Chapter 22
Another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is ________________.
epicardium
The _______________ cardiac vein travels alongside the right marginal artery.
small
As blood is pumped into the arterial trunks past the semilunar valves, it A. pushes against the cusps, forcing the valves open. B. pushes against the cusps, forcing the valves closed. C. fills the cusps, causing them to expand and block the backflow of blood. D. fills the cusps, causing them to expand and open up for the flow of blood. E. None of these answers is correct.
A
Cardiac muscle fibers A. contract as a single unit. B. are only loosely connected by the intercalated discs. C. have a low oxygen need. D. utilize hemoglobin as an energy source.
A
Of the four "normal" heart sounds, the initial "lubb" sound is heard when the A. AV valves close. B. semilunar valves close. C. AV valves open. D. semilunar valves open. E. foramen ovale closes.
A
Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate. b: decreases the heart rate. c: increases the force of contractions. d: decreases the force of contractions. e: has no effect on contraction force. A. a, c B. b, d C. a, d D. b, e E. a, e
A
Sympathetic innervation of the heart arises from the ________ segments of the spinal cord. A. T1T5 B. T3T8 C. T5T10 D. T6T11 E. T11L2
A
The chordae tendineae are made out of A. collagen fibers. B. elastin fibers. C. hyaline cartilage. D. reticulin fibers. E. trabeculae carneae.
A
The epicardium is another name for the A. visceral layer of the serous pericardium. B. parietal layer of the serous pericardium. C. pericardium. D. myocardium. E. myometrium.
A
The great cardiac vein runs alongside the A. anterior interventricular artery. B. posterior interventricular artery. C. right marginal artery. D. circumflex artery. E. coronary sinus.
A
The sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle is a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: through the atria e: through the ventricles f: bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers A. c, d, a, b, f, g, e B. d, b, a, c, f, g, e C. b, a, d, c, f, g, e D. f, g, d, c, b, a, e E. c, d, a, f, b, g, e
A
The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to A. lubricate the membranes of the serous pericardium. B. slow the heart rate. C. equalize the pressure in the great vessels. D. eliminate blood pressure spikes.
A
Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive. b: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized. c: Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. d: Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell. e: Cardiac muscle has more well defined terminal cisternae. A. a, c, d B. a, c, e C. b, c, e D. a, b, e E. b, d, e
A
Which correctly describes the heart's apex? A. Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body B. Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the right side of the body C. Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body D. Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the right side of the body E. Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the midline of the body
A
Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium A. a, b, c B. a, b, d C. a, d, e D. a, b, c, e E. a, e, f
A
Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Systemic circuit C. Coronary circuit
A
Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk? A. Truncus arteriosus B. Sinus venosus C. Primitive atrium D. Primitive ventricle E. Conus cordis
A
Which values are reasonable for a healthy, 80 kilogram resting adult? A. 5.25 liters of blood pumped per ventricle per minute; 108,000 beats per day B. 4.25 liters of blood pumped per ventricle per minute; 60,000 beats per day C. 6.75 liters of blood pumped per ventricle per minute; 20,000 beats per day D. 7.25 liters of blood pumped per ventricle per minute; 76,000 beats per day E. 5.75 liters of blood pumped per ventricle per minute; 144,000 beats per day
A
Development of the heart commences in the _______ week. A. first B. third C. fifth D. eighth E. tenth
B
During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate E. None of these answers is correct.
B
During isovolumetric contraction, the atria are in A. systole. B. diastole.
B
In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the A. ventricles depolarize. B. atria depolarize. C. atria repolarize. D. ventricles repolarize. E. SA node initiates an impulse.
B
The foramen ovale is actually an opening in the A. interventricular septum. B. interatrial septum. C. fossa ovalis. D. aorticopulmonary septum. E. tetralogy of Fallot.
B
The heart valves A. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart. B. permit the passage of blood in one direction. C. separate the right and left sides of the heart. D. are only used in the fetal heart. E. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle.
B
The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the A. pericardium. B. myocardium. C. endocardium. D. pericardial cavity. E. pectinate muscle.
B
The left atrium and left ventricle are part of which circuit of the cardiovascular system? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Systemic circuit
B
Typically, there are __________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the chordae tendineae that support the left AV valve. A. three B. two C. a highly variable number of D. six E. no
B
Which analogy fits the human heart? A. It is like a single pump. B. It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other. C. It is like four pumps working in alternating cycles. D. It is like a double pump, each working at its own rate determined by the needs of the body served. E. It is like a single pump whose various chambers all work together at once.
B
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Pulmonary trunk D. Inferior vena cava E. Superior vena cava
B
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Systemic circuit C. Coronoary circuit
B
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A. Left atrioventricular valve B. Aortic semilunar valve C. Right atrioventricular valve D. Pulmonary semilunar valve E. None of these answers is correct.
B
How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike cusps are found in each semilunar valve? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 6
C
In an EKG, the T wave denotes A. depolarization of the atria. B. depolarization of the right ventricle. C. repolarization of the ventricles. D. closure of the AV valves. E. depolarization of the left ventricle.
C
It is the _____________ that permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles. A. negative pressure inside the ventricles B. absence of oxygenated blood in the atria C. arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall D. presence of skeletal muscle tissue in the heart skeleton E. presence of papillary muscles in the ventricles
C
One example of cardiac arrhythmia is _________, in which a rapid, repetitious movement of the ventricular muscle replaces normal contractions. A. atrial fibrillation B. atrial flutter C. ventricular fibrillation D. premature ventricular contraction E. None of the choices is correct.
C
The base of the heart is formed primarily by the A. right atrium. B. right ventricle. C. left atrium. D. left ventricle. E. None of these choices is correct.
C
The beginning of the cardiac cycle is when the A. atria fill with blood. B. ventricles fill with blood. C. atria contract. D. two semilunar valves close. E. ventricles contract.
C
The cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers are called A. Z discs. B. T-tubules. C. intercalated discs. D. cardiac discs. E. sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C
The inferior chambers of the heart are the A. atria. B. auricles. C. ventricles. D. sulci. E. gyri.
C
The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called A. conus arteriosus. B. atrioventricular opening. C. trabeculae carneae. D. chordae tendineae E. pectinate muscles
C
The left and right coronary arteries travel within the A. anterior interventricular sulcus. B. posterior interventricular sulcus. C. coronary sulcus. D. interventricular septum. E. interatrial septum.
C
The trabeculae carneae in the left ventricle are ____________ in the right ventricle. A. less prominent than B. not present as C. more prominent than D. equally as prominent as E. None of these answers is correct.
C
Which action causes the closure of the right atrioventricular valve? A. Contraction of the right atrium B. Contraction of the left atrium C. Contraction of the right ventricle D. Contraction of the left ventricle E. None of these answers is correct.
C
Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. A. a, c, d, e B. a, b, c, d, e C. a, d, e D. b, c, d, e E. d, e
C
Which does not drain into the coronary sinus? A. Great cardiac vein B. Small cardiac vein C. Anterior interventricular vein D. Middle cardiac vein E. No exceptions; all choices drain into the coronary sinus.
C
Which heart chambers pump deoxygenated blood? A. Left atrium and right atrium B. Left ventricle and right ventricle C. Right atrium and right ventricle D. Left atrium and left ventricle E. Right atrium and left ventricle
C
During ventricular diastole A. only the AV valves open. B. only the AV valves close. C. only the semilunar valves close. D. the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open. E. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.
D
For ___________ of the cardiac cycle, all four chambers are in diastole together. A. none B. one-third C. one-quarter D. one-half E. three-quarters
D
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via A. CN IV. B. CN VI. C. CN VIII. D. CN X. E. CN XII.
D
Pectinate muscles are found on the A. anterior wall of the right atrium. B. posterior wall of the right ventricle. C. anterior wall of the right ventricle. D. anterior wall of the right and left atria. E. posterior wall of the right and left ventricles.
D
The arteries and veins that leave and enter the heart are called the great vessels because A. they are associated with the heart directly. B. they carry the most highly oxygenated blood. C. they are longer than any other blood vessels in the body. D. they have relatively large diameters. E. Both types have the highest blood pressure in the body.
D
The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the A. anterior interventricular sulcus. B. posterior interventricular sulcus. C. sinoventricular sulcus. D. coronary sulcus.
D
The function of the coronary sinus is to A. connect the top and bottom halves of the heart. B. guide the aorta out of the heart. C. guide the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. D. take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium. E. shunt blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.
D
The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the A. pectinate muscles. B. trabeculae carneae. C. conus arteriosus. D. chordae tendineae. E. tricuspid valve.
D
The right border of the heart is supplied by the A. circumflex artery. B. posterior interventricular artery. C. anterior interventricular artery. D. right marginal artery. E. great cardiac vein.
D
Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart. A. a, d B. b, d C. a, c, d D. a, b, c, d E. e
D
Which may predispose one to inadequate coronary blood flow? A. Bradycardia B. Hypertension C. Angina pectoris D. Tachycardia E. None of these answers is correct.
D
Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position? A. Left atrium and left ventricle B. Left atrium and right ventricle C. Right atrium and left atrium D. Right atrium and right ventricle E. Right atrium and left ventricle
D
Which structure marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance to the aorta? A. Pulmonary semilunar valve B. Left atrioventricular valve C. Right atrioventricular valve D. Aortic semilunar valve E. Foramen ovale
D
During ventricular systole A. only the AV valves open. B. only the AV valves close. C. only the semilunar valves close. D. the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open. E. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.
E
The cardiac cycle is A. when the ventricles are contracting. B. when the atria are relaxed. C. when the atria are contracting. D. when the ventricles are relaxed. E. all the events involved with a single heart beat.
E
What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? A. AV bundle B. Bundle branches C. Purkinje fibers D. AV node E. SA node
E
Which bears a close structural relationship with the fossa ovalis? A. Papillary muscles B. Trabeculae carneae C. Conus arteriosus D. Chordae tendineae E. Foramen ovale
E
Because of the constant inflow of blood, the atria are thick-walled and located inferiorly in the heart.
F
During ventricular contraction the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart.
F
In an aging heart, increased flexibility of the heart valves may lead to a heart murmur.
F
The relatively small size of the Purkinje fibers allows for the extremely rapid impulse conduction through the ventricles.
F
About seventy percent of the ventricle filling is achieved passively without the contraction of the atria.
T
All cardiac veins eventually drain into the coronary sinus for return of the blood from the myocardium to the right atrium.
T
All of the heart's sulci house blood vessels that supply the myocardium.
T
It is during weeks 5-8 that the single heart tube of the embryo becomes partitioned into four chambers and the main vessels that leave and enter the heart form.
T
It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole.
T
Like the right atrium, the left atrium has pectinate muscles along its anterior wall.
T
No matter the cause, hypertrophy of the heart causes it to work less efficiently.
T
Normal passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles only happens if the atrioventricular valves are open.
T
One reason that necessitates the relatively early development of the heart is that the embryo has become too large to receive adequate nutrient supply by diffusion alone.
T
Parasympathetic innervation decreases the heart rate, but generally tends to have no effect on the force of contractions.
T
The embryonic heart actually begins working before its development is complete.
T
The gap junctions of intercalated discs provide a low-resistance pathway across the membranes of adjoining cardiac muscle fibers.
T
The left ventricle has a wall that is typically three times thicker than the right ventricular wall.
T
The right and left coronary arteries are the only branches of the ascending aorta.
T
Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate.
T
The connections shared by arteries that allow them to shunt blood from one artery to another are called _________________.
anastomoses
The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the _______________.
apex
The anterior part of each atrium is a flaplike extension called a(n) _______________.
auricle
The property that allows the heart to initiate each heartbeat itself is called __________________.
autorhythmicity
During isovolumetric relaxation, the semilunar valves ________________.
close
The pulmonary arteries carry _______________ blood to the lungs. deoxygenated
deoxygenated
The numerous ________________ within the intercalated discs prevent cardiac muscle fibers from pulling apart.
desmosomes
Most coronary blood flow occurs during ventricular ________________.
diastole
The relaxation phase of a heart chamber is termed ________________.
diastole
The term used to describe the inadequate blood flow to a structure caused by obstruction of the blood supply is _________________.
ischema
The middle layer of the heart wall that is made of cardiac muscle tissue is the ________________.
myocardium
The heartbeat is initiated by the cardiac muscle fibers of the _______________ node.
sinoatrial
The ______________ circuit consists of the chambers on the right side of the heart as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins.
pulmonary
________________ innervation increases the rate and the force of heart contraction.
sympathetic
The inferior chambers of the heart are called ________________.
ventricles