chapter 23 smartbook

Place the airway names into correct order, from trachea into the lungs.

1. main bronchus 2. lobar bronchus 3. segmental bronchus

the concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about _______ compared to maternal hemoglobin

50% greater

which two items must be matched to allow effective gas exchange

Alveolar ventilation Pulmonary capillary perfusion

identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion

true or false: alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure

FALSE (recoil of lung tissue reduces alveolar volume, and increases intra-alveolar pressure)

identify the purpose of contraction and relaxation of the trachealis muscle

Helps to expel mucus during coughing

Which reflex limits the degree of inspiration and thus overinflation of lungs?

Hering-Breuer

air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways

Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus

Indicate the features that are associated with the larynx.

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages epiglottis and glottis Vestibular and vocal folds

superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas

Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue

the role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to

allow dilation and constriction of airways

the respiratory membrane consists of a capillary endothelial layer and a ______ cell layer

alveolar

gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in what

alveoli

the small, air-filled chambers where gases are exchanged in the lungs are called

alveoli

which portion of the lungs sits on the diaphragm

base

as blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. the majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form?

bicarbonate ion

carbon dioxide levels and _______ are particularly important for regulating respiratory rate

blood pH

the enzyme produced by the lungs called angiotensin-converging enzyme is important in regulating

blood pressure

most oxygen is carried in the blood

bound to hemoglobin

respiratory centers are located in the

brain stem

In the lungs, _______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli.

carbon dioxide

the regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of

carbon dioxide

peripheral chemoreceptors are located in

carotid and aortic bodies

the wall of the larynx is composed of

cartilage

the anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of ______, while the posterior part is composed of _______

cartilage and bone

identify components of the nasal septum

cartilage, ethmoid bone, vomer bone

describe the lungs

confocal shaped organs with an inferior base and a superior apex

bronchoconstriction occurs when smooth muscle

contracts

the inferior portion of the larynx is formed by the _______ cartilage

cricoid

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sun of the partial pressure of gases in the mixture is a summary of _______ law

daltons

the _____ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. the ______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it

deep and superficial

what type of blood is delivered to alveoli of the lungs

deoxygenated

what type of blood is delivered to the alveoli of the lungs

deoxygenated

dorsal respiratory group neurons stimulate the

diaphragm

the inferior end of the thoracic cavity is formed by the

diaphragm

a partial pressure gradient is a

difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations

what structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing

epiglottis

the visible part of the nose is the ______ nose

external

what normally passes through the laryngopharynx

food and air

in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuse in which direction

from capillaries into alveoli

Indicate the bones found contributing to the bridge of the nose.

frontal bone nasal bones maxillary bone

at maximal exercise, minute ventilation in a trained athlete would be ______ than that of an untrained person

greater than

fetal hemoglobin has a ________ affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

higher

the C shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of ______ tissue

hyaline cartilage

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called

hypoxia

an abnormal decrease in blood oxygen is called

hypoxia

where does carbon dioxide normally diffuse out of the blood

in the lungs

pleural pressure is defined as the pressure

in the pleural cavity

when a person expires, the intra-alveolar pressure

increases

the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the

laryngopharynx

the larynx is located between the ______ and the _______

laryngopharynx to trachea

the _______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

larynx

The main or primary bronchi transport air into and out of a(n) ______.

lung

the trachea divides into two ______ bronchi

main

the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the

medulla oblongata

ventilation can be defined as the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

what type of membrane lines the trachea

mucous

which organs or parts are part of the respiratory system

nasal cavity pharynx larynx lungs

which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for only the respiratory system

nasopharynx

how many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung

one

the portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the

oropharynx

the blood has that is carried bound to heme of hemoglobin and dissolved in the plasma is

oxygen

what type of blood flows from the thoracic aorta to bronchial arteries

oxygenated

what type of blood flows from the thoracic aorta to the bronchial arteries

oxygenated

which tonsils are located near the faucets of the oropharynx

palatine tonsils lingual tonsils

the serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall is the _______ pleura

parietal

the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the ______ of the gas

partial pressure

the difference in gas molecule concentration in alveolar air compared to pulmonary capillary blood is the definition of

partial pressure gradient

the blood flow rate through pulmonary capillaries is referred to as pulmonary capillary

perfusion

carotid and aortic bodies are examples of _____ chemoreceptors

peripheral

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called ____

pharynx

the structure that serves as an opening for both the respiratory and digestive systems and extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx is the

pharynx

the pressure in the pleural cavity is called _______ pressure

pleural

describe the role of the hering-breuer reflex

prevents overinflation of the lungs

what features are associated with tracheal epithelium

pseudostratified columnar cells cilia mucous goblet cells

the nasopharynx is lined with ________ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with ________ epithelium to prevent abrasion

pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous

a spirometer measures

pulmonary volumes

At the alveoli, the layers through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse are, as a group, called the ______.

respiratory membrane

The alveolar cell layer, the capillary endothelial layer and the interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer form a unit referred to as the ______.

respiratory membrane

during inspiration, air flows from lobar bronchi directly into _______

segmental bronchi

the walls of alveoli are formed primarily of _______ ________ epithelium

simple squamous

what type of epithelium is found in alveoli

simple squamous

what component of airway walls allows the dilation or construction of airway

smooth muscle

the device that measures pulmonary volume is a

spirometer

what type of epithelium lines the oropharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

the vestibular folds of the larynx are _____ to the vocal folds

superior

segmental bronchi are also called

tertiary bronchi

In order to allow adequate gas exchange, the respiratory membrane needs to be ______.

thin

the space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the

thoracic cavity

the pharynx is more commonly called the

throat

the prominent laryngeal cartilage that is often larger in males than females is the _______ cartilage

thyroid

identify the structure that conducts air from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi

trachea

which organ is most commonly called the windpipe

trachea

the smooth muscle that contracts and aids in the expulsion of mucus during coughing is the

trachealis

true or false: carbon dioxide is the blood has that has the most influence on the regulation of the respiratory rate and depth

true

true or false: during exercise, the rate of depth and ventilation increase

true

true or false: in order for optimal gas exchange to occur, areas of the lung that are ventilated also must be perfused

true

true or false: fetal hemoglobin is the most effective at transporting oxygen

trueb

oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary

veins

the movement of air in and out of the lungs is called

ventilation

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as

ventilation or breathing

the serous membrane that covers the surface of a lung is the ______ pleura

visceral

sound is produced as air moves past the _______ folds

vocal

the ______ folds are the primary source of sound production

vocal

within the larynx, the most inferior pair of ligaments are ______ folds

vocal

what are the functions of the respiratory system

voice production regulation of blood pH olfaction