AFRICAN AMERICAN FROM ALL OVER NATION COMBINE, SIFT AND CREATE A NEW WAY OF BEING, EXPRESSING SELVES/CULTURE a) The causes of the Renaissance, the African american culture was taken away from the slaves so from state to state there was a different culture among the slaves b) When African Americans moved north during the great migration, they filtered in all of that culture to one place and created new cultures and art out of it painting, music, dance, literature 4. EXPRESSION OF FRUSTRATION ANGER AND DISILLUSIONMENT WITH BEING "BLACK IN AMERICA" a) Other causes in addition to the Great Migration was the treatment of African Americans in the war b) they were treated worse than the whites c) segregated units and mistreatment of African Americans by the military was dehumanizing and did not get them the treatment d) they were hoping to succeed were given the dehumanizing jobs e) When the soldiers returned, they were already dehumanized and being attacked by the KKK f) There was also racial struggles of the non-military soldiers g) ALL OF THIS CAME OUT IN ART AND RACE RIOTS EFFECTS: 5. ART, MUSIC, DRESS, DANCE, LITERATURE, SPORTS, ETC. a) Harlem i the 1920s was above all a center of literature, poetry, and art that drew heavily from both American and African roots b) Black artists were trying in part to demonstrate the richness of their own racial heritage (and not incidentally to prove to whites that their race was worthy of respect) c) The Poet Langston Hughes captured much of the spirit of the movement in a single sentence: "I am Negro and beautiful" d) One of the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance was Alain Locke, was assemble a notable collection of black writing published in 1925 as the New negro f) Gradually, white publishers began to notice and take an interest in the writers Locke helped launch g) Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay James Weldon Johnson, and other gradually found readerships well beyond the black community h) The painter Aaron Douglas, talented chronicler of the African American experience eventually found himself commissioned to create important murals in universities and public buildings 6. IMPACT ON WHITE CULTURE THROUGH MUSIC a) Jazz had the biggest impact on both African american and white culture b) jazz was rebellious because it came from the ghettos extended into the dancing styles and slag c) white youth was exposed to slag of the African american community that their parents did not like d) the wild and cray behavior came out of it e) There were nightclubs (among them the famous Cotton Club) featuring many of the great jazz musicians who would later become staples of national popular culture: Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson, and others f) There were theaters featuring ribald musical comedies and vaudeville acts g) Many white New Yorkers travelled up to Harlem for the music and theater, but the audience were largely black 7. YOUTH AND MUSICIANS EXPOSED TO JAZZ IN BLACK CLUBS IN HARLEM, ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO, AND NEW ORLEANS a) YOUTH/MUSICIANS SPREAD AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE IN WHITE SCHOOLS, NEIGHBORHOODS b) THIS IMPACT STARTED WITH THE POORER WHITES WHO LIVED IN GHETTOS NEXT TO WHITE GHETTOS c) youth hang out on the streets and clubs d) There is a demand in white neighborhoods for black music causes it to move into white neighborhood e) It always comes from the mixing of cultures on the poorest level first and then spreads to the middle class 8. WASP CULTURE IS CHANGED FOREVER WITH MUSIC AND ART AS THEY TAKE ON AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE a) There is no bigger influence that African American had on WASP culture is art

What is United Banks encouraged to do by the government to help out Germany, UK, and France

U.S. banks are encouraged by a federal law to lend money to Germany to help pay their reparations. 1. Congress passed the Douses act to encouraged the U.S. banks to loan money to Europe, especially Germany after WWI 2. WHY GERMANY: we did not hate them because we wanted to make money no matter what side of the war they were on a) Germany's economy was always good, and even though they were broke right now, we knew that we could make money off of them in the future b) We help Germany to help pay their reparations, so that they can pay back U.K. and France and we get payed back from UK. and France

How did the uneven distribution of wealth cause the depression

UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION (MALDISTRIBUTION) OF WEALTH 1. The maldistribution of purchasing power and as a result, A WEAKNESS IN CONSUMER DEMAND, WHICH WAS TOO SMALL TO CREATE AN ADEQUATE MARKET FOR THE GOODS THE ECONOMY WAS PRODUCING 2. It was one dimensional economy which means that their was too much focus on a couple of industries and not enough on other, so when the steel and auto industries fail, there is no life boat 4. The riches of the riches of it all and the poorest of the poor have none a) The poor spend more money than the rich day-to-day 5. It was one dimensional economy which means that their was too much focus on a couple of industries and not enough on other, so when the steel and auto industries fail, there is no life boat 6. UNDERCLASS STILL CAN'T BUY NECESSITIES IN SPITE OF AN ECONOMIC BOOM-NEED THEM TO SUPPORT INDUSTRY a) Even in 1929, after nearly a decade of economic growth, more than half the families in America lived on the edge of or below the minimum subsistence level- too poor to buy the goods the industrial economy was producing b) They have no money because most of it is with the rich, who are not letting the money circulate 7. 50% LIVING BELOW THE POVERTY LINE, TOO MANY TO SPEND US OUT OF DOWNTOWN a) The poor don't have the money, so they do without necessities, and their is overproduction of goods as a result

Disillusioned

disappointed in someone or something that one discovers to be less good than one had believed

What is the name and the author of this poem? What movement is it a part of and what is the meaning? I doubt not God is good, well-meaning, kind And did He stoop to quibble could tell why The little buried mole continues blind, Why flesh that mirrors Him must someday die, Make plain the reason tortured Tantalus Is baited by the fickle fruit, declare If merely brute caprice dooms Sisyphus To struggle up a never-ending stair. Inscrutable His ways are, and immune To catechism by a mind too strewn With petty cares to slightly understand What awful brain compels His awful hand. Yet do I marvel at this curious thing: To make a poet black, and bid him sing!

"YET DO I MARVEL" BY COUNTEE CULLEN REFLECTED THE DISILLUSIONMENT FELT BY THE AFRICAN AMERICANS 1. this is high education and deep cultural frustration 2. Countee Cullen is one of the great writers of the harlem renaissance 3. Sisyphus and Tantalus are from Greek mythology a) they made attempts to become god b) They lose their humanity to pride c) The gods punish them with hellish punishments for eternity d) Sisyphus is required to roll a boulder up a steep hill for eternity once he reaches the top, the boulder rolls down the hill and he has to start all over again. e) Tantalus is condemned to stand in a cool clear pool of water underneath a hanging fruit tree and every time he tries to take a drink of water the water recedes and the same thing happens with the fruit on the tree 4. "To make a poet black and bid him sing" the poet has a compelling urge to share his talent and yet why because the world is dominated by white people and no one is going to listen to a black person in America (where everyone is suppose to be equal, but yet they are not)

What myth does Harding's post war treaties dispel?

.Isolationism from European affairs returns after the war BBBBBUUUUUUUUTTTTTT, not from world affairs. 1. Isolationism: means to stay out of European affairs a) comes from the Monroe Doctrine b) IT DOES NOT REFER TO THE WORLD AFFAIRS c) We only get in to WWI to defend ourselves d) We are sit upset that Americans were harmed and killed because of a European war e) Not joining the League of Nations is not being isolationist 2. Failure to ratify treaty and jointing the League appears to say we withdraw from all word interaction; false conclusion 3. Harding and others want to avoid future wars (but not in the League, so he takes leadership to bring nations together outside the League.) a) Harding and the people was us to keep us out of another Great War b) Has to find a way to get involved in world affairs to keep us out of future wars c) DO OUR OWN THING FOR OURSELVES d) He is taking leadership of the world for us, not the rest of the world e) He takes a leadership role to bring nations together because it is going to BENEFIT THE UNITED STATES TREATIES NAMES: 1. Five Power Naval Treaty 2. Kellogg-Briand Pact

who were wilson's supporters

Wilson supporters 1. People that support Wilson blindly 2. The Progressives held to the idea that the United States should lead because it was superior in World Progressivism because it is ultimately good 3. Feel superiority and nationalist and should lead the country because we have the best ideals 4. No name, mostly Democrats

What are the causes and effects of the red scare

a) To much of the white middle class at the time, the industrial warfare, the racial violence, and other forms of dissent all appeared to be frightening omens of instability and radicalism b) This was in part because the Russian Revolution of November 1917 made it clear that communism was no longer simply a theory, but now an important regime 1. Bolshevik's and Lenin U.S.S.R. 2. ANTI-RADICAL VIGILANTEISM continue as it did in war; nativism, nationalism 3. U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL of the JUSTICE DEPARTMENT A. MITCHELL PALMER 4. In Boston The case of SACCO and VANZETTI 5. . Finally and ultimately debunked as hysteria and Palmer's attempt to get power and fame through panic

What are the labor impacts on women

Young, single women working; married still mostly stay at home a) Young single women were the flappers who worked b)Customary of the time got married and quit their jobs, married women did work just not as often c) Young single women are working because of the war and then continued working after the war d) Young and single women are working more than ever with their new economic and political freedoms 1. A growing proportion of the workforce consisted of women who were concentrated in what have since become known as PINK COLLAR JOBS, low paying service occupations with many of the same problems as manufacturing employment a) Large numbers of women workers as secretaries, salesclerks, telephone operators, and in other, similarly underpaid jobs 2. Because technically such positions were not industrial jobs, the AFL and other labor organizations were generally uninterested in organizing these workers 3. In the 1920s, college-educated women were no longer pioneers a) There are not two and even three generations of graduates of women's or coeducational colleges and universities many such women were making their presence felt in professional areas that in the past they had rarely penetrated b) Still professional opportunities for women remained limited by prevailing assumptions (prevalent among many women as well as men) about what were suitable female occupations c) Although there were notable success stories about female business executives, journalists, doctors and lawyers, most professional women remained confined to such traditionally feminine fields as fashion, eduction, social work, and nursing, or to the lower levels of business management 4. Some middle-class women now combine marriage and careers, but most still had to choose between work and family 5. The majority of the 25% of married women who worked outside the home in the 1920s were working class a) The new professional woman was a vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s b) In reality, however, most middle class married women did not work outside the home JOBS WOMEN HAD: 1. Telephone operator biggest employer a) Women were not working in factories b) Telephone operator was needed by every company c) This job is done by computer, but still uses a women's voice d) Men were not used until later in the 1900s 2. More office jobs as typists and receptionists a) Men who used to do office jobs, now "traveling salesmen" on the road b) Women are working in offices c) Men who used to hold those jobs are the traveling salesmen d) This is where the flying and the train comes in handy e) Most of these jobs are gone today f) When the trains and planes became advanced, men started to work as salesmen and it opened up jobs for women g) Before it was the wives or daughters of the owner, not stranger women h) 1920s created office jobs for women i) Businesses expanded so much during the war with the creation of the automobile that it created a need for corporations to send men who knew the business out on the road

Who says this about Wilson: "i do not agree with those who hastily and inconsiderable judge the president's actions at the peace treaty a failure. Whatever may be the imperfections of the treaty from a political and economic standpoint, Woodrow Wilson did not fail. The Outstanding thing, idealism, for which he fought, the outstanding thing that transcends political and economic considerations is the permanent peace of the world. Least that is secure, all else is the failure. Without this the sublime hope of humanity is sunk into the black hope of the abyss. Without this all political and economic adjust are unstable, sooner or later will disappear."

he son in law, who was the Secretary of Treasury

What was the impact and reasoning of A. Mitchel Palmer to create the FBI and the Palmer raids

A Mitchell Palmer is the U.S. Attorney general 1. PALMER'S GOAL IS TO BECOME PRESIDENT a) People have to know your name if you want to be president b) he picks the red scare to make a name for his self IMPACT: 1. Finally and ultimately debunked as hysteria and Palmer's attempt to get power and fame through panic 2. The red scare destroyed the career of A. Mitchell Palmer a) It almost nipped in the bud the ascent of J. Edgar Hoover b) It damaged the Democratic Party 3. Word got out what and why Palmer was doing this a) he was not acting in the best interest of the people, but doing it in his own glory b) He resigns in disgrace and disappears as a disgrace c) Hoover never gets into trouble

What impact does the actions done by the big 4 treaty have on Germany

ALL OF THIS IS FORESHADOWING BECAUSE THERE IS A LOT OF TENSION IN THE COUNTRIES 1. Hitler is able to take over all of these nations because there are all of these are ethnic enemies 2. a lot of ethnic tension because no one gets along so they are find with Germany taking over their enemy

What was the impacts of the backlash from the palmer raids and vigilantes

BACKLASH ensues as always does after over a decade of RADICALISM normalized: a) ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, FEMINIST DEMANDS, LABOR UNREST, RACIAL TENSIONS, AND THE INTENSITY OF THE ANTIRADICALISM THEY HELPED CREATE ALL COMBINED IN THE YEARS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE WAR TO PRODUCE A GENERAL SENSE OF DISILLUSIONMENT 1. Feminism 2. Government power exercised over the economy: Progressives and war 3. Racial tension and violence 4. Economic collapse 5. Did I mention the war? 6. Palmer disgraced 7. People began with resent and withdraw from IDEALISM, INTELLECTUALISM AND PROGRESSIVISM (government authority) a) Tire of the "Brainiac's" telling them what to think and how to act 8. Rebirth K.K.K. in north 9. Demand a RETURN TO NORMALCY; concept credited to WARREN G. HARDING

How was the 14 points doomed to fail

Before war's end: 14 POINTS released to congress. Doomed to fail. 1. WILSONIAN IDEALISM vs Pragmatic as a Progressive. Good, fair, efficient government is possible. 2. Did not name 1 Republican to the peace conference delegation (beware of the senate, Caesar!) 3. . Since not officially part of the Alliance, snubbed UK and France 4. . Struggled to get any agreement on most of them: Got LEAGUE OF NATIONS 5. Lost a lot of the 14 points

What is installment buying?

Business employed INSTALLMENT BUYING (easy credit) to increase sales and fuel consumerism more 1. installment buying: Purchasing a commodity over a period of time. The buyer gains the use of the commodity immediately and then pays for it in periodic payments called installments. a) AN INDIVIDUAL PAYMENT TOWARD PAYING OFF A DEBT b) paying off something overtime 2. people were running out of patience of saving up their income to buy a car a) Pay off it in weekly or monthly installments until it is payed for 3. NOW EVERYONE CAN AFFORD PRODUCTS IN THE MIDDLE CLASS 4. Business start to advertise installment payment to get people to spend their discretionary/disposable income a) everyone's debt is very high and no one is able to pay it > THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Who says: "I could hate a man as I hate Wilson"

HENRY CABOT LODGE 1. Lodge loathed the president with genuine passion, "I never thought I could hate a man as I hate Wilson," he once admitted 2. He used every possible tactic to obstruct, dely, and amend the treaty 3. The Senate Foreign RElations Committee is the first to handle the treaty and is the first to look at it before it goes to the Senate for ratification 4. Wilson, for his part, despised Lodge as much as Lodge despised him

How were civil liberties of radicals encroached upon in the case of Sacco and Vanzetti

In Boston The case of SACCO and VANZETTI 1. Anarchists executed under less than just circumstances a) They are executed for murder b) there was a bank robbery, and the gun that was own by won of them was used to kill the bank guard c) Anarchist do not believe that banks should have all of that money, so they rob banks and give it to the poor 2. In May 1920, two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were charged with the murder of a paymaster in Braintree, Massachusetts a) Eyewitness testamentary is shaky, but they identify Sacco and Vanzetti as the robber/shooter b) The evidence against them was questionable; but because both men were confessed anarchists, c) they faced a widespread public presumption of guilt d) They were convicted in a trial of extraordinary injudiciousness, before an openly prejudice judge, Webster Thayer and were sentenced to death e) They knew that they were Italian and anarchists 3. The ferocity of the Red Scare soon abated, but its effects lingered well into 1920s, most notably in the celebrated case of Sacco and Vanzetti 4. Over the next several years, public support for Sacco and Vanzetti grew to formidable proportions a) But all requests for a new trial or a pardon were denied 5. On August 23, 1927 amid widespread protests around the world, Sacco and Vanzetti, still proclaiming their innocence, died in the electric chair a) Theirs was a cause that a generation of Americans never forgot 6. We know today that the state of MA and the city of Boston conspired to kill these two to make an example of them a) They let in evidence that should never have been let in and people lied under oath b) They were executed in the state of MA with a trial that was unjust

What is the Volstead act? Did it succeed or fail?

LAID OUT THE DOS AND DON'TS FOR THE 18TH AMENDMENT/ THE LAW THAT OUTLINED ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION a) Religious churches and medical companies wanted to know if their first amendment right would be taken over cause of alcohol movement b) So congress had to pass a law that laid out all of the details of the 18th amendment c) Forbid the selling and purchasing of alcohol d) Made it legal to produce and consume alcohol for your own consumption and how much you can give away WHY IT FAILED 1. Weakly funded by congress a) Weakly funded b) there was not a federal agency that dedicated to enforce the law, but it was weakly funded so there c) was no money and it was not being enforced d) CONGRESS DID NOT CARE THAT MUCH ABOUT THE ACT 2. Fell to states and municipalities to enforce, again underfunded a) The FBI did not get the money to enforce it, so they ordered the state government to enforce it, but gave them no money b) The state did the same thing to the city and county government c) IT WAS NOT BEING ENFORCED 3. Organized crime grew powerful supplying BOOTLEG LIQUOR a) SPEAKEASIES of all types and qualities 4. Urban citizens violated the act

Who is the big 4 at Versailles

THE PRINCIPAL FIGURES IN THE NEGOTIATIONS WERE THE LEADERS OF THE VICTORIOUS ALLIED NATIONS: 1. David Lloyd George representing Great Britain 2. Georges Clemenceau representing France 3. Vittorio Orlando, the prime minister of Italy 4. Wilson, the president of the United States who hoped to dominate them all

Which of the 14 points did Wilson get at Versailles

STRUGGLED TO GET ANY AGREEMENT ON MOST OF THEM: Got LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1. Wilson only ends up getting one of his 14 points, the league of nations 2. NO PLAN ON HOW TO ENFORCE ANY OF THE LEAGUE'S DECISIONS a) No plan on how the League of nation would enforce the decision when someone breaks a rule b) The big 4 will not agree to a law enforcing branch of the league of nations c) if you don't follow the rules of the league, nothing happens to you d) Idealism: there should have been an enforcing branch e) league of nation is a confederacy 3. Wilson did manage to win some important victories in Paris in setting boundaries and dealing with former colonies a) He secured approval of a plan to place many former colonies and imperial possessions (among them Palestine) in "trusteeship" under the League of Nations, the so called mandate system b) He blocked a French proposal to break up western Germany into a group of smaller states c) But Wilson's most visible triumph and the one most important to him, was the creation of a permanent international organization to oversee world affairs and prevent future wars 4. On January 25, 1919, the Allies voted to accept the "covenant" of the League of nations and with that Wilson believed the peace treaty was transformed from a disappointment into a success a) Whatever mistakes and inequities had emerged from the peace conference, he was convinced, could be corrected by the League b) The covenant provided for an assembly of nations that would meet regularly to debate means of resolving disputes and protecting the peace c) Authority to implement League decisions would rest with a nine-member executive council; the United States would be one of five permanent members of the council, along with Britain, France, Italy, and Japan d) The covenant left many questions unanswered, most notably how the League would enforce its decisions e) Wilson, however, was confident that once established, the new organization would find suitable answers f) WILSON NEVER CHANGES HIS VIEWS EVEN THOUGH ALL OF HIS IDEAS GET SHOT DOWN g) he is too proud (his pride is his undoing) because he won't compromise because he is so sure he is right

What are some of the legal results of the red scare

1. An unexpected result of postwar turmoil was the emergence of a vigorous defense of civil liberties that not only discredited the Red Scare, but helped give new force of the Bill of Rights as well 2. The heavy-handed actions of the federal government after the war created a powerful backlash 3. It led to an organization committed to protecting civil liberties: the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) a) originally National Civil Liberties Bureau b) Launched in 1917 and remains a prominent institution today 4. At the same time, members of the Supreme Court, most notably Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis gradually moved toward a strong position of defense of unpopular speech 5. The clash of fighting faiths, Holmes wrote in a dissent in 1920, was best resolved by free trade in ideas that the best test of truth is the competition of the market a) This and other dissents eventually became law as other justices committed themselves to a robust defense of speech, however unpopular

What is the 5 power naval treaty

1. FIVE POWER NAVAL TREATY a) He brings the five major navy powers together b) They sign this treaty c) US, BRITAIN, FRANCE, JAPAN, AND ITALY 2. 10 year reduction in the production of new war ship production. a) An agreement for ten years to cut down on warship production 3. What practical reasons would the U.S. and other nations WANT to cut back on warship production for 10 years? a) Big navies cause a war, preventing war b) Use the money for the production of warships to cut taxes cuts the expenditures to cut taxes (trickle down) c) Harding wants supply side economics in the United States, not take it away from the poor to build warships d) Britain, France, and Italy are in ruins after the war e) if the united states, who has all of the money in the world, is going to cut production, that means that they can too and have money to rebuild cities and infrastructures f) Relieved tension among our peers that we were not going to conquer the world and they did not have to keep up their defense 3. Foreshadowing Japan is furious; they had to cut back more than UK, France & US a) The Japanese had to cut back their fleet by their percentage than the others and Japan is the only of the rest of the five that was not white b) This is so racists and Japan takes an offense to this c) they bomb Pearl Harbor because of this and treatment of Japanese immigrants d) AGREEMENT IS ONLY FOR 10 YEARS 4. OUTCOME: a) the budget is cut for the federal government b) less tension from militarism

What is the Federal Reserve System monetary policy

1. Fed had low PRIME RATE of INTEREST sparked buying (easy credit) a) prime rate: the amount of money the Federal Reserve charges the banks to loan money to them (the best rate of interest provided by the fed) b) this is how the government controls the circulation of currency c) the prime rate determines the interest rate (the amount of money the bank charges to loan money to people) d) The Fed is in the mix (it is not the government) e) If the prime rate is low, it is CHEAP MONEY (because it doesn't cost much to borrow so they can lend it for nothing) f) The biggest corporations also borrow money from the Fed which is how they can not charge people for interest in installment plans g) the banks low it to the people cheap and the people let is circulate h) Interest rates: borrowing money is cheap 2. more money is circulating in the 20s than the history of the world (the boom) 3. THIS IS THE FEDERAL RESERVE MONETARY SPENDING: LOWING THE PRIME RATE TO MAKE IT EASIER TO FOR THE PEOPLE TO BORROW MONEY AND MORE MONEY IS IN CIRCULATION 4. RESULTS: Increased spending and investment of excess income

Who said "14 points. Why God almighty only had 10 commandments

1. George Clemenceau on the 14 points, "14 Points, why God almighty only has 10 commandments!" 2 Wilson meets Mr. Cleanensua, the leader of France 3. they are very different a) saying who do you think you are b) Personally they got along fine, but the disagreed on policy

Boston police strike

1. In September there was a strike by the Boston police force, which was responding to layoffs and wage cuts demanding recognition of its union 2. Seattle had remained generally calm during its strike; but with its police off the job, Boston erupted in violence and looting 3. Efforts by local businessmen, veterans, and college students to patrol the streets proved ineffective; and finally Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order 5. His public statement that there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime attracted national acclaim 6. Eventually Boston officials dismissed the entire police force and hired a new one

What was the effects of the dance halls in the 1920s

1. In the booming, boisterous, consumer-oriented world of the 1920s, many Americans especially those living in urban areas, challenged the inhibitions of traditional public culture a) They looked instead for freedom, excitement, and release b) nowhere did they do so more vigorously and visibly than in the great dance halls that were proliferating in cities across the nation in these years 2. The dance craze that swept urban American in the 1920s and 1930s was a result of many things a) the great Africa American migration during World War I had helped bring new forms of jazz out of the South and into the urban North, where the phonograph and the radio popularized it b) the growth of a distinctive youth culture, and the increasing tendency of men and women to socialize together in public, created an audience for uninhibited, sexually titillating entertainment c) the relative prosperity of the 1920s enabled many you working class people to afford to spend evenings out d) And prohibition, by closing down most saloons and taverns limited their other options 3. Night after night, in big cities and small, young people flocked to dance halls to hear the powerful, pulsing new music, to revel in dazzling lights and ornate surroundings; to show off new clothes and hairstyles; and of course, most of all, to dance a) like the new movie palaces that were being built at the same time, many of the dance halls provided a sense of grandiosity and glamour b) some of the larger dance halls in the big cities, Roseland and the Savory in New York, the Trianon and the Aragon in Chicago, the Raymor in Boston, the Greystone in Detroit,and the Hollywood Paladium, and many others were truly cavernous, capable of accommodating thousands of couples at once c) Over 10% of the men and women between the ages of 17 and 40 in New York went dancing at least once a week, and the numbers were almost certainly comparable in other large cities 4. In large part, the music, which both its defenders and critics recognized as something very new in mainstream American culture, drew many people to dance halls 5. Dancing was a moral ruin (HIGHLY SEXUALLY CHARGED DANCING THAT WAS TAKEN TO THE FARTHEST DEGREE WAS NEW TO CULTURE), the Ladies Home Journal primly warned in 1921, prompting carelessness, recklessness, and laxity of moral responsibility with its direct appeal to the body's sensory centers a) Many young dancers might have agreed with the description, if not with the moral judgment b) jazz encouraged a kind of uninhibited, even frenetic dancing, expressive, athletic, sensual that young couples in particular, found extraordinarily exciting, a welcome release from the often staid worlds of family, school, or work c) Performances by some of the most famous bands and musicians of the day, Paul Whiteman, Ben Pollack, Fletcher Henderson, Bix Beiderbcke, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington already familiar to everyone through radio performances and recordings, drew enormous crowds 6. Some of the less savory halls also attracted dancers for illicit reasons, as sources of bootleg liquor or as places to buy drugs a) Taxi-dance ballrooms, which allowed men without their own partner to buy tickets to dance with "hostesses" or and "instructresses" were sometimes closed by municipal authorities for lewd dancing and prostitution b) managers of the larger ballrooms tried to distance themselves from the unsavory image of the taxi-dance halls by imposing dress codes and making at least some efforts, usually futile, to require "decorum" among their patrons 7. Dance halls were particularly popular with young men and women from working class, immigrant communities a) For them, going dancing was part of becoming American, a way to escape, even if momentarily the insular world of the immigrant neighborhood c) Their parents saw it that way too, and often tried to stop their children from going because they feared the dance halls would pull them out of the family and the community d) Going dancing was a chance to mingle with hundreds, sometimes thousands, of stranger of diverse backgrounds, and to participate in a cultural ritual that had no counterpart in ethnic cultures e) But dance halls were not melting pots f) African Americans, who flocked to ballrooms at least as eagerly as whites, usually gathered at clubs i black neighborhoods, where there were only occasional white patrons g) white working class people might encounter a large number of different ethnic groups in a great hall at once, but the groups did not mix very much h) In Chicago's Dreamland, for example, Italians congregated near the door, Poles near the band, and Jews in the middle of the floor i) Still, the experience of the dance hall, like the experience of the movie palace or the amusement park, drew people into the growing mass culture that was competing with and beginning to overwhelm the close knit ethnic cultures into which many young Americans had been born

What are the 3 fields that were effected by the cultural war

1. Labor 2. Education continued to increase 3. Women in the 20s

What does Lodge ask Wilson to compromise on to fix the treaty?

1. Lodge stalls and comes up with RESERVATIONS that if Wilson can compromise on them he'd get his Treaty uh League 2. Lodge can suggest changes before it goes to the Senate 3. STALLS Asks for Wilson to compromise on this: 1. WAR CLAUSE 2. Couple of other, less important

How was Feminism impacted by the backlash

1. On August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote, became part of the Constitution 2. To the women's suffrage movement, this was the culmination of nearly a century of struggle 3. To many progressives, who had seen the inclusion of women in the electorate as a way of bolstering their political strength, it seemed to promise new support for reform 4. In some respects, the amendment helped fulfill that promise 5. Because of woman suffrage, members of Congress concerned that women would vote as a bloc on the basis of women's issues, passed the Sheppard Towner Maternity and Infancy Act in 1921, one of the first pieces of federal welfare legislation that provided funds for supporting the health of women and infants 6. Concern about the women's vote also appeared to create support for the 1922 Cable Act, which granted women the rights of U.S. Citizenship independent of their husbands' status, and for the proposed (but never ratified) 1924 constitutional amendment to outlaw child labor 7. The Nineteenth Amendment marked less the beginning of era of reform than an ending

Does prohibition actually decrease the consumption of alcohol

1. Rural and middle class, urban protestants continued to support, but losing battle a) Most people obeyed the law and drank less or not at all b) These people were totally against drinking and thought that it would cause more problems, even with all of the problems 2. Many middle class progressives who had originally supported prohibition soon soured on the experiment a) if you lived in the country, you were not affected by the urban violence and wanted the amendment b) People who lived in the urban area wanted to get rid of it c) Rural are losing the argument to the urban as the power shifts to the urban people 3. But an enormous constituency of provincial largely rural, Protestant American continued vehemently to defend it a) opponents of prohibition (or wets as they came to be known) gained steadily in influence b) Not until 1933, however, when the Great Depression added weight to their appeals, were they finally able effectively to challenge the drys and win repeal of the 18th Amendment 4. PROHIBITION IS ULTIMATELY REPEALED a) Prohibition happens the same time that women are getting ready to become widely independent and so they start to ignore the Volstead act in an effort to become equal to men b) THE 21 TH AMENDMENT REPEALS THE 18TH AMENDMENT c) part of the reason it was repealed in 1933 was because it was the lowest point in the depression, but because the alcohol companies will start hiring again d) there are also multiply reasons to repeal it e) the cons out way the pros

how does the united states get involved in the Russian civil war

1. Russia, whose new new Bolshevik government was still fighting "White" counterrevolutionaries was unrepresented in Paris, but the radical threat it seemed to pose to Western governments was never far from the minds of any of the delegates, least of all Wilson himself 2. Not long before he came to Paris, Wilson ordered the landing of American troops in the Soviet Union a) They were official there to help a group of 60,000 Czech soldiers trapped in Russia to escape, but the Americans soon became involved, at least indirectly in assisting the White Russians (the anti-Bolsheviks) in their fight against the new regime Some American troops remained in Russia as late as April 1920 3. Lenin's regime survived these challenges 4. Wilson refused to recognize the new government 5. Diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were not restored until 1933 6. THE 14 POINTS WERE ALSO AN ANSWER TO THE NEW BOLSHEVIK GOVERNMENT IN RUSSIA: a) In December 1917, Lenn had issued his own statement of war aims, strikingly similar to Wilson's b) Wilson's announcement, which came just three weeks later, was among other things, a last-minute (and unsuccessful )effort to persuade the Bolshevik regime to keep Russia in the war c) But Wilson also realized that Lenin was now a competitor in the effort to lead the postwar order d) And he announced the 14 points in part to ensure that the world looked to the United States, not Russia for guidance

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

1. The red scare led to an organization committed to protecting civil liberties: the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) a) originally National Civil Liberties Bureau b) Launched in 1917 and remains a prominent institution today still exist today 2. It is an association of lawyers 3. Primary job is to protect citizens from encroachment/trespass of the government upon their rights a) The ACLU defenses in court people whose rights they think have been trespass by some government law or action b) a civil right has been violated by the government c) defense people with the government against them d) Clarence Darrow was the most famous defense attorneys of all time

What is the welfare capitalism

1. The remarkable economic growth was accompanied by a continuing and in some areas even increasing maldistribution of wealth and purchasing power 2. More than two-thirds of the American people in 1929 lived at no better than what one major study described as the minimum comfort level a) half of those languished at or below the level of subsistence and poverty 3. America industrial workers experienced both the successes and the failures of the 1920s as much as any other group a) One the one had, most workers saw their standard of living rise during the decade, many enjoyed greatly improved working conditions and other benefits 4. Some employers in the 1920s, eager to avoid disruptive labor unrest and the growth of independent trade unions, adopted paternalistic techniques that came to be known as WELFARE CAPITALISM a) Henry Ford, for example shortened the workweek, raised wages and instituted paid vacations b) U.S. steel made conspicuous improve safety and sanitation in its factories c) For the first time, some workers became eligible for pensions on retirement, nearly 3 million by 1926 d) Women workers in such companies tended to receive other kinds of benefits, less often pensions, more often longer rest periods and vacations 5. When labor grievances surfaced despite these efforts, workers could voice them through the so-called company unions that were emerging in many industries a) These worker's councils and shop committees, organized by the corporations themselves and thus without the independence later unions demanded b) Welfare capitalism brought many workers important economic benefits, but it did not help them gain any real control over their own fates c) Company unions were feeble vehicles, forbidden in most industries to raise the issues most important to workers d) And welfare capitalism survived only as long as industry prospered 6. After 1929, with the economy in crisis, the system quickly collapsed a) Welfare capitalism affected only a relatively small number of workers in any case b) Most employers were interested primarily in keeping their labor costs to a minimum c) Workers as a whole therefore, received wage increases at a rate far below the increases in production and profits d) Unskilled workers in particular, saw their wages increased almost imperceptibly, by only a little over 2% between 1920 and 1926 7. In the end, American workers in the late 1920s remained a relatively impoverished and powerless group a) Their wages rose; but the average annual income of a worker remained below $1,500 a year when cent standard of living b) Only by relying on the earnings of several family members at once could many working class families make ends meet c) And almost all such families had to live with the very real possibility of one or more members losing their jobs unemployment was lower in the 1920s than it had been in the previous two decades, and much lower than it would be in the 1930s d) But a large proportion of the workforce (estimated at 5-7% at any given time) was out of work for a least some period during the decade, in part because the rapid growth of industrial technology made many jobs obsolete

Chicago Race Riots 1919

1. The wartime riots in East St. Louis and elsewhere were a prelude to a summer of much worse racial violence in 1919 2. In Chicago, a black teenage swimming in Lake Michigan on a hot July day happened to drift toward a white beach a) Whites on shore allegedly stoned him unconscious he sank and drowned b) Angry blacks gathered in crowds and marched into white neighborhoods to retaliate; white formed even larger crowds and roamed into black neighborhoods shooting, stabbing, and beating passerby, destroying homes and properties 3. For more than a week, Chicago was virtually at war 4. In the end, 38 people died, 15 whites and 23 blacks and 537 were injured; over 1,000 people were left homeless 5. The Chicago riot was the worst but not the only racial violence during the so-called red summer of 1919; in all, 120 people died in such racial outbreaks in little more than three months a) Racial violence, and even racially motivated urban riots, was not new b) Racial violence, and even racially motivated urban riots was not new c) The deadliest race riot in American history had occurred in New York during the civil war d) But the 1919 riots were different in one respect: they did not just involve white people attacking blacks; they also involved blacks fighting back

What was labor like the 1920s

1. Union membership up, but labor pay not so much; violent strikes a) Union membership is up, but pay is down 2. Young, single women working; married still mostly stay at home a) Telephone operator biggest employer b) More office jobs as typists and receptionists c) Men who used to do office jobs, now "traveling salesmen" on the road

What is Wilson's last appeal to the American people? How does this end for him?

1. Wilson to his credit and determent was prideful and ends up being his downfall a) so his dream, treaty, and U.S. leading the world and no more wars is not going to be ratified by the senate b) The Irreconcilable and the supporters do not have the votes to win and must swing the votes 3. WILSON TAKES THE FIGHT TO THE PEOPLE 4. Becomes clear Wilson will lose the vote: WHISTLE STOP TOUR a) AT THIS POINT (WHEN THE RESERVATIONS AMENDMENTS WERE ADDED) WILSON MIGHT STILL HAVE WON APPROVAL IF HE HAD AGREED TO SOME RELATIVELY MINOR CHANGES IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE TREATY b) BUT THE PRESIDENT REFUSED TO YIELD WHEN HE REALIZED THE SENATE WOULD NOT BUDGE, HE DECIDED TO APPEAL TO THE PUBLIC 5. Whistle Stop Tour: the train blows the Whistle to warn people so they can board the train a) the train stops at every town along the way b) Wilson makes a passionate apply on the stop c) Wilson embarked on a grueling, crossing country speaking tour to arouse public support for the treaty d) In a little more than three weeks, he traveled over 8,000 miles by train, speaking as often as four times a day, resting hardly at all e) Finally, he reached the end of his strength 6. STROKE: a) After speaking at Pueblo, Colorado, on September 25, he collapsed with severe headaches b) Canceling the rest of his itinerary, he rushed back to Washington, where a few days later, he suffered a major stroke c) Rushed back to Washington and looked into his room (no one is allowed in d) Questions from the press about this e) Wilson was in and out of consciousness and struggling with his mental abilities f) VP SHOULD HAVE BECOME PRESIDENT, BUT HE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO SEE HIM g) NEITHER WAS THE CHIEF SUPREME COURT JUSTICE, THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE, SENATE MAJORITY LEADER h) People slid notes under his door for his opinion and they were responded to i) Notes were slid out from the door on instructions j) For two weeks he was close to death for six weeks more, he was so seriously ill that he could conduct virtually no public business k) His wife and his doctor formed an almost impenetrable barrier around him, shielding him from any official pressures that might impede his recovery, preventing the public from receiving any accurate information about the gravity of his condition 7. Edith Wilson serves as president for awhile a) After he leaves office, the white house staff begin to leak information to news people and biographers b) Later be discovered that Edith Wilson, his wife, was actually serving as president of the United States c) She was signing notes d) IT WAS NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL e) The first lady was highly intelligent and did not do anything that was not constitutional f) Nothing impeachable or criminal about her actions g) History loves that a woman did a good job as president for a while 8. Eventually, he comes out and his debilitated Wilson ultimately recovered enough to resume a limited official schedule, but he was essentially an invalid for the remaining 18 months of his presidency a) His left side was partially paralyzed; more important, like many stroke victims, he had only partial control of his mental and emotional state b) His condition only intensified what had already been his strong tendency to view public issues in moral terms and to resist any attempts at compromise 8. Later the constitution is amended to say that if the president is suspected of being incapable, he has to be observed by the supreme court justice, the speaker of the house, cabinet members, and certain senators to decide if they will be competent a) the condition under with the vp shall become president b) History is still undecided about Wilson

What was the debate over the freedom of the seas

1. Wilson wants everyone to believe the same thing (because the government passed the law and the government is always better than the peoples) 2. Europe is afraid of another war 3. Wilson says there will be no more war 4. THE BRITISH REFUSED TO EVEN DISCUSS

What is nativism like after WWI

1. agitation for a curb on foreign immigrants to the United States had begun in the 19th century; and like prohibition movement it had gathered strength in the years before the war largely because of the support of middle class progressives a) such concerns had not be sufficient in the first years of the century to win passage of curbs on immigration; too many employers fought to keep low-paid immigrant workers flooding into the country b) But in the troubled and repressive years immediately following the war, many old-stock Americans began to associate immigration with radicalism 2. Sentiment on behalf of restriction grew rapidly as a result In 1921, Congress passed an emergency immigration act ,establishing a quota system by which annual immigration from any country could not exceed 3% of the number of persons of that nationality who had been in the United States in 1910 a) The new law cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,00 in any single year, but nativists remained unsatisfied and pushed for a harsher law 3. THE NATIONAL ORIGINS ACT OF 1924: a) strengthened the exclusionist provision of the 1921 law b) It banned immigration from east Asia entirely c) That provision deeply angered the Japanese who understood that they were the principal target; Chinese immigration had been illegal since 1882 d) The law also reduced the quota for Europeans form 3% to 2% e) The quota would be based, moreover, not on the 1910 census, but on the census of 1890, a year in which there had been many fewer southern and eastern Europeans in the country f) What immigration there was, in other words, would heavily favor northwestern Europeans, people of Nordic or Teutonic stock g) Five years later, a further restriction set a rigid limit of 150,000 immigrants a year h) In the years that followed, immigration officials seldom permitted even half that number actually to enter the country 4. But the nativism of the 1920s extended well beyond restricting immigration a) Among other things, this nativism helped instigate the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan as a major force in American society

David Stephenson

1. the Klan declined quickly after 1925, when a series of internal power struggles and several sordid scandals discredited some of its most important leaders 2. The most damaging episode involved David Stephenson, head of the Indiana Klan, who raped a young secretary, kidnapped her, and watched her die rather than call a doctor after she swallowed poison 3. The Klan staggered on in some areas into the 1930s, but by World War II it was effectively dead 4. The postwar KKK which still survives, is modeled on but has no direct connection to the Klan of the 1920s and 1930s

What are the causes and effects of the Scopes Monkey Trial

1925 SCOPES "MONKEY" TRIAL a) Teaching evolution vs creationism in public schools b) Monkey Is because it is about evolution 1. FUNDAMENTALISM vs. SCIENCE (above) a) Argument between fundamentalism vs science again 2. Tenn. state law no EVOLUTION taught in public schools a) In Tennessee in March 1925, the legislature adopted a measure making it illegal for any public school teacher to teach nay theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible b) The Tennessee law attracted the attention of the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union, which had been founded in 1920 by men and women alarmed by the repressive legal and social climate of World War I and its aftermath c) the ACLU offered free counsel to any Tennessee educator willing to defy the law and become the defendant in a test case d) A twenty-four-year old biology teacher in the town of Dayton, John T. Scropes agreed to have himself arrested e) it is illegal to teach evolution f) Their biology books talked about creationism g) Adam and eve h) John Scopes is going to violate that law with his sophomore biology class i) he does it on purpose like Plessy vs Ferguson j) is whole idea was to get arrested and have a public trial so there would be a court trial about teaching evolution in public schools 3. Local court case on radio to whole nation a) it is broadcaster across the whole country because of the newspaper and the radio b) IT IS NOT A SUPREME COURT CASE c) But as soon as urban america heard that a public school taught creationism, they found it hilarious and wanted to know more d) NATIONAL NEWSPAPER COVERAGE e) Journalists from across the country flocked to Tennessee to cover what became known as THE MONKEY TRIAL which opened in an almost circus like atmosphere 4. Philly. newspaper sponsored Scopes' defense: A.C.L.U. lawyer a) And when the ACLU decided to send the famous attorney CLARENCE DARROW to defend Scopes, the aging William Jennings Bryan (now an important fundamentalist spokesman) announced that he would travel to Dayton to assist the prosecution b) They called this the first trial of the century c) Outcome did not affect the entire country, but there is general interests which is why it is a trial of the century d) America found it hysterical that there were places in the world that still taught creationism in biology e) People wanted to see the fundamentalist argument against the accepted theory of evolution f) A Philadelphia newspaper, to fuel the fire, sponsored Scopes defense and hired the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) 5. Tenn. prosecutor was the unofficial leader of the Fundamentalist movement a) William Jennings Bryan b) Tennessee lawyer was America's most famous man to not be elected president c) He was a major political figure under Wilson d) Came to be the prosecutor 6. Scorpius had of course clearly violated the law, and the verdict of guilty was a foregone conclusion, especially when the judge refused to permit expert testimony by evolution scholars a) Scopes was fined $100 and the case was ultimately dismissed in a higher court because of a technicality b) Nevertheless, Darrow scored an important victory for the modernist by calling Bryan himself to the stand to testify as an expert of the Bible c) In the course of the cross examination, which was broadcast by radio to much of the nation, Darrow made Bryan's stubborn defense of biblical truths appear foolish and finally tricked him into admitting the possibility that not all religious dogma was subject to only one interpretation 7. Scopes lost, nothing changed modern Americans laughing at old fashioned Fundamentalism a) Scopes losts, got fined a hundred dollars and disappears into history b) When the trial was over, nothing changed c) People made fun of Tennessee for being fundamentalist, BUT NOTHING CHANGED d) neither side had the majority at the time, changed as education increases e) The Scopes trial was a traumatic experience for many fundamentalists f) It isolated and ultimately excluded them from many mainstream Protestant denominations g) It helped put an end to much of their political activism h) But it did not change their religious convictions i) Even without connection to traditional denominations, fundamentalists continued to congregate in independent churches or new denominations of their own

What is the impact of the 19th amendment on women? What is the feminist movement?

19th amendment + general "FEMINIST" MOVEMENT impact on educated, urban women (not so much rural) a) FEMINIST MOVEMENT: the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. (equal rights for women in all areas of legal, moral, social life in America ) b) THE 1920S VALIDATE THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT c) Feminist movement is not new, it has been going on for years every generation of women has been taking about this for you d) This generation was impacted by many factors e) women could vote nationally and for all political offices, elected Harding 1. WWIIWWII influence on single, urban, working class women: $ a) Young women worked in the factories and had money b) They no longer had to please the men in order to get a man to marry because they had the ability to survive on their own 2 . The realization that the new woman was as much myth as reality inspired some American feminists to continue their crusade for reform 3. The NATIONAL WOMAN'S PARTY, under the leadership of Alice Paul, pressed on with its campaign to make the Equal Rights Amendment, first proposed in 1923, a part of the Constitution, although it found little support in Congress (and met continued resistance from other feminist groups) 4. Nevertheless women's organizations and female political activities grew in many ways in the 1920s 5. Responding to the suffrage victory, women organized the League of Women Voters and the women's auxiliary of both the Democratic and Republican Parties 6. Female-dominated consumer groups grew rapidly and increased the range and energy of their efforts 7. Women activists won a significant triumph in 1921, when they helped secure passage in Congress of a measure in keeping with the traditional feminist goal of securing protective legislation for women: THE SHEPPARD-TOWNER ACT a) it provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child health care programs b) From the start, however, the bill produced controversy c) Alice Paul and her supporters opposed the measure, arguing that it classified all women as mothers d) Margaret Sanges objection was that the new programs would discourage birth control efforts e) More important, The American Medical Association fought Sheppard Towner, warning that it would introduce untrained outsiders into the health-care field f) In 1929, Congress terminate the program 8. This generation of women was the most educated compared to earlier generations a) Graduated from all women universities, but were not being hired b) ONLY THE URBAN UPPER CLASS WOMEN WERE EDUCATED AT HIGHER LEVELS AND WENT TO SCHOOL FOR 12 YEARS c) The rural women were always educated but they went to school for 6 or 7 years

How were African Americans disillusioned post war?

AA DISILLUSIONED 1. Service had no impact on white attitudes; black vets lynched even a) The nearly 400,000 black men who had served in the armed forces during the war came home in 1919 and marched down the main streets of the industrial cities with other returning troops b) And then (in New York and other cities), they marched again through the streets of black neighborhoods such as Harlem, led by jazz bands, cheered by thousands of African Americans, worshiped as heroes c) The black soldiers were an inspiration to thousands of urban African Americans, a sign they thought that a new age had come, that the glory of black heroism in the war would make it impossible for white society ever again to treat African Americans as less than equal citizens d) In fact, that black soldiers had fought in the war had almost no impact on white attitudes e) But it did have a profound effect on black attitudes; it accentuated African American bitterness and increased black determination to fight for their rights f) For soldiers, there was an expectation of some social reward for their service g) For many other African Americans, the war had raised economic expectations, as they moved into industrial and other jobs vacated by white workers, jobs to which they had previously had no access Just as black soldiers expected their military service to enhance their social status, so black factory workers regarded their move north as an escape from racial prejudice and an opportunity for economic gain 2. African Americans moving north to make more money expected less racism, but they were wrong. 3. CAUSED BY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES a) African american ghettos are much larger in size than before 4. By 1919, the racial climate had become savage and murderous a) In the South, there was a sudden increase in lynchings: more than 70 blacks, some of the war veterans, died at the hands of white mobs in 1919 alone b) In the North, black factory workers faced widespread layoffs as returning white veterans displaced them from their jobs c) African Americans veterans found no significant new opportunities for advancement d) Rural black migrants to northern cities encountered white communities unfamiliar with a generally hostile to them; and as whites became convinced that black workers with lower wage demands were hurting them economically, animosity grew rapidly 5. AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE LYNCHED STILL WEARING THEIR UNIFORMS 6. CHICAGO RIOT IS THE ICON OF THE RACE RIOTS IN THE 191

How does the agricultural industry expand in 1920

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PLIGHT OF THE FARMER: 1. Like Industry, American agriculture in the 1920s was embracing new technologies for increasing production the number of tractors on American farms, for example, quadrupled during the 1920s, especially after they began to be powered by internal combustion engines (like automobiles) rather than by the cumbersome steam engines of the past 2. They helped to open 25 million new acres to cultivation 3. Increasingly sophisticated combines and harvesters were proliferating, helping make it possible to produce more crops with fewer workers 4. Agricultural researchers were already at work on other advances that would later transform food production in America and around the world: a) the invention of hybrid corn (make possible by advances in genetic research), which became available to farmers in 1921 but was not grown in great quantities until the 1930s and the creation of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which also began to have limited use in the 1920s but proliferated quicky in the 1930s and 1940s b) The new technologies greatly increased agricultural productivity both in the United States and in other parts of the world 5. But the demand for agricultural goods was not rising as fast as production a) The results were substantial surpluses, a disastrous decline in food prices, and a severe drop in farmers' income beginning early in the 1920s b) More than 3 million people left agriculture altogether in the course of the decade c) Of those who remained, many lost ownership of their lands and had to rent instead from banks or other landlords

Who was Claude McKay and what poem did he write? What was the Black nationalist movement that went with it

Black Poet Claude McKay "If We Must Die" Theme is Hon 1. The poet Claude McKay, one of the major figures of what would shortly be known as the Harlem Renaissance wrote a poem after the Chicago riot called "If we must die" a) "Like men we'll face the murderous cowardly pack. Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back" 2. MARCUS GARVEY'S BLACK NATIONALISM: a) At the same time, a Jamaican, Marcus Garvey, began to attract a wide American following, mostly among poor urban blacks with an ideology of black nationalism b) Garvey encouraged African Americans to take pride in their own achievements and to develop an awareness of their African heritage, to reject assimilation into white society and develop pride in what Garvey argued was their own superior race and culture. c) His United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) launched a chain of black-owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses d) Eventually, Garvey began urging his supporters to leave America and return to Africa, where they could create a new society of their own e) In the 1920s, the Garvey movement experienced explosive growth fro a time; and the UNIA became notable for its mass rallies and parades for the opulent uniforms of its members, and for the growth of its enterprises f) It began to decline, however after Garvey was indicted in 1923 on charges of business fraud g) He was deported to Jamaica two years later h) But the allure of black nationalism, which he helped make visible to millions of African Americans, survived in black culture long after Garvey himself was gone

Steel Workers strike

DEFEATED 1. In September 1919, the greatest strike in American history began when 350,000 steelworkers in several eastern and midwestern cities walked off the job, demanding an eight hour day and recognition of their union 2. The steel strike was long, bitter, and violent, most of the violence coming from employers, who hired armed guards to disperse picket lines and escort strike breakers into factories 3. It climaxed in a riot in Gary, Indiana, in which eighteen strikers were killed a) Steel executives managed to keep most plants running with nonunion labor, and public opinion was so hostile to the stickers that the AFL having a first endorsed the strike, soon timidly reputed it b) By January, the strike had collapsed c) it was a setback from which organized labor would not recover for more than a decade

What is the government's monetary policies? What does Harding's impact on taxes have to do with it

Government MONETARY POLICIES practiced SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS: TRICKLE-DOWN 1. President Harding cut to level taxes from 70% (during war) to ~35% a) The government is going to lower taxes after the progressives (who had tax levels near 70% during the war) progressive plan: tax and spend (government takes away money from the wealth and spends it on what they want to) b) Cuts the wealth tax rate in half c) Means more money in circulation 2. Increased spending on investment in stock market and business expansion with excess income a) The government wants to help during the 1920s because of the economic boom b) increase in expansion and new business c) the demand is high for business because of competition d) they need new customers e) TRICKLE DOWN IS CONSIDER AN ECONOMIC MULTIPLIER 3. WE HAVE 3 CONSERVATIVE PRESIDENTS WHO PRACTICE SUPPLY SIDE ECONOMICS/ OR TRICKLE DOWN a) the government lets the rich keep their money with the idea that the money will slide down in the form of investments (jobs, pay raises, promotions) 4. GOVERNMENT MONETARY POLICIES (LOWERING TAXES ON THE WEALTHY TO INCREASE MONEY CIRCULATION a) hopefully increase money for the middle and lower class 5. RESULTS: Increased spending and investment of excess income

Which of the 14 point did Wilson not get?

Lost on: 1. REPARATIONS from Germany; later destroyed their economy 2. Freedom of the seas 3. SELF-DETERMINATION WHAT WAS WRONG: 4. There were serious flaws in Wilson's 14 points a) He provided no formula for deciding how to implement the "national self-determination" he promised for subjugated peoples b) He said little about economic rivalries and their effect on international relations, even though such economic tensions had been in large part responsible for the war c) Nevertheless, Wilson's international vision quickly came to enchant not only much of his own generation (in both America and Europe), but also members of generations to come d) It reflected his belief, strongly rooted in the ideas of progressivism, that the world was as capable of just and efficient government as were individual nations; that once the international community accepted certain basic principles of conduct, and once it constructed modern institutions to implement them, the human race could live in peace

What were the new nations created? How did this affect Wilson's self determination?

MAP REDRAWN: 1. CZECHO/SLOVAKIA (especially the SUDENTENLAND) a) He helped design the creation of two new nations: Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, which were welded together out of, among other territories, pieces of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire b) Czech and the slovakians do not like each other becomes Czechoslovakia c) the Sudetenland is taken from Germany (hitler mad about later) to Czechoslovakia 2. YUGOSLAVIA a) Yugoslavia is created as new country including Serbia, Creasia, and Bosnia b) the Serbia's and the Bosnia's (they do not like each other) 3. POLAND: USSR & Germany lost land on that they redraw the map of Europe a) Poland is created out of the USSR and Germany (loses more land) b) puts Poles, Prussians, Russians, and Germans together (who no one likes) 4. Austria and Hungary are their own countries 5. THEY CREATE COUNTRIES OUT OF PEOPLE THAT HATE ONE ANOTHER a) They thought if all of these little kingdoms would have self determination that it would cause more wars 6. DESPITE HIS SUPPORT FOR IMPARTIAL MEDIATION OF COLONIAL CLAIMS, HE WAS FORCED TO ACCEPT A TRANSFER OF GERMAN COLONIES IN THE PACIFIC TO JAPAN, the British had promised them in exchange for Japanese assistance in the war 7. Wilson's PLEDGE OF NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ALL PEOPLES SUFFERED NUMEROUS ASSAULTS a) ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC DEMANDS WERE CONSTANTLY COMING INTO CONFLICT WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM

What is the effect the auto industry have on the economic boom

Mass produced Auto- escape from parents or stress of city/work, do what you want THE CAR IS THE ECONOMIC MULTIPLIER OF THE 20TH CENTURY a) because of the effects, of the effects, of the effects b) There is a huge amount of jobs created with the production of the car and use, and travel c) Motels, car production, diners, mechanics, road creation and care, amusement parks (CONY ISLAND), car dealerships, destinations, entertainment industries, drive in movies, 1. The automobile industry as a result of the development of the assembly line and other innovations, now became one of the most important industries in the nation 2. It stimulated growth in many related industries as well 3. ASSEMBLY LINE, PRICES FELL (AND WITH INSTALLMENT BUYING, MANY PURCHASES) a) Above all, Americans bought automobiles b) By the end of the decade, there were more than 30 million cars on American roads 4. EFFECTS OF EFFECTS OF EFFECTS (CAR DEALERSHIPS, MECHANICS, PAVED ROADS, MOTELS, FAST FOOD DINERS, ATTRACTIONS) MORE a) jobs and more money available to workers b) The auto manufactures purchased the products of steel, rubber, glass, and tool companies c) Auto owners bought gasoline from the oil corporations d) Road construction in response to the proliferation of motor vehicles became an important industry e) The increased mobility the automobile made possible increased the demand for suburban housing, fueling a boom in the construction industry f) The automobile affected American life in countless ways g) It greatly expanded the geographical horizons of millions of people who in the past had seldom ventured very far from their homes h) Rural men and women, in particular, found in the automobile a means of escaping the isolation of farm life; now they could visit friends or drive into town quickly and more or less at will, rather than spending hours traveling by horse or foot j) City dwellers found in the automobile an escape from the congestion of urban life k) Weekend drives through the countryside became a staple of urban leisure l) Many families escaped the city in a permanent sense: by moving to the new suburbs that were rapidly growing up around large cities in response to the ease of access the automobile had created m) The automobile also transformed the idea of vacations In the past, the idea of traveling for pleasure had been a luxury reserved for the wealthy 5. How many middle class and even working class people could aspire to travel considerable distances for vacations which were a new concept for most men and women in this era many businesses and industries began to include paid vacation among their employee benefits; and many employers encouraged their vacationing workers to travel, on the assumption that a change of scene would help restore their energy and vigor at work a) For young people in families affluent enough to afford a car, the automobile was often a means of a different kind of escape b) It allowed them to move easily away from parents and family and to develop social lives of their own c) It contributed to one of the distinctive developments of

What was the Palmer raids? What was the reason behind them and their impact

Mitchell ordered Hoover to start the PALMER RAIDS a) he order hoovers to find the reds b) Hoover asks Michell what are the rules (should we follow the constitution) c) Mitchell tells him to not let the people have any of their rights d) THIS IS HIS BIG MISTAKE 1. Tell him to deport all suspected reds 2. 1919-1920 IS THE RED SCARE a) Perhaps the greatest contribution to the Red Scare came from the federal government 3. On New Year's Day 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and his ambitious assistant J. Edgar Hoover, orchestrated a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested more than 6,000 people a) The Palmer Raids had been intended to uncover large caches of weapons and explosives; they discovered only three pistols b) Most of those arrested were ultimately released, but about 500 who were not American citizens were summarily deported 3. FORGOT 1ST, 4TH, 5TH AND 6TH AMENDMENT RIGHTS a) get them and get them out b) CIVIL RIGHTS ARE VIOLATED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR SUSPECTED RADICALS c) They are deported d) It worked and forced the radicals to go underground 4. ATTORNEY GENERAL'S JOB IS TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF AMERICANS a) he is taking away the rights of the radicals supporting the antiradicals b) It is the same thing with suspected terrorist

What happens to the unions post war? What violence and strikes does this cause

Modest union wage gains wiped out 1. the unions that made some modest money during the war had their savings wiped out and their standard of living lower 2. There was a huge economic crash as a result 3. In this unpromising economic environment, leaders of organized labor set out to consolidate the advances they had made in the war, which now seemed in danger of being lost 4. The raging inflation of 1919 wiped out the modest wage gains workers had achieved during the war; many laborers worried about job security as hundreds of thousands of veterans returned to the workforce; arduous working conditions such as the twelve house workday in the steel industry continued to a source of discontent 5. Employers aggravated the resentment by using the end of the war (and the end of government controls) to rescind benefits they had been forced to give workers in 1917 and 1918, most notably recognition of union 6. VIOLENT STRIKES EVERYWHERE (industry had made HUGE profits; wanted some of that gravy to spill out on their taters. a) violet strikes between workers in unions b) There are stregated unions at this time c) the year 1919, therefore saw an unprecedented wave of strikes, more than 3,6000 in all involving over 4 million workers 7. In January a walkout by shipyard workers in Seattle, Washington, evolved into a general strike that brought the entire city almost to a standstill a) The mayor requested and received the assistance of U.S. Marines to keep the city running, and eventually the strike failed b) But the brief success of a general strike, something Americans associated with Europeans radicals, made the Seattle incident reverberate loudly throughout the country 8. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE: 9. STEELWORKERS' STRIKE DEFEATED:

How does the NAACP tell African Americans to deal with the racial intolerance

NAACP advocated fighting back in self-defense; more violence 1. NAACP signaled this change by urging African Americans not just to demand government protection, but also to retaliate to defend themselves 2. NAACP told African Americans to fight back and defend themselves which only made the race riots worse 3. VIOLENCE ESCALATES BETWEEN WHITE TO BLACK AND BLACK TO WHITE

how do the European people react to Wilson's visit

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: 1. Wilson arrived in Europe to a welcome such as few men in history have experienced a) to the war weary people of the Continent, he was nothing less than a savior, the man who would create a new and better world b) When he entered Paris on December 13, 1918, he was greeted some observers claimed, by the largest crowd in the history of France c) The negotiations themselves however, proved less satisfying

What is Parity

PARITY: A FAIR PRICE FOR FARM PRODUCTS 1. in response, some farmers began to demand relief in the form of government price supports 2. One price-raising scheme in particular came to dominate agrarian demands: the idea of parity 3. PARITY WAS A COMPLICATED FORMULA FOR SETTING AN ADEQUATE PRICE FOR FARM GOODS AND ENSURING THAT FARMERS WOULD EARN BACK AT LEAST THEIR PRODUCTION COSTS NO MATTER HOW THE NATIONAL OR WORLD AGRICULTURAL MARKET MIGHT FLUCTUATE 4. Champions of parity urged high tariffs against foreign agricultural goods and a government commitment to buy surplus domestic crops at parity and sell them abroad at whatever the market would bring 5. The legislative expression of the demand for the parity was the McNARY-HAUGEN BILL named after its two principal sponsors in Congress and introduced repeatedly between 1924 and 1928 a) In 1926 and again in 1928, Congress (where farm interests enjoyed disproportionate influence) approved a bill requiring parity for grain, cotton, tobacco, and rice, but President Coolidge vetoed it both ti

What is the economic and racial strife in America during the post war years

POST WAR 1919 TO 1920 1. There is racial and ethnic strife in the country Nativism and racial intolerance is awful in the post war era 2. The Great Migration occurred from 1915-1920 a) Millions of African Americans migrated north into crowded cities for jobs b) When the war ended and the white boys come home to fine African Americans in their jobs and homes creates a problems c) African Americans ended up on the bad end on white hatred and loose homes and jobs 3. Even during the Paris Peace Conference, many Americans were less concerned about international matters than about turbulent events at home a) The American economy experienced a severe postwar recession b) And much of middle-class America responded to demands for change with a fearful, conservative hostility c) The aftermath of war brought not the age of liberal reform that progressives had predicted, but a period of repression and reaction ECONOMIC AND RACIAL STRIFE: 1. Price controls ended; inflation raged on scarce consumer goods 2. Modest union wage gains wiped out 3. Violent strikes everywhere (industry had made HUGE profits; wanted some of that gravy to spill out on their taters. 4. Huge economic crash 100,000 businesses bankrupt 5. Race riots, lynching everywhere; Chicago beach, kid stoned and drown

Who were the 1920s presidents? What did they do

PRESIDENTS OF THE ROARSING 20S: 1. Harding 2. Coolidge 3. Hoover 1. They are a backlash from the progressive presidents and congress a) it was 20 years of progressivism for 20 and people had enough and went back to conservative for 10 years b) People were tired of being taxed by the government so heavily c) They lowered the tax 2. HARDING is remembered because his cabinet members were corrupt and they stole hundreds of millions of dollars from the government a) He is not remembered very foundly because of this b) He pretends he doesn't know what they are doing 3. COOLIDGE is remember for vetoing the farm support deal a) his nickname is silent cow (even though he is one of the most quoted presidents) cause he hardly talked at all, but when he did speak it was memorable 4. HOOVER would/should have been a great president, but the stock market crashes and the great depression started and that is what he is remembered for a) he was one of the most qualified men every picked as president b) He will be remembered as a failure because of this

What does the government do to the price controls after the war? What effect does this have

Price controls ended; inflation raged on scarce consumer goods 1. Government set price controls during the war because of the scarcity of materials caused by the need of food, cloth, and steel needed for the war 2. In order to prevent inflation from shortage of products, the government set price control 3. Inflation raised because their was still a shortage of materials, but the government believed that the price controls were no longer needed 4. The brief postwar boom was accompanied by raging inflation, a result in part of the rapid abandonment of wartime price controls 5. Through most of 1919 and 1920, prices rose at an average of more than 15% a year 6. Finally late in 1920, the economic bubble burst, as many of the temporary forces that had created it disappeared and as inflation began killing the market for consumer goods 7. Between 1920 and 1921, the gross national product (GNP) declined nearly 10%; 100,000 businesses went bankrupt; 453,000 farmers lost their land; nearly 5 million Americans lost their jobs

how were Americans divided about the treaty

Public sentiment favored ratification; Irish upset, no provision for them to be free. 1. They thought that the United States leading the League of Nation was a good idea 2. Their were reservation: Irish a) do not support Wilson (reservationist) b) They are controlled by the English and there's nothing that sets them free c) Even more upset that their country is not free d) The U.S. lost a lot and needed to make sure that no European war cost of this much again 3. Public sentiment clearly favored ratification, so at first Lodge could do little more than play for time a) When the document reached his committee, he spent two weeks slowly reading aloud each word of its 300 pages; ten he held six weeks of public hearings to air the complaints of every disgruntled minority (Irish Americans, for example, angry that the settlement made no provision for an independent Ireland) b) Gradually, Lodge's general opposition to the treaty crystallized into a series of reservations amendments to the League covenant limiting Americans obligations to the organization

Why dud they argue over reparations? How did this impact Germany's economy?

REPARATIONS from Germany; later destroyed their economy 1. Tried to get the other big three to not punish the instigator 2. Did not think that reparation was a good idea because if you punish them harshly, Germany will want revenge 3. REPARATION ARE PUNITIVE AND HELP DESTROY GERMANY'S ECONOMY a) it helps set up a chain of events that lead to the Great Depression 4. the treaty departed most conspicuously from Wilson's ideals on the question of reparations a) As the conference began, the president opposed demanding compensation from the defeated Central Powers b) the other Allied leaders, however, were insistent, and slowly Wilson gave way and accepted the principle of reparations, the specific sum to be set later by a commission c) That figure, established in 1921, was $56 billion, supposedly to pay for damages to civilians and for military pensions d) Continued negotiations over the next decade scaled the sum back considerably e) In the end, Germany paid only $9 billion, which was still more than its crippled economy could afford f) The reparations, combined with other territorial and economic penalties constituted an effort to keep Germany weak for the indefinite future g) Never again, the Allied leaders believed, should the Germans be allowed to become powerful enough to threaten the peace of Europe

Who are the reservationist? Who leads them

RESERVATIONISTS : HENRY CABOT LODGE Chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1st to handle treaty). "I never thought I could hate a man as I hate Wilson"; feeling was mutual. a) DO NOT WANT TOTAL COMMITMENT WITHOUT GUARANTEE THAT IT WILL NOT HURT US 1. But other opponents, with less fervent convictions,were principally concerned with constructing a winning issue for the Republicans in 1920 and with weakening a president whom some members of the Senate had come to despise 2. Supportive of the idea that the U.S. should lead the world but do not know how to do that a) Could be problematic b) Not totally committed to nationalism if it could involve getting the united states in problems that if harmful to us 3. Most notable of these WAS SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE OF MASSACHUSETTS, the powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee a) A man of stunning arrogance and a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt (who had died early in 1919, spouting hatred of WIlson to the end) b) Henry Cabot Lodge: is the leader c) He is a republican and an enemy of Wilson d) Not a progressive and has an extreme hatred of the president personally e) This complicates politics 4. Lodge loathed the president with genuine passion, "I never thought I could hate a man as I hate Wilson," he once admitted a) He used every possible tactic to obstruct, dely, and amend the treaty b) The Senate Foreign RElations Committee is the first to handle the treaty and is the first to look at it before it goes to the Senate for ratification c) Wilson, for his part, despised Lodge as much as Lodge despised him

What was the racial intolerance?

Race riots, lynching everywhere; Chicago beach, kid stoned and drown a) the rebirth of the KKK, more in the north than the south 1. African Americans disillusioned 2. NAACP advocated fighting back in self defense; more violence ensues 3. Black Poet Claude McKay "If We Must Die" Theme is Hon

what was the effect of the faster trains on the economic boom

Rail speed and tonnage increased 1. Trains became faster and more efficient as well with the development of the diesel-electric engine 2. Trains moved faster and carried more tonnage because of the war 3. the train is still cheaper than the airplane to use and can hold more the plane that weighs more a) Just encourages consumerism and helps the boom

What was Harding's return to normalcy a response to

Return to Normalcy WARREN G. HARDING. Normal? Conservative countering 20 years of the liberal progressive presidents a) Harding wants to return to the way it used to be: 1. PRO-BUSINESS a) this is what gets him elected 2. Isolationism from European affairs returns after the war BBBBBUUUUUUUUTTTTTT, not from world affairs. 3. U.S. banks are encouraged by a federal law to lend money to Germany to help pay their reparations. 4.He is a reaction to the progressives a) Let's get back to the way it used to be before the progressives 5. For twelve years, beginning in 1921, both the presidency and the Congress were in the hands of the Republican Party, a party in which the power of reformers had greatly dwindled since the heyday of progressivism before the war a) For most of those years, the federal government enjoyed a warm and supportive relationship with the American business community 6. yet the government of the New Era was more than the passive, pliant instrument that critics often described a) It also attempted to serve as an active agent of economic change b) Nothing seemed more clearly to illustrate the unadventurous character of the 1920s politics than the characters of the two men who served as president during most of the decade: Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge

What is fundamentalism

Rural vs. urban a) FUNDAMENTALISM vs science b) FUNDAMENTALISM: a religious movement characterized by a strict belief in the literal interpretation of religious texts, especially within American Protestantism and Islam. (believe everything that happened in the bible is literally what happened) c) In every faith, believe that God dictated the bible to the writers d) Catholics do not practice fundamentalist faith e) Science says that their is no god and out of nothing came the whole world by itself 1. The influence of the consumer culture and its increasing emphasis on immediate, personal fulfillment, was visible even in religion 2. Theological modernists taught their followers to abandon some of the traditional tenets of evangelical Christianity (literal interpretation of the Bible, belief in the Trinity, attribution of human traits to the deity) and to accept a faith that would help individuals to live more fulfilling lives in the present world 3. The most influential spokesman for liberal Protestantism in the 1920s was HARRY EMERSON FOSDICK, the pastor of Riverside Church in New York City a) The basis of Christian religion, he claimed, was not unexamined faith, but a fully developed personality b) In his 1926 book Abundant Religion, he argued that Christianity would furnish an inward spiritual dynamic for radiant and triumphant living Most Americans, even most middle class Americans, stopped well short of this view of religion as a vehicle for advancing man's abundant life and remained faithful to traditional religious messages 4. But many other middle-class Americans were gradually devaluing religion, assigning it a secondary role (or at times no role) in their lives a) When the sociologist Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd studied the society of Muncie, Indiana, in the mid-1920s, they were struck by how many people they claimed that they paid less attention to religion than their parents had b) They no longer devoted much time to teaching their children the tenets of their faith; they seldom prayer at home or attended church on any day but Sunday c) Even the Sabbath was becoming not a day of rest and religious reflection but rather a holiday filled with activities and entertainments 5. ANOTHER BITTER CULTURAL CONTROVERSY OF THE 1920S CHALLENGED THE PLACE OF RELIGION IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY a) by 1921 American Protestantism was divided into two warring camps b) On one side stood the modernist: mostly urban, middle- class people who had attempted to adapt religion to their teachings of science and to the realities of their modern secular society c) On the other side stood the defenders of traditional faith: provincial largely rural men and women fighting to maintain the centrality of traditional religion in American life 6. they became known as the fundamentalists, a term derived from an influential set of pamphlets, the Fundamentals published before World War I a) The fundamentalist were outraged at the abandonment of traditional beliefs in the face of scientific discoveries b) They insisted the Bible was to be interpreted literally c) Above all, the opposed the teachings of Charles Darwin, who had openly challenged the biblical story of the Creation Human beings had no evolved from lower orders of animals, the fundamentalists insisted; they had been created by God as described in Genesis d) Fundamentalism was a highly evangelical movement, interested in spreading the doctrine to new groups e) Fundamentalist evangelist, among them the celebrated Billy Sunday, traveled from state to state (particularly in the South and parts of the West) attracting huge crowds to their revival meeting 7. Protestantant modernists looked on much of this activity with condescension and amusement a) But by the mid-1920s, to their great alarm, evangelical fundamentalism was gaining political strength in some states with its demands for legislation to forbid the teaching of evolution in public schools

How was the senate divided by the Treaty of Versailles?

SENATE DIVIDED: 1. Wilson supporters 2. IRRECONCILABLES (Isolationists: no involvement in European-world affairs! 3. . RESERVATIONISTS 4. All the ingredients of a Greek tragedy: Pride, idealism, lustful hate. a) Pride, individual pride, I have to win and I have to be right b) Lustful hate: the emotion that causes disagreement and fighting c) THIS DOES NOT SERVE THE PUBLIC

What happens to the treaty while wilson is sick

SENATE FAILS TO RATIFY 1. When the Senate Foreign Relations Committee finally sent the treaty to the full Senate for ratification, recommending nearly fifty amendments and reservations, Wilson refused to consider any of them 2. When the full Senate voted in November to accept fourten of the reservations, Wilson gae stern directions to his Democratic allies: they must vote only for a treaty with no changes whatsoever; any other version must be defeated 3. On November 19, 1919, 42 Democrats, following the president's instructions, joined with the 13 Republican "irreconcilables" to reject the amended treaty 4. When the Senate voted on the original version without any reservations, 38 senators, all but one Democrats, voted to approve it: 55 senators (some Democrats among them) voted no a) Congress votes to not ratify the treaty when he was sick 5. There were sporadic efforts to revive the treaty over the next few months a) But Wilson's opposition to anything but the precise settlement he had negotiated in Paris remained too formidable an obstacle b) He was, moreover, becoming convinced that the 1920 national election would serve as a "solemn referendum" on the League c) By now, however public interests in the peace process had begun to fade partly as a reaction against the tragic bitterness of the ratification fight, but more in response to a series of other crises d) WILSON LEAVES OFFICE AS A FAILURE 6. SEPARATE TREATY IS MADE WITH GERMANY A FEW YEARS LATER

Why were the rest of the big 4 mad at Wilson

SINCE THE UNITED STATES NEVER OFFICIAL BECAME A PART OF THE ALLIANCE, WE SNUBBED FRANCE AND THE UK 1. The United States never officially signs any documents that make us a part of the Allies BECAUSE OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE, WE NEVER FORMALLY TIE OURSELVES TO THEM a) we are not there for the French or the British officially, we are there for us (because we are losing money and american lives) b) This is not lost on the rest of the BIG 4 c) Wilson gave no guarantee (in WWII Roosevelt tells Churchill that we are going for them 2. In Europe, LEADERS OF THE ALLIED POWERS, MANY RESENTING WHAT THEY CONSIDERED WILSON'S TONE OF MORAL SUPERIORITY, were preparing to resist him even before the armistice was signed 3. they had reacted unhappily when Wilson refused to make the United States THEIR ALLY BUT HAD KEPT HIS DISTANCE AS AN ASSOCIATE OF HIS EUROPEAN PARTNERS, KEEPING AMERICAN MILITARY FORCES SEPARATE FROM THE ALLIED ARMIES THEY WERE JOINING 4. Most of all, Britain and France, HAVING SUFFERED INCALCULABLE LOSSES IN THEIR LONG YEARS OF WAR, AND HAVING STORED UP AN ENORMOUS RESERVE OF BITTERNESS TOWARD GERMANY AS A RESULT WERE IN NO MOOD FOR A BENIGN AND GENEROUS PEACE 5. The British prime minister, David Lloyd George, insisted for a time that the German kaiser be captured and executed a) He and Georges Clemenceau, president of France, remained determined to the end to gain something from the struggle to compensate them for the catastrophe they had suffered

planned obsolescence

SOMETHING THAT IS PLANNED TO BREAK, WEAR OUT, OR BECOME OLD FASHION a) a policy of producing consumer goods that rapidly become obsolete and so require replacing, achieved by frequent changes in design, termination of the supply of spare parts, and the use of non durable materials. 1. planned to begin to wear out so you will have to buy a new one 2. THIS IS ALL DONE ON PURPOSE 3. people are going to have to buy more of a product 4. IF YOUR PRODUCT ONLY LAST SO LONG YOU WILL HAVE TO BUY A NEW ONE WHICH MEANS THAT THE BUSINESS MAKES MORE MONEY 5 result of the new technology bringing new consumer goods

What is the Valentine's Day Massacre?

ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE 1929 CHICAGO 1. Al Capone was competing Bugs Moran and the Irish mafia in Chicago 2. Capone sent his guys to murder Moran and his guys a) Capon's guys had police cruisers which is why Moran's guys let their guard down b) Capone's guys had machine guns and kills all of Moran's guys gruesomely c) Moran escapes out of luck 3 STRAW THAT BREAKS THE CAMEL'S BACK a) This breaks the camel's back and people WERE DONE WITH PROHIBITION b) people had had it with prohibition and the corrupt towns people c) people wanted the amendment repealed d) they begin to work to make the amendment go away

What is an overview of the 1920s

THE IMAGE OF THE 120S IN AMERICA: 1. In image of the 1920s in the American popular imagination is the an era of affluence, conservatism, and cultural frivolity. 2. In reality, the decade was a time of significant and dramatic social, economic and political change 3. During this era, the American economy enjoyed spectacular growth and developed new forms of organization as well 4. A new urban, industrial consumer-oriented culture emerged 5. American government, for all its apparent conservatism, experimented with new approaches to public policy 6. To a large degree, these changes were the result of industrialization, the rapid growth of cities and the increasing size and power of the middle class 7. Contemporaries like to refer to the 1920s as the "New Era" an age in which America was becoming a modern nation a) the idea of a New Era embraced the lief that the New Era ws a time of liberation, in which people could reject traditional social restraints and live a freer life less constrained by tradition and propriety b) But these same challenges to traditional values and ways of life also made the 190s a turbulent era in which the nation experienced substantial cultural conflict c) Many Americans rebelled against the new customs and morals of the urban middle class and sought to defend older values 8. The intense cultural conflicts of the 1920s were evidence of how many Americans remained outside the reach of the new affluent, consumer culture some because their economic and social circumstances barred them from it, others because they found the character of this culture alien and unfulfilling a) The New Era's exuberant modernization, in short contributed to deep divisions in both politics and culture

Who was Warren G. Hardening

The disillusionment became particularly apparent in the election of 1920. 1. Woodrow Wilson wanted the campaign to be a referendum on the League of Nations and the Democratic candidates, Ohio governor James M. Cox and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to keep Wilson's ideals alive 2. The Republican presidential nominee, Warren Gamaliel Harding, offered a different vision a) He was an obscure Ohio senator who party leaders had chosen as their nominee confident that he would do their bidding once in office b) CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE IN 1920 c) Harding offered few ideals, only a vague promise of a return as he layered phrased it to normalcy d) He won in a landslide 3. The Republican ticket received 61% of the popular vote and carried every state outside the South a) The party made major gains in Congress as well Woodrow Wilson ,who had tried and failed to create a postwar order based on democratic ideals, stood repudiated b) Early in 1921, he retired to a house on S Street in Washington, where he lived quietly until his death in 1924 c) In the meantime for most Americans a new era had begun

What was the purpose of the attorney general and the justice department (F.B.I.)

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL of the JUSTICE DEPARTMENT A. MITCHELL PALMER a) A Mitchell Palmer is the U.S. Attorney general 1. HE Created a new branch of Justice: anti-radical branch; later renamed F.B.I. (or the anti-radical branch) a) its job was to hunt down radicals b) THE JOB IS TO INVESTIGATE PEOPLE WHO ARE BREAKING FEDERAL LAWS AND ARREST THEM c) the president can lay out his plan for crime, the attorney general will call in the agency needed, but how the law enforcement branches enforce and investigate is up to them d) THE FBI IS THE COPS 2. The government works with the president at the top a) under him is the departments of wars, treasury, state, and justice b) The head of the department of justice is called the attorney general c) THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT IS NOT INCHARGE OF THE COURT d) THEY ARE THE LAW ENFORCEMENT e) it is his or her job to bring people to court f) They enforce the law to the president g)THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) WHICH INVESTIGATES PEOPLE BREAKING FEDERAL LAW h) the attorney general has no arrest power, so he needs police to arrest them i) The ICE and DEA and ATF are all under the justice too j) Federal law is superior to state law. if a federal law and state law is broken, then the federal government gets jurisdiction 3. J. EDGAR HOOVER appointed Director (will remain 50 years) a) first director of the FBI b) One of the most powerful men in the US history he holds power for 50 years c) illegally films, warrants, and breaking and entering in order to stay in power

hat was the hard times of the unions

Union membership up, but labor pay not so much; violent strikes a) Union membership is up, but pay is down b) There was a slight pay increase during the war, that did not continue after the war c) Some of the strikes are very violent 1. Many laborers continued to regard an effective, independent union movement as their best hope 2. But the ew Era was a bleak time for labor organization, in part because the unions themselves were generally conservative and failed to adapt to the realities of the modern economy 3. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) remained wedded to the concept of the craft union, in which workers were organized on the basis of particular skills 4. In continued to make no provision for the fastest-growing area of the workforce: unskilled industrial workers, who had few organizations of their own William Green, who became president of the AFl in 1924, was committed to peaceful cooperation with employers and to strident opposition to communism and socialist a) he frowned on strikers 5. Union membership is up, but pay is down

What is the war clause in the league charter

WAR CLAUSE: If League votes for war, every nation must go to war a) the entire league must contribute to that war effort b) The League of Nations is inside the treaty, so if you vote down the treaty, you do not join the League and if you ratify the treaty than you join the League. 1. Congress declares war, will not surrender sovereignty to an outside body a) Congress declares war (the president can ask for a declaration of war, but can't start it) b) our constitution gives congress the power to declare war in our country, not other countries c) They ask Wilson to eliminate that clause from the treaty charter 2. Wilson will not back down; idealism, pride a) He refuses b) He liked the COLLECTIVE SECURITY OF THE WORLD c) the safety of the world relieved on the whole world being involved 3. Lodge reservation is that what if the league declares war against one of our close allies or a clause we did not agree in just because the League told us to a) Lodge says no b) Wilson idealism said that if the entire world did not gang up on aggressors than the aggressors would be encouraged

How does Idealism clash with European pragmatism effects at Versailles

WILSONIAN IDEALISM vs Pragmatic as a Progressive. Good, fair, efficient government is possible. 1. Wilson is trying to end the war before the United States is in the war. a) Wilson was neutral and very Christian and intelligent b) He was trying to keep the United States out of the war, by ending it before it began c) So being a Christian, he offered his services (14 points) to negotiate an end to the war d) The government can be trusted to be good and fair e) Gets in trouble with pragmatism 2. PRAGMATIC: you do what works 3. IDEALIST: what should work 4. The other big 4(Great Britain, France, Italy) are pragmatic 5. Wilson was confident as the war neared its end, that popular support would enable him to win Allied approval of his peace plan 6. But there were ominous signs both at home and abroad that his path might be more difficult than he expected a) From the beginning, the atmosphere of idealism Wilson had sought to create was competing with a spirit of national aggrandizement b) There was moreover, a strong sense of unease about the unstable situation in Eastern Europe and the threat of communism

What is bootleg liquor? How did it contribute to organized crime

a) alcoholic liquor unlawfully made, sold, or transported, without registration or payment of taxes b) is contraband illegal liquor, and comes from the concept of men hiding a flask of alcohol in their boot and it is noticeable 1. Organized crime grew powerful supplying BOOTLEG LIQUOR a) Organized crime was always around b) Organized crime: there is a boss and an organized plan in the organization c) THIS IS THE MAFIA and they have be around since the beginning of the culture d) there is mafias in every ethnic groups e) The most powerful mafia in the world is the Russian mafia f)Grew because of the power of selling bootleg liquor 2. SPEAKEASIES of all types and qualities a) Speakeasies: an illicit liquor store or nightclub/: illegal bars that you are supposed to speak easy about them b) they sold bootleg liquor c) The quality and prices are higher for the rich and lower for the poor d) The are located where ever there are people who want to drink and had the money to buy it e) There was moonshine because there was no quality control and it was filled with harmful liquid people died from drinking moonshine because it was not poorly manufactured f) called moonshine because it is made under the cover of night 3. Mobile AL CAPONE in Chicago bribe and murder for "turf" a) And since an enormous, lucrative industry was now barred to legitimate businessmen, organized crime figures took it over b) In Chicago, Al Capone built a criminal empire based largely on illegal alcohol c) He guarded it against interlopers with an army of as many as 1,000 gunman whose zealousness contributed to the violent deaths of more than 250 people in the city between 1920 and 1927. d) Other region produced gangsters and gang wars of their own e) The mobs become famous during this time f) The mobs would bribe local law enforcement and government cops were barely paid at all this prevented the cops from busting the speakeasies g) This causes widespread corruption through cities and states were bribed to prevent people from getting in trouble h) If there was an honest law enforcement or government person, they would be killed i) If there was someone who would testify, the mob would get rid of them 4 ST. VALENTINE'S DAY MASSACRE 1929 CHICAGO A) STRAW THAT BREAKS THE CAMEL'S BACK Chicago straw breaks camel's back