Chapter 21 Study Guide

What theory/perspective views individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action?

Assembling perspective

When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a frame alignment process (Snow et al. 1986) occurs —an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement. This frame alignment process has four aspects: bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation. Describe each of those terms.

Bridging describes a "bridge" that connects uninvolved individuals and unorganized or ineffective groups with social movements that, though structurally unconnected, nonetheless share similar interests or goals. Amplification model, organizations seek to expand their core ideas to gain a wider, more universal appeal In extension, social movements agree to mutually promote each other, even when the two social movement organization's goals don't necessarily relate to each other's immediate goals Transformation means a complete revision of goals

Define the following four types of crowds: Conventional, Acting, Casual, and Expressive

Conventional: those who come together for a scheduled event that occurs regularly like a religious service Acting: focuses on a specific goal or action, such as a protest/movement/riot Casual: consists of people who are in the same place at the same time but who aren't really interacting, such as people standing in line or at the post office Expressive: people who join together to express emotion, often at funerals/weddings

An airplane has crashed on a deserted island off the coast of Fiji. The survivors are forced to learn new behaviors in order to adapt to the situation and each other. This is an example of which theory?

Emergent norm

When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, this is referred to as:

Frame alignment process

Stages of Social Movements. Sociologists have studied the lifecycle of social movements—how they emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out. Blumer (1969) and Tilly (1978) outline a four-stage process. What are those 4 stages?

In the preliminary stage, people become aware of an issue, and leaders emerge. This is followed by the coalescence stage when people join together and organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness. In the institutionalization stage, the movement no longer requires grassroots volunteerism: it is an established organization, typically with a paid staff. When people fall away and adopt a new movement, the movement successfully brings about the change it sought, or when people no longer take the issue seriously, the movement falls into the decline stage

In the 1980's there was an anti-drug campaign that encouraged students to "just say no" to drugs. That slogan became a call to action in an effort to put an end to drug use and drug violence. Which type of framing did that anti-drug campaign use?

Motivational framing

Who built on earlier sociological ideas and developed what is known as emergent norm theory? They believe that the norms experienced by people in a crowd may be disparate and fluctuating. They emphasize the importance of these norms in shaping crowd behavior, especially those norms that shift quickly in response to changing external factors. [Name the sociologists]

Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian

The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. which advocates for equal rights and marriage rights of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual citizens. Which of the 5 types of social movement identified by David Aberle would this organization be?

Reform movements

Types of Social Movements Let's think for a minute about the National Organization for Marriage. That is a group which engages in range of activities across the country that is focused on condemning homosexuality and trying to prevent or undo new laws allowing gay marriage. As you learned, sociologist David Aberle developed 5 different categories that distinguish among different social movements based on what they want to change and how much change they want. Which category would the National Organization for Marriage fall?

Resistance movements?

What social movement theory explains social movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals?

Resource mobilization theory

Cyberbullying is a special feature of the Internet. What did your text state was unique about this form of electronic aggression?

Unique to electronic aggression is that it can happen twenty-four hours a day, every day it can reach a child (or an adult) even though she or he might otherwise feel safe in a locked house The messages and images may be posted anonymously and to a very wide audience, and they might even be impossible to trace once posted, the texts and images are very hard to delete

What did you learn was the definition of a social movement?

are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal

Sociologists have identified high-risk activism, such as the civil rights movement, as a "strong-tie" phenomenon, meaning that people are far more likely to stay engaged and not run home to safety if they have - what?

close friends who are also engaged

The U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) uses the term "electronic aggression" to describe "any type of harassment or bullying that occurs through e-mail, a chat room, instant messaging, a website (including blogs), or text messaging" (CDC, n.d.) What term do we generally think of to describe that?

cyberbullying

According to Neil Smelser, several conditions must be in place for what to occur?

for collective behavior to occur

In the chapter you learned the difference between the terms mass and public. You learned that one way to distinguish between the two is that members of a mass share _____, whereas members of a public share _____.

interests; ideas

Modernization describes the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to a developed, technologically driven society (Irwin 1975). One contradiction of all kinds of technology is that they often promise time-saving benefits, but somehow fail to deliver. Despite time-saving devices such as dishwashers, washing machines, and, now, remote control vacuum cleaners, the average amount of time spent on housework - has done what?

the average amount of time spent on housework is the same today as it was fifty years ago

What was the definition of social change you learned from reading the Chapter 21?

the change in society created through social movements as well as external factors

In Chapter 21, you learned about the different forms of collective behavior. According to your text, what are the three primary forms of collective behavior?

the crowd, the mass, and the public

Neil Smelser's theory of crowd behavior is referred to as ______ theory.

value-added theory