Chapter 22 Significance Cards

globalization of democracy

This worldwide trend included the end of military and autocratic rule in Spain, Portugal, and Greece as well as the stunning rise of democratic movements, parties, and institutions amid the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Indian National Congress

Founded with British approval to educate Indians to communicate their public affair views

Mahatma Gandhi/satyagraha

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan.

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

Islamic religious leader who led a revolution to overthrow Iran's government in 1979; he ruled the country for the next ten years on a strongly anti-American platform

military government

Many of the apparently popular political parties that had led the struggle for independence lost mass support and were swept away by military coups. Which led to military regimes.

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa.

Muslim League

An organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslims and Hindu nations.

Black Consciousness/Soweto

Black Consciousness movement, an effort to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority, with a particular emphasis on mobilizing women for the struggle.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Pashtun leader of non-violence. Established the army of god an unarmed army to fight for justice

decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

import substitution and export-led industrialization

Used to reduce dependence on the uncertain global marketplace by processing their own raw materials and manufacturing their own consumer goods behind high tariff barriers if necessary.